Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Adipates”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Medium- and long-chain dicarboxylic aciduria in patients with Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.

This study reports that patients with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome excrete a very peculiar pattern of organic acids. Dicarboxylic acids with an even number of carbon atoms (adipic, suberic, sebacic, 2- and 3-hydroxy-sebacic, hexadecanedioic), as well as with an odd number of carbon atoms (pimelic, azelaic, un-, tri-, and pentadecanedioic) were found in excess in the urines of six patients with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and one with Zellweger syndrome. The accumulation of dicarboxylic acids, reflecting an impairment of their beta-oxidation in mitochondria and/or peroxisomes, thus appears as an additional useful marker of these peroxisomal diseases.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2006

Effects of perinatal exposure to phthalate/adipate esters on hypothalamic gene expression and sexual behavior in rats.

Our previous research has identified the granulin (grn) and p130 genes as sex steroid-regulated genes in the neonatal rat hypothalamus that might be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain. Since phthalate/adipate esters such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) are suspected to interfere with the endocrine system as environmental endocrine disruptors having estrogenic or antiandrogenic properties, these chemicals may affect sexual differentiation of the brain. The present study assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP, and DEHA on grn and p130 mRNA expressions in the hypothalamus on postnatal day (PND) 7 and sexual behaviors after maturation in rats. Maternal rats were given a phytoestrogen-free diet containing different doses of DBP (20, 200, 2,000, and 10,000 ppm), DINP (40, 400, 4,000, and 20,000 ppm) and DEHA (480, 2,400, and 12,000 ppm) from gestational day 15 to the day of weaning (PND 21). DBP and DINP exposure during the perinatal period resulted in an increase in hypothalamic grn and p130 mRNA levels in females and males, respectively, but DEHA exposure decreased expression levels of grn in males and p130 in females, although the effects were not dose-dependent. After maturation, male rats that were exposed to several doses of DBP, DINP, and DEHA displayed decreased copulatory behavior. The lordosis quotient was decreased in females perinatally exposed to DBP, DINP, and DEHA at all the doses used. On the other hand, serum levels of LH and FSH in both sexes and the estrous cycles in females were not affected by the treatments. These results suggest that inappropriate expression of grn and/or p130 genes in the brains of male and female neonatal rats by perinatal exposure to these chemicals may exert permanent effects on the hypothalamus, thereby decreasing sexual behavior after maturation.

Adipates↗
PubMed1986

Carcinogenic potential of phthalic acid esters and related compounds: structure-activity relationships.

Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of several phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and compounds containing a 2-ethylhexyl moiety were conducted in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 (hybrid) mice. The compounds studied were phthalic anhydride, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and 2-ethylhexyl sulfate (sodium salt). Estimated maximum tolerable doses and fractionally lower doses of each compound were administered to groups of 50 male and 50 female rats and mice for 2 years, followed by sacrifice, necropsy, and histopathological examination of major organs and tissues. The low toxic potencies of most of the compounds allowed for relatively high doses to be given during the chronic studies. In general, the toxic manifestations of the PAEs were closely correlated with their ester substituents. Although many of the PAEs possessed some carcinogenic activity, target sites for such effects were dissimilar, suggesting the absence of a common mode of action. In contrast, all of the 2-ethylhexyl-containing compounds studied possessed some hepatocarcinogenic activity, indicating that this moiety may have a propensity for causing hepatocarcinogenesis in mice, particularly those of the female sex. The 2-ethylhexyl compound that caused the greatest hepatocarcinogenic response in mice, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, was also hepatocarcinogenic in rats. Similarly, those with a relatively greater effect in female mice were also active in male mice. Thus, sex and species differences in 2-ethylhexyl-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents are probably quantitative rather than qualitative in nature.

Adipates↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of twenty-six endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental water samples from Catalonia, Spain.

We monitored 26 compounds known or suspected to be endocrine disruptors in several environmental water samples from a river, the sea, and an irrigation canal. Because of the various chemical properties of the compounds monitored, analyses were carried out by using two different methods. One method is based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) on-line coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry through an on-column interface. Another is based on high-performance liquid chromatography-(electrospray) mass spectrometry working in negative ionization mode and using off-line SPE. The limits of detection for the two methods were at levels of low microg/L. Phthalates and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate were found at levels between 0.05 and 13 microg/L in all of the water samples analyzed. Some pesticides, alkylphenols, and estrogens were determined in a few samples at levels below 0.1 microg/L.

Adipates↗
PubMed2001

[Contents of phthalate in polyvinyl chloride toys].

The presence of plasticizers in PVC toys obtained in October 1998 was investigated. Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), dinonyl phthalate (DNP), diheptyl phthalate (DHP), and di-2-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) were detected. The phthalates were found in all of the 68 samples. The principal phthalate found in toys was DINP, which was present in 48 of 68 samples. The DINP content ranged from 15 mg/g to 580 mg/g, and mean content was 308 mg/g. The highest content was found in a pacifier toy. DEHP was present in 20 of 68 samples and the content ranged from 2.0 mg/g to 380 mg/g. The mean content was 162 mg/g. It was found in 60% of domestic toys.

Adipates↗
PubMed2003

[Material labeling of soft plastic toys and plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride products].

We investigated the labeling and content of plasticizers of soft plastic toys. First, we investigated material labeling in 96 products purchased in fiscal years 2000 and 2001. Among these products, 43% of those purchased in fiscal 2000 and 68% of those purchased in fiscal 2001 were labeled. We then investigated the kinds and amounts of plasticizers in 73 soft polyvinyl chloride (PVC) toys. Three kinds of phthalates and six other kinds of plasticizers were detected in the soft PVC toys. Diisononyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl adipate, and O-acetyl tributyl citrate were detected at high frequency, and in large amounts. The average total content of all plasticizers was 280 mg/g for the products purchased in fiscal 2000 and 227 mg/g for those in fiscal 2001. In fiscal 2001, antioxidants, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A were investigated in addition to plasticizers.

Adipates↗
PubMed1998

Effect of high-dose electron beam irradiation on the migration of DOA and ATBC plasticizers from food-grade PVC and PVDC/PVC films, respectively, into olive oil.

The effect of high-dose irradiation on the migration of dioctyl adipate (DOA) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizers from food-grade poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly (vinylidene chloride/vinyl chloride) (PVDC/PVC) copolymer (Saran) films, respectively, into olive oil was studied. The results showed a significantly higher amount of DOA migrated into olive oil from irradiated versus nonirradiated samples. This difference was more noticeable in oil samples collected during initial periods of contact. The amount of DOA migrating into olive oil was lower for samples irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy in comparison with samples irradiated at a dose of 50 kGy. At a sampling time of 1 h the amount of DOA that migrated into olive oil was 93.9 mg/liter, 141.5 mg/liter, and 183.4 mg/liter for nonirradiated samples, 20-kGy irradiated samples, and 50-kGy irradiated samples, respectively. After 288 hr (12 days) of oil-film contact the respective amounts were 390.8 mg/liter, 409.2 mg/liter, and 430.1 mg/liter. There were no statistically significant differences in migrating amount of ATBC between nonirradiated samples and samples irradiated at a dose of 20 kGy, while in samples irradiated at a dose of 50 kGy the migration of ATBC was increased. After 1 h of oil-film contact no detectable amounts of ATBC had migrated. After 288 h of contact the amounts of ATBC that migrated into olive oil were 3.59 mg/liter, 3.56 mg/liter, and 4.12 mg/liter for nonirradiated samples, 20-kGy irradiated samples, and 50-kGy irradiated samples, respectively. It is suggested that plasticized PVC should not be used in direct contact with high-fat foodstuffs with or without irradiation treatment.

Adipates↗
PubMed2000

[Polyphenolic antioxidants in fruit juice. Urinary excretion and effects on biological markers for antioxidative status].

This intervention study was designed as cross-over (four women, one man) with three doses of black currant/apple (1:1) juice (750, 1000, and 1500 mL) for one week corresponding to an intake of 4.8, 6.4, and 9.6 mg quercetin per day. Urinary excretion of quercetin increased significantly with dose and with time. The fraction excreted in urine was constant 0.29-0.47%. Plasma quercetin did not change with juice intervention. Plasma ascorbate increased during intervention due to ascorbate from the juice. Total plasma malondialdehyde decreased with time during 1500 mL juice intervention. Plasma protein 2-adipic semialdehyde residues, increased with time and dose, and glutathione peroxidase increased with juice dose, whereas other selected markers of oxidative status did not change. These effects might be related to several components of the juice and cannot be attributed solely to its quercetin content.

Adipates↗
PubMed1992

Chamber and gavage technique for metabolic studies of earthworms.

Earthworms make very suitable laboratory animals for metabolic studies in vivo using radiolabeled test chemicals. We describe the construction and operation of a metabolic chamber to enable the collection of labeled CO2, volatile organics, material excreted into the bedding, and labeled material remaining in the worms. A gavage technique has been developed that permits the administration of water-soluble and lipid-soluble test chemicals in spite of the extremely low level of triglyceride lipase activity in the earthworm gut. This technique is less likely to puncture the worm tissue than previous methods. Radiolabeled DDT and diethylhexyl adipate were used to provide examples of the use of these techniques and the metabolic chamber. Results were qualitatively similar to those that have been noted in vertebrates.

Adipates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alternative liquid chromatographic method for determination of the methoxyl and 2-hydroxypropoxyl content in cellulose ether derivatives.

An alternative liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methoxyl and 2-hydroxypropoxyl substituents in hypromellose and hypromellose acetate succinate. The method uses the hydriodic acid cleavage reaction, catalyzed by adipic acid, of the substituted methoxyl and 2-hydroxypropoxyl groups, which are quantitatively converted to iodomethane and 2-iodopropane. The iodomethane and 2-iodopropane are extracted into xylene, the extract is diluted with methanol, and the analytes are separated and assayed by gradient elution using a reversed-phase C18 column. The method is selective and sensitive and has good linearity with values of 0.999 for R2 and 0.25% for the gamma-intercept bias from 1.39 to 5.55 mg/mL for iodomethane, and 0.999 for R2 and 0.52% for the gamma-intercept bias from 0.184 to 0.735 mg/mL for 2-iodopropane. The relative standard precisions for this LC method were found to be +/- 2.3% for determining methoxyl at the 23.1% (w/w) level, and +/- 3.5% for determining 2-hydroxypropoxyl at the 6.7% (w/w) level. Compared with the current gas chromatographic (GC) compendial (JPE) method, the LC assay method has equal or better precision. It was found that both the standard and sample solutions have limited stability (8 h) after preparation. This limited stability has not been reported previously in the literature and may have an impact on the reported accuracy/precision of the literature data for the GC method. The LC method was proven to be robust with respect to variation in derivatization time and temperature, flow rate, and column temperature. It is well suited for the quality control needed in today's fast-paced pharmaceutical laboratories.

Adipates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of dibasic esters by rat nasal mucosal carboxylesterase.

Inhalation exposure of rats to dibasic esters revealed lesions of the nasal olfactory epithelium similar to those observed with other ester solvents. Female rats are more sensitive to these effects than are male rats. It has been proposed that carboxylesterase conversion of inhaled esters within nasal tissues to organic acids may be a critical biochemical step in converting these chemicals to toxic substances. These experiments measured the kinetic parameters Vmax, KM, Ksi, and V/K for the hydrolysis of the dibasic esters in the target nasal tissue, olfactory mucosa, and nontarget tissue, respiratory mucosa. It was determined that under the conditions of these experiments, diacid metabolites are not formed. Esterase activity was inhibited by pretreatment with bis p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Vmax values for the three dibasic esters were 5- to 13-fold greater in olfactory mucosa than respiratory mucosa for male or female rats. V/K values were 4- to 11-fold greater in olfactory mucosa than respiratory mucosa for male or female rats. V/K was similar between male and female olfactory mucosa when dimethyl glutarate was used as the substrate. With dimethyl succinate or dimethyl adipate as the substrate, V/K for female olfactory tissue was 0.5- or 2-fold that of males, respectively. Differences in V/K were mainly due to decreases in KM associated with increasing carbon chain length. Substrate inhibition was observed at dibasic ester concentrations greater than approximately 25 mM, which are unlikely to be achieved in vivo. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that organic acid accumulation in the target tissue, olfactory mucosa, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of dibasic ester-induced nasal lesions. This mechanism may be applicable to a wide range of inhaled esters.

Adipates↗
PubMed1989

Azelaic acid: mode of action at cellular and subcellular levels.

Azelaic acid (AZA) has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis of melanoma cell lines. In order to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying this inhibitory effect, I elected to study the effects of AZA and, for control purposes, adipic acid (ADA) on DNA synthesis rate of nuclei isolated from melanoma cells and keratinocytes cultured in the presence of different concentrations of the dicarboxylic acids. Before doing so, I found, by autoradiography, that [3H]AZA is incorporated into the nuclei in a time-dependent manner. AZA, and to a lesser extent ADA, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis, regardless of whether these substances were present in cell cultures before isolation of nuclei, or were incubated with already isolated nuclei. In searching for the target for this inhibitory effect on nuclear DNA synthesis, I found that AZA, and to a lesser extent ADA, is a potent inhibitor of both bacterial DNA polymerase and of multienzyme complexes isolated from cultured melanoma cells and keratinocytes. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of the dicarboxylic acids AZA and ADA on DNA synthesis of several cell lines is due to the interference of these substances with the activation of enzymes (e.g. DNA polymerases) required for DNA synthesis.

Adipates↗
PubMed1989

Effect of dicarboxylic (C6 and C9) acids on a human squamous carcinoma cell line in culture.

In tissue culture, azelaic acid (C9) has been shown to have an anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect on human and murine malignant melanocytes, with inhibition of mitochondrial oxido-reductase enzymes and DNA synthesis, and damage to mitochondria. Recent reports of effects on differentiation of normal keratocytes have led to the present study of its effects on a squamous carcinoma cell line. Cells were exposed to single doses of disodium salts of azelaic (C9(2)Na) and adipic (C6(2)Na) acids at concentrations of 10(-2)M and 5 x 10(-2)M for 48 hrs. Only C9(2)Na at 5 x 10(-2) M for 4 hrs., and longer, significantly affected proliferation, and the cells exhibited massive swelling of mitochondria with loss of cristae. The results further confirm the probable value of azelaic acid as a general anti-tumoral agent rather than a specifically melanocytotoxic one. They could justify clinical studies on the effect of topical azelaic acid therapy on squamous cell carcinoma in vivo.

Adipates↗
PubMed1989

Influence of plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) on platelet adhesion and platelet aggregates.

The most widely used plasticiser for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is extracted in contact with blood. One approach to reducing plasticiser extraction is to incorporate the higher molecular weight plasticisers trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM) and polymeric adipate (PA). This investigation has compared the influence of these plasticisers with that of DEHP on platelet adhesion and platelet aggregate formation. PVC tubing was tested in the absence of anticoagulants and in the presence of heparin. Our results demonstrate the influence of plasticisers on platelet response and support the view that evaluation of such plasticisers should be extended from an examination of toxicological properties to a comprehensive blood compatibility assessment.

Adipates↗
PubMed1989

Effect of dicarboxylic acids (C6 and C9) on human choroidal melanoma in cell culture.

In cell culture, azelaic acid (C9) has been shown to have an antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect on human and murine malignant cutaneous melanocytes. Normal melanocytes are unaffected, as are normal choroidal melanocytes. Here, effects on cell kinetics and ultrastructure of cells of a human choroidal melanoma line have been studied. Cells were exposed to single doses of disodium salts of azelaic (C(9)2Na) and adipic (C(6)2Na) acids at concentrations of 10(-2) M and 5 X 10(-2) M for 48 hr. C(9)2Na at 5 X 10(-2) M had a significant effect on proliferation at 24 and 48 hr and this was not reversible on removal of diacid. At 5 X 10(-2) M for 24 hr, C(6)2Na had no effect and at 5 X 10(-2) M for 48 hr had an effect which was marginally significant, but reversible. Swelling and disruption of mitochondria was seen in cells exposed to C(9)2Na at 5 X 10(-2) M for 1 hr and longer, but even at 10(-1) M, cells exposed to C(6)2Na were minimally affected. The results could encourage further investigations of the feasibility of azelaic acid therapy for uveal and ocular adnexal melanoma.

Adipates↗
PubMed1986

Observations on cell kinetics and viability of a human melanoma cell line exposed to dicarboxylic acids in tissue culture.

Cultures of human melanoma cell line B0008 were exposed to the disodium salts of azelaic acid (C9 2Na), adipic acid (C6 2Na) and dodecanediaic acid (C12 2Na) at 10(-2) M and 5 x 10(-2) M for 24 hrs. None of the diacid salts had a significant effect on growth rate or viability of the cells, at 10(-2) M for 24 hrs nor had C6 2Na any effect at 5 x 10(-2) M. At 5 x 10(-2) M for 24 hrs, both C9 2Na, and C12 2Na had a significant effect in reducing both growth and viability. These effects were accompanied by morphological evidence of cell death, and swelling of mitochondria and accumulation of lipid droplets within cytoplasm of still viable cells.

Adipates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A decalin-consuming bacterial community.

A bacterial community able to degrade cis- and trans-decalin (decahydronaphthalene) in the presence of n-decane could be isolated. It was composed by a couple of Pseudomonas strains (D1 and D2, respectively). Neither the community nor the isolated strains were able to grow on decalin alone. D1 grew on decalin plus n-decane. Both could grow on n-decyl alcohol, acetate and adipate. From hydrocarbonated substrates it would be generated a metabolic chain which allows the growth of the community members, and then it resulted to be stable. Characteristics of both strains are described.

Acetates↗
PubMed1996

DNA strand breaks induced by sustained glutamate excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures.

We developed a new approach to study single- and double-stranded DNA breaks during chronic, moderate excitotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of the glutamate transporter in cerebellar granule cell primary cultures. A 24 hr treatment of 2-week-old cultures with L-alpha-amino adipate (LAA), an inhibitor of the cerebellar glutamate uptake transporter, caused a gradual extracellular accumulation of endogenous glutamate that induced reversible morphological change of granule neurons but no neuronal cell death despite sustained, but moderate, elevations of the free intracellular calcium concentrations. Nick translation experiments on isolated nuclei or cells from cerebellar cultures chronically exposed to LAA revealed increased radioactive nucleotide incorporation indicative of DNA nicking. This LAA effect was dose-dependent and suppressed by NMDA receptor antagonists. Cultures treated for 24 hr with LAA and subjected to in situ nick translation showed an intense nuclear labeling of neurons but not glia, which could be abolished by MK801. A similar labeling was also observed in altered nuclei of granule neurons acutely exposed to high glutamate concentrations or undergoing an apoptotic cell death. Although the TUNEL labeling method detected no DNA double-strand breaks in LAA-treated cerebellar cultures, it displayed clear evidence of DNA damage during acute glutamate excitotoxicity or during apoptosis. However, Southern blot analysis of nuclear DNA revealed a DNA laddering only in apoptotic cell death. Our results demonstrate that DNA damage, characterized by DNA single-strand breaks, is an early event in chronic, moderate excitotoxicity. This type of DNA degradation, which appears before any nuclear morphological changes, is distinct from the massive DNA single- and/or double-strand damages observed during acute glutamate excitotoxicity or apoptosis.

Adipates↗