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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Allergic rhinitis and aviation.

Allergic rhinitis, or hay fever, is a combination of symptoms that affects approximately 20% of the U.S. population. Symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and sleep aberrations. Patients with mild or seasonal cases of allergic rhinitis are perfectly capable of performing adequately in the aviation field. At present, these people are grounded during symptomatic periods. This grounding is due to both Federal Air Regulations and Navy regulations which preclude flying with nasal congestion or with the use of medications. Current therapy of allergic rhinitis is based on the use of three different basic modalities. The first modality is immunotherapy which requires usually weekly injections, and the patient is grounded for 24 h after the injection. The second and most commonly used modality is the use of antihistamine-decongestant preparations. The third group of medications is the topical steroids and cromolyn sodium, which are reviewed in detail because of their improved efficacy and safety. Recommendations are proposed for allowing those persons with allergic rhinitis symptoms that are easily controlled with the topical steroids or cromolyn sodium to continue flying.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1988

The right and wrong stuff in civil aviation.

Aircrewmembers (ACMs) enter a mortally hostile environment when they take off from Earth in their flying machines. Their physiological adaptation has been augmented and supported through ergonomics, avionics, and engineering, but no such technological aid helps them adapt their minds to that atypical condition. They must rely upon their own psychic resources, i.e. "aeronautical motivation" in the three levels of consciousness, and defense mechanisms to counteract their "aeronautical anxiety." Various relationships of motivation and defense give rise either to the flying adaptation syndrome or the various forms of the secondary flying disadaptation syndrome when ACMs must face the dangers of flight. These alterations of the ACMs' psychic balance may cause temporary or permanent medical disqualification due to the impairment of safety which they provoke. This paper proposes an analysis of the interplay between motivation, psychic defenses, and aviation stress to explain the manifestations of flight adaptation and disadaptation seen in some aircrewmembers.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

State-of-the-art management of renal stone disease in aviators and military special duty personnel.

New developments in the management and evaluation of military aviators, divers, submariners, or other special duty personnel with renal stone disease have simplified surgical management of this difficult problem and markedly reduced recuperation time. Aggressive treatment with newly developed modalities such as ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, and careful metabolic evaluation and medical management will often allow the return to full duty of these valuable individuals and allow many who would previously have been permanently disqualified to continue in special duty status.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1988

Simulator induced syndrome in Coast Guard aviators.

The incidence of adverse symptoms in Coast Guard aviators undergoing flight simulator training was determined. A voluntary, multi-part questionnaire was completed by 238 pilots. During the first simulator flight 64.3% of pilots reported at least one adverse symptom, 39.4% during the last flight. Simulator induced syndrome (SIS) was present in 47.1% of subjects during the first simulator flight, 23.5% during their last flight. Most subjects reported their symptoms as mild, with some symptoms rated as moderate or severe in nature. There was no statistically significant association (p greater than 0.05) between the development of SIS and flight experience, simulator experience, length of simulator session, or self-determined motion sickness susceptibility. There was a significant association (p less than 0.05) between SIS development and the use of simulators with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Nine pilots experienced adverse symptoms at least 2 d after their last simulator flight. In conclusion, this study revealed that SIS occurs frequently, is more common when CGI is present, may recur, suggests an adaptative process, and may not be associated with some factors previously claimed.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current problems in aviation physiology].

Soviet aviation has developed an efficient system of medical support based on physiological knowledge and aimed at the solution of various problems associated with pilot selection and training, his professional activity, arrangement of his working place, etc. It is understood that the following lines of research hold great promise in protecting the human body against adverse flight effects: methods of protection against high altitude effects which also help maintain high operational efficiency; conditioning of transport, regulation and energy mechanisms of oxygen supply; methods of predicting man's tolerance to motion sickness; study of mechanisms of photoreception of blinding brightnesses; development of photoprotectors, etc. With respect to professional selection, it is important to use EEG data for prognostic purposes, to investigate lateral functions of paired organs, and to explore their relationship with body tolerance to flight factors and efficiency of training. The results of physiological investigations of the functional state of the pilot form the basis to standardize his workload, to develop rational work-rest cycles, and to prevent performance deterioration. Physiological recommendations can be used to formulate requirements for the configuration of the pilot working place.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1986

Cardiovascular epidemiology, exercise, and health: 40-year followup of the U.S. Navy's "1000 aviators".

The interrelationship of aging, performance, and stress modification has been the subject of investigations in the U.S. Navy. Beginning in 1940, a study of 1,056 student and instructor pilots lowered previously high attrition rates in training by emphasizing both physical and psychological screening. After World War II, when 208 pilots in the group died, followup studies of the survivors were conducted in 1951, 1957, 1963, 1969-71, 1977, and 1980-81. In February 1981, 715 questionnaires were mailed to known survivors, with 500 replies subsequently analyzed. Additionally, 114 of the respondents who had previously been examined during 1969, were again examined in 1980-81; those individuals were markedly different in their lifestyle, particularly in exercising regularly, abstaining from cigarette smoking, and drinking alcoholic beverages moderately, as contrasted to 28 aviators also examined in 1969 who died in the interim. Healthy lifestyle may alter cardiovascular risk, preventing premature death.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Flight problems in Soviet aviation medicine in the 1920s and 1930s].

This paper describes multifaceted investigations of the flying work by Soviet aviation medicine in the 1920-30s. It examines the early stages of the professional activity that is at present termed ergonomic foundations of the design, manufacture and use of the aircraft. The paper discusses one of the first formulations of the problem of standardization of the human factors.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1985

An aviator with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

The clinical presentation, evaluation and diagnosis of an aviator with dilated cardiomyopathy of determined etiology are discussed. The aeromedical disposition and prognosis of this patient are also presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The treatment of acute accidental hypothermia: proceedings of a symposium held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine.

A symposium was held at the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, Farnborough, Hampshire, on Feb. 28, 1978. The purpose of the meeting was to distill up-to-date expert opinion to provide advice for those faced with the treatment of victims of exposure or cold water immersion. In particular, it was intended to recommend practical measures which could be employed in the field. However, it soon became apparent that there are large gaps in our knowledge of the physiology of hypothermia. These made the formulation of definitive advice extremely difficult.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Sickle cell trait and the aviator.

Sickle cell trait (SCT) for years has been a controversial disorder within the aerospace medicine community. Some authorities consider SCT to be an entirely benign condition without particular significance, at least to moderate altitudes. Others are in disagreement and consider it a serious enough threat that flying duties should be precluded for all individuals with this disorder. These issues are addressed by reviewing SCT, its relationship to altitude, and its risk to aviation. The author concludes that flying organizations must establish their own policy on flying status for individuals with SCT based upon mission peculiarities and the assessment of risk inherent in that mission.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1982

Sickle cell trait and aviation.

Sickle cell trait is a benign genetic abnormality which has been wrongly projected as a health hazard in aviation. Conflicting reports on the relationship between this trait and flying exist in the literature. Limitations placed on sickle trait individuals unfairly stigmatize large numbers of people, both socially and economically. The imprecise identification of the sickle hemoglobinopathies and unrecognized interactions of other abnormal hemoglobins with hemoglobin S have perpetuated the controversy. There is a tendency to use isolated anecdotal incidents as evidence of increased morbidity in sickle cell trait; however, it has not been documented that hypoxic conditions cause in vivo sickling in pure trait carriers. An analysis of the definitions of the hemoglobinopathies, the molecular basis of hemoglobin S, the interactions of abnormal hemoglobins, and the sickling phenomenon shows both that there is no evidence that the sickle trait is a health hazard and that most of the literature contrary to this finding is invalid.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1978

Speech intelligibility through communication headsets for general aviation.

Word discrimination was measured on eight general aviation pilots listening alternately through each of three communication headsets and an aircraft loudspeaker in the presence of light aircraft noise. Each subject listened at the speech intensity designated by him as yielding optimal intelligibility. Performance varied directly with the degree of attenuation provided by the headset. Mean intelligibility scores ranged from 73% through the loudspeaker to 92% through two of the headsets, although retesting through the loudspeaker at a higher signal level improved mean scores to 85%. Articulation functions obtained on four normally hearing listeners tested under the same conditions as the pilots revealed that, for situations when little or no attenuation was available (loudspeaker and one headset), greater signal-to-noise ratios were necessary to allow discrimination equivalent to that obtained under conditions of greater noise attenuation (two headsets). Although good intelligibility could be achieved through the loudspeaker given sufficient signal intensity (greater than 100 dB SPL) some pilots preferred lower levels even though discrimination was reduced.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1980

Investigation of flow rates of oxygen systems used in general aviation.

Flow rates of two general aviation constant flow oxygen systems were tested at altitude using a Ted Nelson flow meter and using timed flow into a volume bag. Contrary to the manufacturer's claim, the Rajay SK-10 system was not altitude compensated and provided a flow rate of about 2.2 1/min independent of altitude. The Scott system provided the stated 2.5 l/min with the standard connector and 8 l/min with the "green" connector, the significance of the color code being not widely understood. The conclusions of the 1975 report on oxygen mask performance should be revised according to these flow data. The Ted Nelson flow meter performed within its stated accuracy.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1983

Coronary bypass surgery: military aviation medicine perspective.

Close examination of medical and surgical literature shows that significant proportions of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery do not achieve an angina-free state; of those who do, a large proportion will relapse over the ensuing 4-6 years. It is apparent from the literature that coronary bypass surgery does not reverse the underlying processes of atherosclerosis. Therefore, aviators who have undergone this surgery are at increased risk for angina and other unpredictable coronary events and should not be favorably considered for continued military flying duties.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1984

Small airways, lung function and aviation.

The anatomy, physiology and functional assessment of small airways and their relevance to aviation is reviewed. Small airways normally contribute little to lung function, and they can become extensively and irreversibly damaged, or even closed, before clinical deterioration is evident. Small airways disease does, however, produce typical and reproducible changes in spirogram, flow volume, and closing volume measurements. Minor abnormalities of respiratory function, inconsequential at sea level, can substantially reduce arterial oxygen saturation at high altitude. Aircrew with pulmonary disease could also be severely affected by loss of pressure, causing significant hypoxia. Stress during flight may exacerbate airways obstruction, especially in asthmatics. The hypoxia resulting from these situations could seriously compromise in-flight performance. Peak flow, FEV1, and FVC measurements are recommended for civilian air crew prior to employment and at routine intervals thereafter.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1983

Alcoholism: a behavioural disorder in general aviation.

In the U.S.A., 8% of aviation accidents are related to alcohol abuse. Guidelines for the recognition, prevention and alleviation of alcoholism are given. It is important that the physician-patient relationship is encouraged to allow continuity of observation, which is essential for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1982

The extraction and identification of drugs in aviation toxicology.

The drug screen as used in Aviation Pathology is unique in toxicological analysis in that it seeks to identify the whole range of clinical drugs at or below therapeutic levels. Recently the introduction of proteolytic enzymes has enabled more efficient extraction of drugs from tissues. The measurement of the Gas Chromatographic Retention Index can provide an important parameter in the identification of drug substances.

Aerospace Medicine↗