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PubMed1976

[Reproduction of delayed evoked potentials during amygdaloid complex stimulation].

Influence of amygdaloid stimulation on retrieval of the electric correlate of time connection, delayed evoked potentials recorded in the cortex, midbrain reticular formation, lateral geniculate body and hippocampus, was studied in experiments on currarized unaesthetized cats. Delayed evoked potentials were formed after 10-400 pairings of light flash and hypothalamic stimulation and were manifested as potentials appearing in response to a conditioned stimulus with a delay equal to the interval between conditioned and unconditional stimuli. Amygdaloid stimulation facilitated their retrieval if they were previously extinguished or did not appear during initial testing.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptor in the central nervous system of the adult rat.

In an attempt to reveal the function sites of substance P (SP) in the central nervous system (CNS), the distribution of SP receptor (SPR) was immunocytochemically investigated in adult rat and compared with that of SP-positive fibers. SPR-like immunoreactivity (LI) was mostly localized to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Neurons with intense SPR-LI were distributed densely in the cortical amygdaloid nucleus, hilus of the dentate gyrus, locus ceruleus, rostral half of the ambiguus nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic cord; moderately in the caudatoputamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, median, pontine, and magnus raphe nuclei, laminae I and III of the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and lamina I of the spinal cord; and sparsely in the cerebral cortex, basal nucleus of Meynert, claustrum, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and lobules IX and X of the cerebellar vermis. Neurons with weak to moderate SPR-LI were distributed more widely throughout the CNS. The regional patterns of distribution of SPR-LI were not necessarily the same as those of SP-positive fibers. The entopedunucular nucleus, substantia nigra, and lateral part of the interpeduncular nucleus showed intense SP-LI but displayed almost no SPR-LI. Conversely, the hilus of the dentate gyrus, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and dorsal tegmental nucleus showed intense to moderate SPR-LI but contained few axons with SP-LI. These findings confirmed the presence of the "mismatch" problem between SP and SPR localizations. However, the distribution of SPR-LI was quite consistent with that of the SP-binding activity, which has been studied via autoradiography. This indicates that the sites of SPR-LI revealed in the present study represent most, if not all, sites of SP-binding activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A substance P-containing hypothalamic neuronal system projects to the median eminence.

Immunoreactive substance P (SPi) was measured in the various hypothalamic structures and amygdala one week after placing a cut around the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). SPi content decreased in the stalk-median eminence (SME), anterior and posterior parts of the arcuate nucleus (inside the isolated region) as well as in the paraventricular nucleus (outside the cut), while there was no change in the posteromedial amygdaloid nucleus. We suggest that there is a tuberoinfundibular neuronal system containing SPi with cell bodies in the MBH and terminals in the SME. In addition, nerve fibers containing SPi from outside the MBH may reach both the SME and the arcuate nucleus and might influence neuroendocrine regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The ganglionic eminence--a putative intermediate target of amygdaloid connections.

The superior part of the ganglionic eminence has been shown to act as an intermediate target for outgrowing axons of projections between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. This study aims at investigating whether amygdaloid projections transiently contact the inferior portion of the human ganglionic eminence which directly borders upon the amygdala. Between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation a high number of small fiber bundles which were immunolabelled with anti-MAP1b and anti-SNAP-25 could be traced from the amygdala towards the mantle zone of the ganglionic eminence. These fiber bundles left a fiber system which coursed from the amygdala towards the entorhinal cortex. Within the mantle zone of the ganglionic eminence immunoreactive puncta indicative of fiber termination were observed. After 22 weeks of gestation the number of fibers entering the ganglionic eminence gradually decreased. These results provide the first evidence that the marginal zone of the inferior ganglionic eminence is likely to constitute an intermediate target for growing axons which belong the amygdaloid projection to the entorhinal cortex.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1984

[Neuronal populations in the posterior group of thalamic nuclei projecting into the amygdaloid complex and auditory cortex in the cat].

Location of neurons in posterior thalamic nuclei and neighbouring structures of the midbrain regions projecting to the amygdaloid complex and auditory cortex of cat was studied by the method of horseradish peroxidase. The main sources of these brain region projections to amygdaloid complex are peripeduncular , subparafascicular and suprageniculate nuclei and caudal division of the medial geniculate body. The cells of origin of projections to the auditory cortex are located in all medial geniculate nuclei and wide regions of the posterior thalamic group. Neuron pools projecting to the auditory cortex and amygdala exist in medial parts of the posterior thalamic nuclei. The role of posterior thalamic nuclei in transmission of auditory signals to amygdala is discussed.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1982

Distribution of neuropeptides in the limbic system of the rat: the amygdaloid complex.

The distribution of six neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, substance P, neurotensin, methionine-enkephalin and somatostatin) has been mapped in the amygdala using immunocytochemical methods. Cell bodies containing each peptide showed a differential distribution throughout the various subnuclei. Large numbers of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin-octapeptide-containing cell bodies were located in the lateral and cortical nuclei respectively, neurotensin-and methionine enkephalin-containing cell bodies in the central nucleus, and substance P-containing cell bodies primarily in the medial nucleus. Somatostatin-containing cell bodies were found in all nuclei. Neuropeptide-containing fibres were also differentially distributed. Substance P and cholecystokinin fibres formed dense plexuses in the medial nucleus whilst the greatest concentration of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neurotensin and methionine enkephalin fibres were seen in the central nucleus. Close observation of serial sections showed that all the neuropeptides studied had extensive intra-amygdaloid pathways and connections with other brain areas. The central nucleus and stria terminalis have particular importance in the organisation of peptides within the amygdala. The central nucleus acts as a focus for a number of converging/diverging peptide pathways and incoming catecholaminergic afferents. The stria terminalis contains all six peptides and represents the major efferent peptidergic system. The amygdala is thought to control a number of endocrine responses and to regulate complex behavioural functions. The abundance of neuropeptides within the amygdala and their complex pattern imply that they may act to regulate endocrine responses to external events (e.g. stress) or alter emotional tone functions thought to be controlled by the amygdala.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1992

Synaptic contacts between CGRP-immunoreactive terminals and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat.

An immunoelectron microscopic method combined with immunofluorescence double staining was carried out to examine the relationship between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive (LI) axon terminals and enkephalin (ENK)-LI neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) of the rat. The latter method showed that many ENK-LI cell bodies are densely surrounded by CGRP-LI axons in the lateral subdivision of the Ce (CeL). After taking fluorescence micrographs, the immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine the CGRP-LI axonal profiles under an electron microscope. CGRP-LI terminals were frequently found to form axo-somatic synaptic contacts with ENK-LI neurons in the CeL.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1980

Biochemical mapping of somatostatinergic systems in rat brain: effects of periventricular hypothalamic and medial basal amygdaloid lesions on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain nuclei.

Immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated the presence of somatostatin (growth hormone release-inhibiting factor)-positive cell bodies in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the medial-basal amygdala. In order to map biochemically the projections of these cell groups, electrolytic lesions were made in these structures and somatostatin was measured by radioimmunoassay in microdissected brain nuclei. Bilateral destruction of the periventricular nucleus significantly decreased somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the median eminence, and in the rostral periventricular, medial preoptic and arcuate nuclei. Bilateral lesions placed in the medial-basal amygdala significantly decreased SLI in the median eminence and suprachiasmatic nucleus. Similar depletions were observed following lesions of the stria terminalis. These results suggest that both the periventricular and amygdaloid somatostatin systems may participate in the regulation of growth hormone secretion via their projections to the median eminence and other hypothalamic nuclei.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1987

VIP- and CCK-like-immunoreactive neurons in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and sheep (Ovis aries) brain.

The distribution pattern and the morphology of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-like-immunoreactive neurons were studied in the brain of the hedgehog and the sheep by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. A total of 34 hedgehogs and 26 sheep of both sexes were used. Fourteen hedgehogs and 13 sheep received an intracerebroventricular injection of colchicine that enhanced the immunostaining and revealed "new" immunoreactive cell bodies. VIP-immunoreactive bipolar and multipolar neurons were observed in both species in the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid complex, hypothalamus, and central gray substance of the midbrain. CCK-immunoreactive bipolar, bitufted, and multipolar neurons displayed a broader distribution in both mammals than VIP neurons and were found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampal formation, the amygdaloid complex, the hypothalamus, the mesencephalon, and the pons. In the cortex, in both the hedgehog and the sheep, VIP neurons were located in all layers but were concentrated in layers II and III, with the majority being typical bipolar. CCK neurons were more numerous in the superficial layers (I-III) but were found in the deep layers as well. They were bipolar, bitufted, or multipolar in morphology. From these neurons a small percentage, which were located almost exclusively in layers II and III of the visual cortex, exhibited also VIP immunoreactivity. Perikarya of such double-labeled cells were ovoid or round in shape with one or two main processes emanating from each pole of the cell body and oriented perpendicularly to the pia. The coexistence of the two peptides within individual neurons of the cortex has not been reported in other species and its physiological significance is discussed in relation to the GABAergic neurons of the cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The mammillary body, a potential site of action of neurotensin in passive avoidance behavior in rats.

Sites of action of neurotensin (NT) in passive avoidance behavior were investigated by intracerebral injection in male Wistar rats, which were trained in a step-down type one-trial learning passive avoidance test. An unavoidable foot shock was delivered through the grid floor of a dark compartment (learning trial) and passive avoidance latencies were tested 24 h after the learning trial (retention test). NT at small doses, 0.2 and 0.5 microgram, injected into the mammillary body increased the latency of the retention test in passive avoidance behavior, without affecting locomotor activity or rectal temperature. However, NT injected into the central amygdaloid nucleus did not influence either passive avoidance behavior or rectal temperature. When injected into the preoptic area, the nucleus accumbens or the substantia nigra, NT did not alter the passive avoidance behavior either. Responsiveness to electric foot shock was reduced after injection of NT into the mammillary body. Thus, the change in the responsiveness to electric foot shock did not comply with that in the passive avoidance behavior following intramammillary body injection of NT. These results suggest that the mammillary body is a site of action of NT in passive avoidance behavior and may play an important role in learning the behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead intoxication and the amygdaloid kindling model of epileptogenesis in the adult rat.

The influence of lead intoxication on the seizure state produced by amygdaloid kindling was studied in rats. Exposure to 1% lead (in the form of lead acetate) in drinking water for periods up to 4 weeks led to significant increases in lead content in the blood and various brain regions. Signs of lead intoxication, including behavioral depression, loss of body weight and decreased hematocrit were produced by this treatment regime. The intensity and nature of behavioral convulsions as well as the rate of development of amygdaloid kindled seizures did not appear to be affected by lead intoxication. However, lead exposure during kindling led to significant increases in an electrographic aspect of the seizure, i.e., the afterdischarge duration. Although pair-fed controls were not utilized and therefore definitive conclusions cannot be made, our data would seem to indicate that lead intoxication has a relatively minor ability to potentiate amygdaloid kindling in adult rats.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2002

Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety.

This communication provides an update of our understanding of the neurological bases for the close association between balance control and anxiety. New data suggest that a vestibulo-recipient region of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) contains cells that respond to body rotation and position relative to gravity. The PBN, with its reciprocal relationships with the extended central amygdaloid nucleus, infralimbic cortex, and hypothalamus, appears to be an important node in a primary network that processes convergent vestibular, somatic, and visceral information processing to mediate avoidance conditioning, anxiety, and conditioned fear responses. Noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the vestibular nuclei also have parallel connections with anxiety pathways. The coeruleo-vestibular pathway originates in caudal locus coeruleus (LC) and provides regionally specialized noradrenergic input to the vestibular nuclei, which likely mediate effects of alerting and vigilance on the sensitivity of vestibulo-motor circuits. Both serotonergic and nonserotonergic pathways from the dorsal raphe nucleus and the nucleus raphe obscurus also project differentially to the vestibular nuclei, and 5-HT(2A) receptors are expressed in amygdaloid and cortical targets of the PBN. It is proposed that the dorsal raphe nucleus pathway contributes to both (a) a tradeoff between motor and sensory (information gathering) aspects of responses to self-motion and (b) a calibration of the sensitivity of affective responses to aversive aspects of motion. This updated neurologic model continues to be a synthetic schema for investigating the neurological and neurochemical bases for comorbidity of balance disorders and anxiety disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[A case of argyrophilic grain dementia with emotional disorder].

Autopsy of a patient with mild dementia associated with an emotional disorder characterized by paroxysmal rage and excitement during the clinical course revealed massive argyrophilic grains in the subicular, entorhinal and amygdaloid regions, and to a lesser extent in other limbic areas as well. A few argyrophilic coiled bodies were also found in the subcortical white matter in the same area as the cortical argyrophilic grains. These pathological findings are consistent with a type of cytoskeletal abnormality referred to as 'argyrophilic grain dementia', which some authors describe as a new type of progressive dementia. Immunohistochemically, the grains reacted with anti-human-tau, and in part with anti-ubiquitin antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopic examination revealed the grains to consist of tubulo-vesicular structures within processes, but it was impossible to identify their origin. The neuropathologic substrate of this peculiar case of dementia was thought to be the grains in the limbic area. The detailed clinical picture and distribution of the grains are described to contribute to further discussion.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2004

Differential expression of 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNAs in mice prone, or resistant, to chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity.

The present study examined the levels of 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) (2A and 2C receptors of 5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin) receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in the brain of chronic high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) and obese-resistant (DR) mice. Thirty-one mice were used in this study. Twenty-four mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HF: 40% of calories from fat) for 4 weeks and then classified as the DIO (n = 8) or DR (n = 8) mice according to the highest and lowest body weight (BW) gainers. Seven mice were placed on a low-fat diet (LF: 10% of calories from fat) and were used as controls. After 20 weeks of feeding, the visceral fat accumulation was 620 +/- 42 mg in the DIO group versus 198 +/- 89 mg in the DR and 84 +/- 18 mg in the LF groups. Using quantitative in situ hybridization techniques, levels of 2A and 2C serotonin (5-HT) receptor mRNAs were measured in multiple brain sections of mice from the three groups. Most regions did not differ between groups but, importantly, the DIO mice had a significantly higher level of 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA expression in the olfactory nucleus (Olf) compared to the DR and LF mice (+30% and +37%, respectively). The levels of Olf 5-HT(2A) receptor mRNA expression were related to body fat mass. The level of 5-HT(2C) mRNA receptor expression in the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) nucleus was 40% higher in the DIO mice than in the LF mice. Furthermore, the 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expression in the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdaloid (MePD) nucleus was 25% higher in the DIO mice than in the DR mice. The level of VMH 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expression was correlated with body fat mass. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated differentially regulated levels of the 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptor mRNA expressions in the specific brain regions of the DIO and DR mice. It provides neural anatomical bases that the 5-HT(2C) receptors positively influence satiety center (VMH) while the 5-HT(2A) receptor regulates olfactory sensory effects. The findings also assist us to understand the role of these receptors in mice susceptible or resistant to diet-induced obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Distribution and anatomical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult rat brain--an immunohistochemical study.

The aim of this work was to study the distribution and cellular localization of GLUT2 in the rat brain by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, whereas our ultrastructural observations will be reported in a second paper. Confirming previous results, we show that GLUT2-immunoreactive profiles are present throughout the brain, especially in the limbic areas and related nuclei, whereas they appear most concentrated in the ventral and medial regions close to the midline. Using cresyl violet counterstaining and double immunohistochemical staining for glial or neuronal markers (GFAp, CAII and NeuN), we show that two limited populations of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes cell bodies and processes are immunoreactive for GLUT2, whereas a cross-reaction with GLUT1 cannot be ruled out. In addition, we report that the nerve cell bodies clearly immunostained for GLUT2 were scarce (although numerous in the dentate gyrus granular layer in particular), whereas the periphery of numerous nerve cells appeared labeled for this transporter. The latter were clustered in the dorsal endopiriform nucleus and neighboring temporal and perirhinal cortex, in the dorsal amygdaloid region, and in the paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei, whereas they were only a few in the hypothalamus. Moreover, a group of GLUT2-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies was localized in the dorsal medulla oblongata while some large multipolar nerve cell bodies peripherally labeled for GLUT2 were scattered in the caudal ventral reticular formation. This anatomical localization of GLUT2 appears characteristic and different from that reported for the neuronal transporter GLUT3 and GLUT4. Indeed, the possibility that GLUT2 may be localized in the sub-plasmalemnal region of neurones and/or in afferent nerve fibres remains to be confirmed by ultrastructural observations. Because of the neuronal localization of GLUT2, and of its distribution relatively similar to glucokinase, it may be hypothesized that this transporter is, at least partially, involved in cerebral glucose sensing.

Animals↗