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PubMed1988

Transient global amnesia precipitated by emotion in an adolescent.

Transient global amnesia has been reported to be precipitated by intense emotion in adult patients. Transient global amnesia is uncommon in the pediatric age group. We report the unusual occurrence of this syndrome, apparently precipitated on two occasions by emotion, in an adolescent who had earlier in life suffered a left temporal and occipital lobe embolic infarction from congenital heart disease. Transient global amnesia following intense emotion may be a cause of some confusional states in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Evidence of acute ischemic tissue change in transient global amnesia in magnetic resonance imaging: case report and literature review.

Transient global amnesia is a benign syndrome of sudden-onset alteration of behavior with temporary dysfunction of anterograde and recent retrograde memory. Its neural substrates remain uncertain. Possible causes include ischemia, migraine, and epilepsy. The authors report a case of a 62-year-old man with a transient attack of memory disturbance, suggestive of transient global amnesia, in which magnetic resonance imaging performed 48 hours after onset showed left mesial temporal lobe signal changes on diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. The findings and a literature review lend further support to the ischemic pathogenesis of transient global amnesia as a possible etiology, and underscore the role of diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of this condition.

Amnesia, Transient Global↗
PubMed1988

Transient global amnesia and thalamic infarction.

We describe the clinical and neuroradiologic features of a patient with two episodes of transient amnesia who later developed persistent amnesia and an acute infarction in the left thalamus. The neurobehavioral manifestations were strikingly similar in all three episodes. Cranial computed tomography was normal following the first two episodes. Thalamic ischemia could explain some cases of transient global amnesia.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Amnesia following damage to the mammillary bodies.

It is not known whether lesions of the mammillary body per se can produce significant memory impairment in humans. The amnesia reported in patients with lesions in the mammillary bodies may have been produced by lesions coexisting in other memory-related areas, such as the medial thalamus, mammillothalamic tract, descending columns of the fornix, or amygdalofugal pathways. We describe a patient who developed anterograde amnesia following damage to the basal hypothalamus involving the mammillary bodies. The cause was a cystic craniopharyngioma. After surgical removal of the tumor, his memory function improved but remained considerably impaired, especially on delayed recall. Postsurgical MRI revealed small, atrophic mammillary bodies without residual tumor. There was no obvious evidence of damage to the hypothalamus. We therefore conclude that our patient's amnesia resulted from mammillary body lesions alone.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1997

Effect of long-term administration of berberine on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

The effect of berberine (BER) on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced amnesia was investigated in a step-through passive avoidance task in rats. It was observed that BER at the doses of 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg after 7-day or 14-day administration significantly improved SCOP-induced amnesia. The anti-amnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration on the SCOP-induced amnesia was significantly augmented by physostigmine or neostigmine, and completely reversed by scopolamine N-methylbromide. These results suggest that the antiamnesic effect of BER after 14-day administration may be related to the increase in the peripheral and central cholinergic neuronal system activity.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2005

Homicide in the Canadian prairies: spousal killers, amnesia and self-harm.

This study identifies the incidence of claims of amnesia in homicide offenders and explores the associations with other psychopathology. It is a retrospective file review and analysis of 901 nonselective, adult men convicted of homicide. Claims of amnesia occurred in 31% (280) of the total homicide population and 46% of spousal killers compared to 28% of non-spousal killers. Claims in both groups were significantly associated with alcohol use and in the spousal group with actual or threats of self-harm at the time of the killing. Spousal killers were more likely to claim some degree of amnesia for the homicide and engage in or threaten self-harm after the killing. These and other features suggest that some spousal killers may have borderline personality traits/disorders. This study proposes a new classification for spousal homicides.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Herpes simplex encephalitis with transient global amnesia as an early sign.

Cerebral ischemia has been proposed as the etiology of transient global amnesia. Recently, however, migranous and epileptic etiologies have attracted attention. A 56-year-old man had transient global amnesia and the next day began to display symptoms of meningoencephalitis. Herpes simplex encephalitis was diagnosed based on the titer of herpes simplex virus antibodies. The transient global amnesia appears to have occurred as an early sign of herpes simplex encephalitis and may have been provoked by an epileptic mechanism.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1996

Hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma manifesting as transient global amnesia.

A 68-year-old female presented with recurrent transient global amnesia due to hemorrhagic prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. Magnetic resonance imaging clearly revealed the anatomical relationship between the hematoma, within the parasellar tumor, and the compressed medial temporal lobe of the right (non-dominant) hemisphere. Within 4 weeks after the start of bromocriptin administration, the adenoma had markedly regressed and the affected temporal lobe was decompressed. She has experienced no further episode of transient global amnesia. Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended to detect latent organic lesions responsible for transient global amnesia, although the disorder is considered to be benign and of functional origin.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Too shameful to remember: a 17-year-old Chinese boy with psychogenic amnesia.

A case of psychogenic amnesia in a 17-year-old Chinese boy is presented. The case is unusual in that the amnesia lasted as long as six weeks without any pseudodementia or fugue. The patient can be best understood from the abnormal sick role and the communication models of hysteria. The family was preoccupied with physical illness and relied on non-verbal rather than verbal language in communicating distress and negative emotions. Shame was the central psychodynamic aetiology; it was too shameful for the patient to talk about or withdraw himself from the predicaments in which he was trapped. Preceding the onset of amnesia he had suffered from multiple conversion symptoms for seven months. His message and predicaments not understood, he was unnecessarily investigated and treated by numerous doctors, making matters much worse. The prices paid included five hospital admissions, countless consultations at accident and emergency departments and with general practitioners, and an appendectomy for a normal appendix.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test at hospital discharge for children with neurological and non-neurological traumatic injuries.

The measurement of post-traumatic amnesia in children is a common clinical index of the extent of brain injury. The only published paediatric test, the Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test (COAT), has been standardized on a sample of children in a school setting who had not been injured or hospitalized. Two questions arise in the use of this test: are the published norms valid for hospitalized children with non-neurological trauma? and does the COAT offer better discriminative power or clinical utility over the adult test, the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)? This paper describes scores on the COAT for 28 children hospitalized with non-neurological injuries and compares them with the published scores. The hospitalized children scored within normal limits when compared with the school sample. In addition, 23 children with neurological traumatic injuries were given both the COAT and the GOAT. Failure rate was higher for the COAT. Some implications for the use of the COAT in paediatric trauma are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Recognition memory in amnesia: effects of relaxing response criteria.

In two experiments, using the remember/know paradigm, we examined whether recognition memory in amnesic patients can be improved by instructing patients to relax their response criterion. Experiment 1 was modeled after a study by Dorfman, Kihlstrom, Cork, and Misiaszek (1995), in which direct instructions to respond more leniently led to an increase in recognition accuracy in patients with ECT-induced amnesia. We failed to extend this finding to patients with global amnesia, but the manipulation was unsuccessful in control subjects as well. In Experiment 2, response criterion was manipulated indirectly by providing information about the alleged base rate of study items on the recognition test. This manipulation led to a criterion shift in control subjects and enhanced discriminability in amnesic patients. Analysis of "remember" and "know" responses suggests that improved accuracy in amnesia was associated with enhanced familiarity-based recognition.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[A case of post-traumatic autobiographic amnesia].

A 23-year-old woman who was in the ninth month of pregnancy suffered a head injury by falling from the stairs. She regained consciousness in the ambulance car, however, could not recall anything about herself. The morning after, her neurological examination disclosed no abnormal findings. She was alert, spatially oriented, but unable to recall any personal information about herself, her work and family contexts. The results of WAIS-R and WMS were within normal range, and she showed a dissociation between a detailed knowledge of public events and famous people and a complete loss of autobiographic information. EEG and brain MRI were normal. Memory loss spontaneously recovered following several months, and 8 month later, the retrograde amnesia had almost resolved. Although it is well-known that autobiographic amnesia usually attributed to psychogenic etiology, the differential diagnosis of the similar selective retrograde amnesia by organic etiology is important.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Transient global amnesia and vascular risk factors].

INTRODUCTION: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome determined by an episode of less than 24 hours consisting of temporo-spatial disorientation with retrograde and anterograde amnesia followed by complete recovery. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the presence or absence of vascular risk factors (VRF) in patients with TGA is associated with different clinical data and/or examination findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of two groups of 13 and 12 patients with TGA, who presented with and without VRF, respectively. The following variables were determined: VRF, age, a previous history of migraine, triggering factors, duration and repetition of the episodes, associated neurological symptoms and findings obtained by neuroimaging, eco-Doppler of the supra-aortic trunks and transcranial Doppler. The data were subjected to statistical analysis by univariate analysis with Fischer's exact probability test. RESULTS: The statistical studies showed no significant differences between the variables obtained in the two groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Transient global amnesia has been particularly related to migraine, epilepsy and cerebral vascular pathology, although its aetiology has not been fully determined. In this study we compare clinical data between the two groups of patients with and without VRF who have had TGA. The lack of significant differences between them tends to rule out a vascular aetiology as the sole cause of this syndrome. Recently Leao's propagated depression has been suggested as the physiopathological mechanism involved. According to this theory, the vascular pathology might act as the trigger but probably not as the aetiological factor. The findings of our study may support this thesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis.

By utilizing new information from both clinical and experimental (lesion, electrophysiological, and gene-activation) studies with animals, the anatomy underlying anterograde amnesia has been reformulated. The distinction between temporal lobe and diencephalic amnesia is of limited value in that a common feature of anterograde amnesia is damage to part of an "extended hippocampal system" comprising the hippocampus, the fornix, the mamillary bodies, and the anterior thalamic nuclei. This view, which can be traced back to Delay and Brion (1969), differs from other recent models in placing critical importance on the efferents from the hippocampus via the fornix to the diencephalon. These are necessary for the encoding and, hence, the effective subsequent recall of episodic memory. An additional feature of this hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis is the presence of projections back from the diencephalon to the temporal cortex and hippocampus that also support episodic memory. In contrast, this hippocampal system is not required for tests of item recognition that primarily tax familiarity judgements. Familiarity judgements reflect an independent process that depends on a distinct system involving the perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe and the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. In the large majority of amnesic cases both the hippocampal-anterior thalamic and the perirhinal-medial dorsal thalamic systems are compromised, leading to severe deficits in both recall and recognition.

Amnesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuropsychological assessment in posttraumatic amnesia disorder].

INTRODUCTION: The neuropsychological evaluation of memory is an essential investigation in all patients with head injuries, since alterations occur in a high proportion of injured persons and are one of the commonest sequelae. OBJECTIVE: To analyse aspects of the neuropsychological evaluation of memory in head injuries, and the influence of other factors on memory. DEVELOPMENT: Regarding the study of memory capacity, other aspects relative to the presence or absence of posttraumatic amnesia (its characteristics and duration), lacunar-type disorders, retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, ability to learn new information and the position of explicit and implicit memory should be considered. We analyze the instruments for measurement most commonly used for neuropsychological evaluation of memory in patients with head injuries, and the main batteries, tests and scales used for objective evaluation of the presence or absence of memory deficit. We review the main limitations and methodological problems presented by the tests and scales for measurement in this type of population. The instruments of measurement, except for those adapted for the detection of common alterations in head injuries often present serious problems when used to detect posttraumatic deficits. CONCLUSION: Clinically, evaluation of memory should show a profile of the patient's capacities, measure the changes in memory function over time, and predict memory function in everyday activities.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2002

Violent behavior, impulsive decision-making, and anterograde amnesia while intoxicated with flunitrazepam and alcohol or other drugs: a case study in forensic psychiatric patients.

It is known that many male juvenile delinquents commit violent crimes while intoxicated with flunitrazepam (FZ), often in combination with alcohol or other drugs. We have also noted the combined abuse of FZ with, for example, alcohol in male forensic psychiatric patients. Our objective was to study violent behavior, impulsive decision-making, and amnesia in male forensic psychiatric patients who were intoxicated predominantly with FZ, to increase knowledge of the abuse of FZ in vulnerable subjects. We studied five forensic psychiatric patients, all of whom were assessed in 1998. All of the subjects reported earlier reactions to FZ, including hostility and anterograde amnesia. At the time of their crimes they were all intoxicated with FZ, often in combination with alcohol or other drugs, such as amphetamine or cannabis. In contrast to their behavior based on their ordinary psychological characteristics, their crimes were extremely violent, and the subjects lacked both the ability to think clearly and to have empathy with their victims. Our observations support the view that FZ abuse can lead to serious violent behavior in subjects characterized by vulnerable personality traits, and that this effect is confounded by the concurrent use of alcohol or other drugs. It is evident that FZ causes anterograde amnesia. Previous research and the results presented herein allow us to draw the following conclusion: on the basis of the neuropsychopharmacologic properties of FZ, legal decisions, such as declaring FZ an illegal drug, are needed in countries where it is now legal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Developmental amnesias].

OBJECTIVE: The literature on clinical and physiophatologic characteristics of the spectrum of memory disorders in childhood is reviewed in this article. DEVELOPMENT: There are only a few detailed reports of permanent specific memory disorders in children. Early anoxo ischaemic bihippocampal injuries can cause a selective permanent impairment of episodic daily life memory with preservation of semantic learning and general intelligence; this dissociation has been related to partial hippocampal damage whilst the entorhinal, parahippocampal and prefrontal cortices, which are critical to systematized memorizing and work memory, keep normal. Biological psychiatry research has shown that early childhood amnesias after psychological maltreatment or abuse could be related to damage in neuronal systems which support memory, caused by glutamatergic cascade. Both severe bilateral hippocampal sclerosis (also mediated by toxic neurotransmitters) in early malignant epilepsies, and massive bilateral damage of mesial temporal lobes due to herpex virus encephalitis or Reye's syndrome, cause severe amnesic deficits, frequently accompanied by absence of any language development and autism with features of Klüver-Bucy syndrome. There are also on record some examples of Korsakoff's syndrome in children with midfossa tumors. CONCLUSIONS: All types of classical amnesias described in adults have been observed in children. Developmental amnesias are probably more frequent than currently presumed. It must be paid special attention to selective autobiographical memory impairments in individuals who underwent a partial bihippocampal damage in perinatal or early postnatal periods; they are to be distinguished from, although it may coexist with, other clinical situations such as attention deficit disorder or semantic pragmatic disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Amnesia following left medial frontal subcortical hemorrhage: a case report].

There has been a controversy as to the contribution of the frontal lobe to human memory function. We describe a 49-year-old right-handed patient with memory disturbance following a left medial frontal subcortical hematoma. Her amnesia was characterized by (1) predominant anterograde amnesia, (2) difficulty in both voluntary recall and recognition tasks, (3) a great number of false-alarm responses in a recognition task, and (4) no confabulation. An MRI demonstrated that her lesion was restricted to the left medial frontal area and anterior cingulate gyrus. This case represents a rare instance of amnesia following damage to the frontal lobe. We speculated that the unique feature of her memory impairment resulted from combined lesions in the medial frontal subcortical white matter and anterior cingulate gyrus. It seems that Papez's circuite participated in the development of these symptoms.

Amnesia↗