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PubMed1995

Personality patterns in subjects at risk for affective disorders.

The main conclusions of this study on the familial links between personality patterns and affective disorders are: (1) The personality features with the greatest degree of symptomatic overlap with unipolar depression were more common among the first-degree relatives of probands with this diagnosis: thus dysthymic temperament and neuroticism are enhanced in this group of relatives compared to controls. Likewise personality features with a high degree of symptomatic overlap with bipolar affective disorder were more common among the first-degree relatives of probands with this diagnosis. Thus levels of dysthymic and cyclothymic temperament were elevated in this group of relatives compared to controls, whereas a familial link between neuroticism and bipolar disorder was not observed. (2) In addition, personality traits with only limited similarity with the syndromes of depression and mania were also found to be linked with affective disorders (obsessive-compulsive PD to bipolar disorders, rigidity to both subtypes of affective disorders). These associations have different implications regarding the association between personality/temperament conditions and disorders depending on the degree of overlap between symptoms and the personality trait. Those with substantial overlap may indicate the presence of a unitary disease process in which the enhancement of subthreshold affective traits may result in aggravation of behavior characteristics fulfilling the criteria of fullblown episodes of the disease. This relationship was particularly stressed by Kraepelin, Kretschmer, Clayton et al. and Akiskal. In this view personality and temperament patterns represent minor variants of the associate acute disorders. On the other hand, the relationship between dissimilar conditions may indicate the presence of a risk of underlying vulnerability factors which led to affective disorder only in the presence of additional risk factors. An example of the latter relationship in the present study is the aggregation of obsessive-compulsive and anancastic traits in families with affective disorders. Tellenbach focussed on this particular constellation. Epidemiological and family studies including these personality traits are too rare to fully appreciate the relevance of this particular relationship. Future prospective studies and family genetic studies which investigate the relationship between temperament, personality traits and disorders and affective syndromes are clearly indicated by the results presented herein.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Clinical implications for affected parents and siblings of probands with long-QT syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Whenever a proband is identified with long-QT syndrome (LQTS), his or her parents and siblings should be evaluated regarding the possibility of carrying the disorder. In the majority of cases, one of the proband's parents and one or more siblings are affected. The aim of this study was (1) to determine whether the clinical severity of LQTS in the proband is useful in identifying first-degree family members at high risk for cardiac events, and (2) to evaluate the clinical course of affected parents and siblings of LQTS probands. METHODS AND RESULTS: The clinical and ECG characteristics of 211 LQTS probands and 791 first-degree relatives (422 parents and 369 siblings) were studied to determine if the clinical profile of the proband is useful in determining the clinical severity of LQTS in affected parents and siblings. Affected female parents of an LQTS proband had a greater cumulative risk for a first cardiac event than affected male parents. The probability of a parent or sibling having a first cardiac event was not significantly influenced by the severity of the proband's clinical symptoms. Female sex and QT(c) duration were risk factors for cardiac events among affected parents, and QT(c) was the only risk factor for cardiac events in affected siblings. CONCLUSIONS: The severity profile of LQTS in a proband was not found to be useful in identifying the clinical severity of LQTS in affected first-degree relatives of the proband.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder.

OBJECTIVE: In a previous study, the authors demonstrated an association between prenatal famine in middle to late gestation and major affective disorders requiring hospitalization. In this study, they sought to examine the association by using newly identified cases from the Dutch birth cohort used previously to examine the gender specificity of the association and to assess whether this relation is present for both unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. METHOD: The authors compared the risk of major affective disorder requiring hospitalization in birth cohorts who were and were not exposed, in each trimester of gestation, to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944-1945. These cases of major affective disorder requiring hospitalization were newly ascertained from a national psychiatric registry. A larger data set from this registry was used for analysis by gender and diagnostic subtype. RESULTS: For the newly ascertained cases, the risk of developing major affective disorder requiring hospitalization was increased for subjects with exposure to famine in the second trimester and was increased significantly for subjects with exposure in the third trimester, relative to unexposed subjects. For the cases from the entire period of ascertainment, the risk of developing affective disorder was significantly increased for those exposed to famine during the second and the third trimesters of gestation. The effects were demonstrated for men and women and for unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the authors' previous findings on the association between middle to late gestational famine and affective disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Tensile bond strength and SEM evaluation of caries-affected dentin using dentin adhesives.

Tensile bond strength measurements are commonly used for the evaluation of dentin adhesive systems. Most tests are performed using extracted non-carious human or bovine dentin. However, the adhesion of resins to caries-affected dentin is still unclear. The objectives of this study were to test the hypothesis that bonding to caries-affected dentin is inferior to bonding to normal dentin, and that the quality of the hybrid layer plays a major role in creating good adhesion. We used a micro-tensile bond strength test to compare test bond strengths made to either caries-affected dentin or normal dentin, using three commercial adhesive systems (All Bond 2, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, and Clearfil Liner Bond II). For scanning electron microscopy, the polished interfaces between the adhesive bond and dentin were subjected to brief exposure to 10% phosphoric acid solution and 5% sodium hypochlorite, so that the quality of the hybrid layers could be observed. Bonding to normal dentin with either All Bond 2 (26.9 +/- 8.8 MPa) or Clearfil Liner Bond II (29.5 +/- 10.9 MPa) showed tensile bond strengths higher than those to caries-affected dentin (13.0 +/- 3.6 MPa and 14.0 +/- 4.3 MPa, respectively). The tensile bond strengths obtained with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose were similar in normal and caries-affected dentin (20.3 +/- 5.5 MPa and 18.5 +/- 4.0 MPa, respectively). The hybrid layers created by All Bond 2 in normal dentin and by Clearfil Liner Bond II in normal or caries-affected dentin showed phosphoric acid and sodium hypochlorite resistance, whereas the hybrid layers created by All Bond 2 in caries-affected dentin and those created by Scotchbond Multi-Purpose to normal and caries-affected dentin showed partial susceptibility to the acid and sodium hypochlorite treatment. The results indicate that the strength of adhesion to dentin depends upon both the adhesive system used and the type of dentin. Moreover, the quality of the hybrid layer may not always contribute significantly to tensile bond strength.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Two distinct compound heterozygous constellations (R277X/IVS34-1G>C and R277X/R1511X) in the thyroglobulin (TG) gene in affected individuals of a Brazilian kindred with congenital goiter and defective TG synthesis.

In this study, we have extended our initial molecular studies of a nonconsanguineous family with two affected siblings and one of their nephews with congenital goiter, hypothyroidism, and marked impairment of thyroglobulin synthesis. Genomic DNA sequencing revealed that the index patient (affected nephew) was heterozygous for a single base change of a cytosine to a thymine at nucleotide 886 in exon 7 (886C>T, mother's mutation) in one allele and for a novel guanine to cytosine transversion at position -1 of the splice acceptor site in intron 34 (IVS34-1G>C, father's mutation) in the other allele. The two affected siblings inherited the 886C>T mutation from their mother and a previously reported cytosine to thymine transition at nucleotide 4588 in exon 22 from their father (4588C>T). The 886C>T and 4588C>T substitutions resulted in premature stop codons at amino acids 277 (R277X) and 1511 (R1511X), respectively. In vitro transcription analysis showed that the exon 35 is skipped entirely when the IVS34-1G>C mutation is present, whereas the wild-type allele is correctly spliced. SSCP (exon 7 and 35) and restriction analysis (exon 22) using Taq I indicated that the two affected siblings, the affected nephew, his mother, and his unaffected brother were all heterozygous for the R277X mutation. The two affected siblings, their father, and three unaffected siblings were all heterozygous for the R1511X mutation, whereas the affected nephew and his father were heterozygous for the IVS34-1G>C mutation. Moreover, in this kindred, we have characterized polymorphisms (insertion/deletion, microsatellite, and single nucleotide polymorphism) located within introns 18 and 29 and exon 44 that are associated with the described mutations. Haplotype analysis with these polymorphic markers in two unrelated Brazilian families (present family studied and previously reported family) harboring the R277X mutation suggests a founder effect for the R277X mutation. In conclusion, the affected individuals of this family are either compound heterozygous for R277X/IVS34-1G>C or R277X/R1511X. This observation further supports that thyroglobulin gene mutations display significant intraallelic heterogeneity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Negative affect and binge eating in overweight women.

OBJECTIVES: Binge eating among overweight women is associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences, and is known to occur in response to negative affect. This study sought to examine the role played by individual differences in coping style in the relationship between negative affect and binge eating. METHOD: Overweight women (N = 105) completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed their binge eating severity, negative affect, and dispositional coping style. RESULTS: Women with higher levels of negative affect had more severe binge eating problems than those who generally experienced a low level of affective distress. Among those who were low in negative affect, however, those who tended to use the dysfunctional strategy of disengagement to cope with stress reported more severe binge eating than those who reported they were less likely to employ this coping style. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study emphasize the complexity and multicausality of affect-related binge eating in overweight women. Prospective studies are required to establish the role of negative affect and coping style in the onset and progression of recurrent binge eating among overweight individuals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Microtensile bond strength of a total-etching versus self-etching adhesive to caries-affected and intact dentin in primary teeth.

BACKGROUND: The objec tives of this study were to determine microtensile bond strengths of two dentin adhesives and to compare the micromorphological structure of the resin/dentin interface in caries-affected dentin with that of intact dentin. METHODS: The authors randomly divided 40 proximal dentinal carious primary teeth and 40 noncarious anterior primary teeth into two groups (self-etching and total-etching). They used a caries-detecting dye as an indicator of the need to remove the outer carious dentin. The authors restored the teeth with a hybrid resin-based composite. After 24 hours' storage in 37 C water, specimens were sectioned and shaped to form a curved section with a cross-sectional area of 1 square millimeter, then tension was applied until they fractured. The authors prepared the resin/dentin interfaces for the two bonding systems and examined them in 10 occlusal carious and 10 noncarious teeth. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin within the same group were analyzed via a t test. The authors compared the remaining dentin thickness (RDT) and dentin hardness using analysis of variance and the least significant difference test at the .05 level of significance. RESULTS: The self-etching adhesive demonstrated no statistical difference in bond strength between intact and caries-affected dentin. However, the total-etching adhesive demonstrated different bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin. Moreover, the RDT of specimens with intact and caries-affected dentin was not significantly different, whereas the dentin hardness of caries-affected dentin was significantly lower than that of intact dentin. The authors found a thicker hybrid layer in intact and caries-affected dentin of specimens in the total-etching group. CONCLUSION: The adhesives exhibited significantly different bond strengths in intact dentin of primary teeth. However, they exhibited similar bond strengths in caries-affected dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1999

Drinking to cope with negative affect and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: a test of three alternative explanations.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of drinking motives have demonstrated greater levels of drinking to cope with negative affect among problem drinkers relative to nonproblem drinkers. These findings suggest that the use of alcohol to cope with negative affect may place individuals at greater risk for the development of alcohol problems. However, several alternative explanations exist, each with different intervention implications. This study evaluated three alternative explanations or models: risk-factor, generalizing, and epiphenomena. A cross-sectional design was used to compare levels of self-reported drinking to cope with negative affect between individuals who had current DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and those who did not. METHOD: Participants consisted of a sample of community residents (N = 777, 55% men). All participants completed an in-person structured psychiatric interview and a self-report questionnaire assessing alcohol use, drinking motives, depressive affect, and negative alcohol consequences. RESULTS: Linear regression models yielded significant differences in mean drinking to cope with negative affect scores between participants with a DSM-IV alcohol dependence diagnosis and participants with no diagnosis. These differences remained after controlling for depressive affect and frequency of negative alcohol consequences in three of the four adjusted comparisons. No significant differences in adjusted mean drinking to cope with negative affect scores were demonstrated between subjects with a DSM-IV alcohol abuse diagnosis and those with no diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The DSM-IV alcohol dependence and no-diagnosis comparisons were most consistent with the predictions of a risk-factor model. These results provide further evidence that drinking to cope with negative affect may have an etiological role in development of alcohol dependence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Characteristics of plant cell walls affecting intake and digestibility of forages by ruminants.

Even under the intensive concentrate feeding systems of ruminant animal production in the United States, forages continue to represent the single most important feed resource. Cell-wall concentration and digestibility limit the intake potential and energy availability of forage crops in beef and dairy production. Identification of cell-wall characteristics that should be targets of genetic modification is required if plant breeders and molecular biologists are to successfully improve forages for livestock feeding. As the forage plant cell develops, phenolic acids and lignin are deposited in the maturing cell wall in specific structural conformations, and in a strict developmental sequence. Lignin is the key element that limits cell-wall digestibility, but cross-linkage of lignin and wall polysaccharides by ferulic acid bridges may be a prerequisite for lignin to exert its affect. Lignin composition and p-coumaric acid in the wall are less likely to affect digestibility. Voluntary intake of forages is a critical determinant of animal performance and cell-wall concentration is negatively related to intake of ruminants consuming high-forage diets. Cell walls affect intake by contributing to ruminal fill. A simple model of cell-wall digestion and passage in which ruminal fill is a function of rates of digestion and passage, as well as the indigestible fraction of the cell-wall indicates that cell-wall concentration and rate of passage are the most critical parameters determining ruminal fill. Plant factors that affect rate of passage include those that affect particle size reduction by chewing and those that affect particle buoyancy in the rumen. The latter is primarily affected by 1) the ability of the particulate matter to retain gases, which is probably related to plant anatomy and rate of digestion of the plant tissue, and 2) the rate at which the gas is produced, which is affected by the potentially digestible fraction of the particulate matter and the rate of digestion of this fraction. Increasing rate of digestion should increase rate of passage by diminishing the gas produced and increasing density over time. A reduction in the indigestible cell-wall fraction is beneficial because this will decrease fill and increase digestibility. Animal production and economic benefits from reduced cell-wall concentration and increased digestibility are significant. Because of the high cell-wall concentration and large digestible cell-wall fraction of grasses, reduction in cell-wall concentration would probably be of greater value than improving digestibility in these species. Legumes represent the opposite situation and may benefit more from improvements in the digestibility of their cell walls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Antioxidant and inflammatory responses of healthy horses and horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction to inhaled ozone.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Inhaled ozone can induce oxidative injury and airway inflammation. Horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) have a decreased pulmonary antioxidant capacity, which may render them more susceptible to oxidative challenge. It is currently unknown whether RAO-affected horses are more susceptible to oxidative stress than those unaffected by RAO. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether ozone exposure induces greater oxidative stress and airway inflammation in RAO-affected horses in remission than in healthy horses. METHODS: Seven healthy control horses and 7 RAO-affected horses were exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone for 2 h at rest. RESULTS: At baseline, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) ascorbic acid concentrations were lower in RAO-affected horses than healthy controls. Ozone appeared to preferentially oxidise glutathione rather than ascorbic acid 6 h after exposure. Individual healthy and RAO-affected horses demonstrated oxidation of BALF glutathione after ozone exposure. Overall, RAO-affected horses did not demonstrate increased oxidative stress following ozone exposure, compared with healthy horses. Ozone did not induce significant airway inflammation in either group. CONCLUSIONS: RAO-affected horses in remission are not more sensitive to ozone despite a decreased pulmonary antioxidant capacity. Sensitivity to ozone appears to be independent of initial pulmonary antioxidant status. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Horses with high susceptibility to oxidative stress may benefit from antioxidant supplementation.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Synthesis and release of docosahexaenoic acid by the RPE cells of prcd-affected dogs.

PURPOSE: Dogs affected with progressive rod-cone degeneration (prcd) have reduced levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in their plasma and rod photoreceptor outer segments (ROS). Dietary supplementation of DHA has failed to increase the ROS DHA levels to that of unaffected control dogs. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that prcd-affected dogs have a reduced capacity for the synthesis and/or release of DHA in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS: RPE cells (first passage cultures) from prcd-affected and normal dogs were incubated with [3H]eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) for 24 and 72 hours. After incubation, the radiolabeled fatty acids in the cells and media were analyzed. RESULTS: DHA and all its metabolic intermediates were detected in RPE cells from prcd-affected and normal dogs. No significant difference was found in the amount of products (including DHA) synthesized between normal and affected RPE cells at either time point. In the culture media, RPE cells from prcd-affected dogs released significantly more DHA than cells from normal dogs after 72-hour incubation, but not after 24-hour incubation. CONCLUSIONS: RPE cells from prcd-affected dogs can synthesize and release DHA at least as efficiently as cells from normal dogs. Therefore, synthesis of DHA from its precursor and its release from RPE cells does not appear to contribute to the reduction in ROS DHA levels found in prcd-affected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Microtensile bond strength and morphological evaluations of total-etch and self-etch adhesives to caries-affected dentin].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microtensile bond strength and bond interface of total-etch or self-etch adhesives to normal dentin and caries-affected dentin. METHODS: A total of 20 molars with occlusal caries lesion were used. The caries-affected dentin was obtained by removing the caries-infected dentin under the guidance of the caries detector. Beyond the level of caries-affected dentin all the enamel and partial dentin were removed. The adhesive systems, two total-etch adhesives (All-Bond 2, Prime&Bond NT) and two self-etch adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Xeno III) were applied respectively under the instructions of manufacturers. A block of composite resin was build up superficially. All the teeth were sectioned to obtain bar-shaped specimens with bonded surface area about 0.9 mm x 0.9 mm. The specimens were divided into normal dentin group and caries-affected dentin group via stereomicroscope. The bond strength was tested in a microtensile tester with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The mean values of bond strength were compared using two-way ANOVA. The bonding interface between the dentin and adhesives was qualitatively evaluated under the observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant influence of both the type of dentin and the adhesive systems tested on microtensile bond strength values. All the adhesives attained higher strength in normal dentin. In normal dentin, there was no significant difference between total-etch and self-etch adhesives. In caries-affected dentin, bond strength of Xeno III was significantly lower than the others. For SEM, the hybrid layer in caries-affected dentin was thicker but more porous than that in normal dentin. Compared with normal dentin, there was fewer resin tag exhibited in caries-affected dentin and no lateral branches were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The total-etch adhesive had higher bond strength than self-etch adhesive systems in caries-affected dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1986

[Histamine reactivity of affected and unaffected skin in endogenous eczema and in chronic allergic contact dermatitis].

In 30 patients with atopic dermatitis and 40 with allergic contact dermatitis in the chronic stage intracutaneous tests were performed with 0.1 ml histamine 1:10,000 in affected and non-affected skin. The erythematous and wheal reactions were compared with 40 age- and sex-matched controls. The diameters of the erythema and wheals were significantly reduced in affected and non-affected skin of the atopic dermatitis (p less than 0.01). In allergic contact dermatitis only the erythema of the affected and non-affected skin was reduced (p less than 0.05), but not the wheal reaction. The erythematous reaction was, however, less reduced in non-affected skin than in the affected one of the allergic contact dermatitis (p less than 0.05). The reduced histamine reactivity seems to be a typical basic mechanism in atopic dermatitis. It is suggested to be due to the histamine mediated immune modulation and the increased release from mast cells, leading to a refractory behaviour of histamine receptors of the blood vessels like in tachyphylaxis. It is interpreted as a secondary phenomenon in allergic contact dermatitis. Although the histamine reaction shows differences for the groups of patients, it is not suitable to discriminate single cases.

Dermatitis↗
PubMed1995

Patterns of maternal transmission in bipolar affective disorder.

The mode of inheritance of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) appears complex, and non-Mendelian models of inheritance have been postulated. Two non-Mendelian phenomena, genomic imprinting and mitochondrial inheritance, may contribute to the complex inheritance pattern seen in BPAD. Both imprinting and mitochondrial inheritance share the feature of differential expression of the phenotype, depending on the parent of origin. In this study we tested the hypothesis of a parent-of-origin effect on the transmission of BPAD. We examined the frequency and risk of affective disorder among relatives in a sample of 31 families ascertained through treated probands with BPAD and selected for the presence of affected phenotypes in only one parental lineage. Three specific comparisons were performed: (1) the observed frequency of transmitting mothers versus transmitting fathers; (2) the observed frequency and lifetime risk of BPAD among the maternal versus the paternal relatives of probands; and (3) the observed frequency and lifetime risk of BPAD for the offspring of affected mothers compared with the offspring of affected fathers. We observed a higher than expected frequency of affected mothers (P < .04), a 2.3-2.8-fold increased risk of illness for maternal relatives (P < .006), and a 1.3- 2.5-fold increased risk of illness for the offspring of affected mothers (P < .017). In seven enlarged pedigrees, fathers repeatedly failed to transmit the affected phenotype to daughters or sons. Taken together, these findings indicate a maternal effect in the transmission of BPAD susceptibility and suggest that molecular studies of mtDNA and imprinted DNA are warranted in patients with BPAD.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1976

Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder.

The relationship between premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder was investigated, using 81 women presenting to a Neurology Clinic with functional headache. Premenstrual affective syndrome was significantly associated with a history of depressive syndrome in the population studied. Patients judged to have a non-affective psychiatric disorder reported no greater frequency of definite or probable premenstrual affective syndrome than patients considered psychiatrically normal. The premenstrual occurrence or exacerbation of affective symptoms has been noted. This symptom exacerbation maybe sufficient to require hospitalization. Data presented by Coppen indicate that women with affective disorder are more likely to report the premenstrual symptom of depression than women with other psychiatric disorders. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between depressive disorder and premenstrual affective symptoms. As part of a larger study on the personality and psychiatric correlates of functional headache, data on the relationship between depressive syndrome and premenstrual affective symptoms were obtained.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

The neuropsychiatry of pathologic affect: an approach to evaluation and treatment.

The ability to skillfully regulate the internal experience and outward expression of emotion is among the most complex and recently acquired functions of the human brain. When the capacity for emotional regulation is compromised by disease or injury the impact on individuals and their families may be considerable, both with regard to psychological well-being and social and occupational function. This article describes first a framework for the description, evaluation, and treatment of affective dysregulation. We review the literature regarding disorders of affective regulation, and in particular affective lability. Although disorders of affect as they occur in common neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and so on) are the focus of this article, the review incorporates information from the study of patients with primary psychiatric disorders and hence the discussion herein may also be relevant to the understanding and treatment of affective lability in these conditions. An overview of the neurobiology that appears most relevant to understanding such problems is presented, along with several specific methods that appear to be useful in the evaluation of patients with affective lability. Finally, we review the literature regarding the treatment of disorders of affect and offer some practical suggestions for the treatment of patients with these problems.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Ecology and affective behavior: selected results from a quantitative study among Efe foragers of northeast Zaire.

This paper reports selected results of a quantitative study of the affective behavior of the Efe, exchange-dependent hunter-gatherers of the Ituri forest in northeastern Zaire. Measures of the amount and kind of affective display were based on systematic, direct observation of the routine behavior of three Efe bands in residential settings (camps), using a new technique to characterize affect-laden behavior according to nonlinguistic information conveyed in the voice. Resulting data provide a direct measure of the affective milieu of a foraging people, providing an objective indicator of the subjective impact of social and ecological conditions, which are thought to affect quality of life. In this paper, measures of "camp mood" are used to explore the psychosocial impact of a 3-month period of acute food shortage that occurred in the Ituri Project study area in 1983. Contrary to expectation, rates of behaviors conveying pleasure did not exhibit significant change, whereas a 44% increase in expressions of displeasure and a 17% drop in use of complaint tones were observed during the period of hunger. This and other findings support the view that systematic, direct observation in natural habitats can increase our understanding, both of the functions of affective behavior, and of the affective dimension of quality of life.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Analysis of the Toronto-Rochester Depression Study follow-up data confirms an HLA-region gene contribution to susceptibility to affective disorder.

Analysis of HLA haplotype distributions in relation to major affective disorder in affected sibling pairs and affected aunt or uncle and niece or nephew pairs confirmed that HLA-region genes do contribute to susceptibility to affective disorder. The data indicated that this effect may be greater in unipolar than in bipolar disorder, and more apparent in families with few affected members than in heavily loaded families. Nonrandom assortment of HLA haplotypes to affected and unaffected offspring in "low load" families occurred principally for the haplotype transmitted from the side of the family without affective disorder. We conclude that HLA-region genes contribute to but are not the only factor in susceptibility to major depression.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗