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PubMedDate not supplied

[Characterization of rhizobia causing nodules on leguminous trees native to Uruguay using the rep-PCR technique].

Methods for identifying and following microorganisms in the environment such as soils, water and plant association have been highly developed in recent years. In this study, we used rep-PCR for the characterization of Rhizobium bacteria isolated from legume trees native of Uruguay which permitted to follow them in plant inoculation assays. Among the primers used, ERIC and BOX1AR, the latter allowed the differentiation of isolates from different legumes and the finding of a high level of homology among rhizobia that nodulate the same legume species. Besides, it demonstrated that the profiles of the isolates recovered from nodules of Acacia caven, were identical to the ones used as inoculants; this confirmed the efficiency of these methods to follow these diazotrophs in the environment.

Acacia↗
PubMed2004

Induced changes in biochemical parameters of the molluscan tissues non-infected using two potent plants molluscicides.

Effect of Capparis spinosa (C. spinosa) and Acacia arabica (A. arabica) dry powder as plant molluscicide on some glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes on snail tissues, was investigated. Lactate debydrogenase (LDH), Pyruvate Kinase (PK), Hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) as important glycolytic enzymes, were markedly manipulated by both plants when measured one day and one week post-treatment. On the other hand glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6Pase), fructose 1.6 diphosphatase (FDpase), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) as gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly affected by the moluscicidal plants. In addition, some other parameters as glycogen, glucose, total protein, 5-nucleotidase alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) as kreb's cycle enzyme were tested. As conclusion, LC25 and LC50 concentrations of C. spinosa and A. arabica might render B. alexandrina physiologically unsuitable for S. mansoni infection.

Acacia↗
PubMed2003

Factors affecting variations in exposure to infections by Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Gedaref state, eastern Sudan to investigate the prevalence of positive leishmanin skin tests and environmental factors related to Leishmania donovani infection. A total of 3835 people living in 11 villages in 3 regions were screened. Soil types and tree densities were determined in 33 villages inhabited by 44 different tribes. The highest rates of positive skin tests were in Rahad region (33.9%), Atbara (21.6%) and Gedaref (10.6%), with an average of 21.1% for the state. Risk of infection by L. donovani varied significantly between different tribes. Higher densities of Acacia and Balanites spp. trees were in Masaleet villages, suggesting that the relatively high risk of L. donovani exposure in this tribe is due to environmental factors.

Acacia↗
PubMed1999

Inhibitory effects of Sudanese plant extracts on HIV-1 replication and HIV-1 protease.

Forty-eight methanol and aqueous extracts from Sudanese plants were screened for their inhibitory activity on viral replication. Nineteen extracts showed inhibitory effects on HIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) on MT-4 cells. The extracts were further screened against HIV-1 protease (PR) using an HPLC assay method. Of the tested extracts, the methanol extracts of Acacia nilotica (bark and pods), Euphorbia granulata (leaves), Maytenus senegalensis (stem-bark) and aqueous extracts of A. nilotica (pods) and M. senegalensis (stem-bark) showed considerable inhibitory effects against HIV-1 PR. Inhibitory principles were isolated from M. senegalensis and their activities were also discussed.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2000

Inhibitory effects of sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease.

One hundred fifty-two methanol and water extracts of different parts of 71 plants commonly used in Sudanese traditional medicine were screened for their inhibitory effects on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease (PR) using in vitro assay methods. Thirty-four extracts showed significant inhibitory activity (>/=60% inhibition at 100 microg/mL). Of these, eight extracts, methanol extracts of Acacia nilotica, Boswellia carterii, Embelia schimperi, Quercus infectoria, Trachyspermum ammi and water extracts of Piper cubeba, Q. infectoria and Syzygium aromaticum, were the most active (>/=90% inhibition at 100 microg/mL). From the E. schimperi extract, two benzoquinones, embelin (I) and 5-O-methylembelin (II), were isolated and found as potent HCV-PR inhibitors with IC(50) values of 21 and 46 microM, respectively. Inhibitory activities of derivatives of I against HCV-PR as well as their effects on other serine proteases were also investigated.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

From linden flower to linden honey. Part 2: Glycosidic precursors of cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acids.

The presence of two unusual, recently identified terpene acids, i.e., 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid (1) and 4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid (2), was now also confirmed in (Swiss) linden honey, after solid-phase extraction and HPLC purification. NMR Spectroscopy, in combination with UPLC/MS analysis, showed the presence of several glycosides of 1, which accounted for ca. 0.6 weight-% of the honey, as quantified by UPLC-UV. The major 'glycoside' of 1, compound 5, could be isolated and identified by 2D-NMR experiments as the corresponding beta-gentiobiosyl ester (rather than the classical compound with a glycosidic bond between an aglycone OH group and the sugar). The same diglycosides found in linden honey were also detected in linden nectar; also, chestnut and fir honeys contained these glycosides in minor quantities, but not colza, acacia, or dandelion honeys (Table 2).

Carboxylic Acids↗
PubMed2004

Airborne fungal spores, pollen grains, and vegetable cells in routine Papanicolaou smears.

The objective was to demonstrate the presence of airborne fungal spores, pollen grains, and vegetable cells in smears and establish their significance. Microscopic examination was of smears stained by the Papanicolaou technique. We found several types of airborne spores (Alternaria, Exserohilum, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Curvularia, and Ascosmycete), pollen grains (Lilium, bullrush, Pinus, Acacia, hazelnut, and oak), and several types of vegetable cells. The existence of these structures may be due to intrinsic or to extrinsic contamination of the sample. Anemophilous fungi spores and pollen grains have been shown to possess great allergenic capacity. Pollen grains and vegetable cells may be mistaken for certain microorganisms or malignant cells.

Cytodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of (+)-gossypol on fertility in male hamsters.

(+)-Gossypol was isolated from the bark of Thespesia populnea and tested for its ability to inhibit the fertility of male hamsters. Male hamsters of proven fertility were treated orally for 54 days with 40 mg/kg of (+)-gossypol, 40 mg/kg of racemic gossypol, or 5% gum acacia (vehicle control) and were mated with estrous female hamsters during the fourth and seventh weeks of treatment. Both the control and the (+)-gossypol-treated animals exhibited normal fertility throughout the experiment. The racemic gossypol-treated animals were infertile when evaluated during both the fourth and seventh weeks of treatment. Morphologic examination of the testicular tissue could not explain the loss of fertility. These data demonstrate the inability of (+)gossypol to decrease male fertility and suggest that the activity of racemic gossypol may be due primarily to the presence of the (-) optical isomer.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Microbiological determination of drug partitioning. IV. Drug-protein interactions.

The protein binding characteristics of chloramphenicol, furazolium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, and phenylmercuric nitrate were described from their partitioning behavior in gelatin-acacia complex coacervate systems. Although the partitioning was determined by two different methods (microbiological and chemical), the microbiological method was more reliable for this type of investigation. Drug-protein parameters were calculated for the four antimicrobials. The advantages of the coacervate systems over other models for protein binding studies of drugs are discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1975

Drying rates of tablet granulations II: effect of particle size and granular densities.

The effects of the granule size and density on the drying rate kinetics of tablet granulations were studied using lactose and sulfathiazole granules prepared with acacia mucilage and providone solution. The drying rate kinetics consisted of three distinct phases of drying when the drying rate was platted against remaining moisture content: constant rate, first falling rate, and second falling rate periods. The effect of various statistical diameters and granular density on the drying rate during the first falling rate period was analyzed, and the mechanism of moisture migration during this phase of drying was identified.

Drug Compounding↗
PubMed1981

In vitro and in vivo release of microencapsulated chlorothiazide.

Microcapsules of chlorothiazide were prepared by the complex coacervate technique using gelatin and acacia as the wall-forming materials. The release of drug from the microcapsules and compressed tablets of microcapsules were studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro dissolution was characterized by a rapid release of drug followed by a slower, more sustained release. The effects of pH and concentration are discussed. In vivo release of drug was determined from urine, and the volume of urine passed was studied.

Capsules↗
PubMed2004

Macromolecular dimensions and mechanical properties of monolayer films of Sonorean mesquite gum.

Mesquite gum sourced from Prosopis velutina trees and gum arabic (Acacia spp.) were characterized using light scattering and Langmuir isotherms. Both gum materials were fractionated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, yielding four fractions for both gums: FI, FIIa, FIIb and FIII in mesquite gum and FI, FII, FIIIa and FIIIb in gum arabic. In mesquite gum, the obtained fractions had different protein content (7.18-38.60 wt.-%) and macromolecular dimensions (M approximately 3.89 x 10(5)-8.06 x 10(5) g.mol(-1), RG approximately 48.83-71.11 nm, RH approximately 9.61-24.06 nm) and architecture given by the structure factor (RG/RH ratio approximately 2.96-5.27). The mechanical properties of Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface were very different on each gum and their fractions. For mesquite gum, the most active species at the interface were those comprised in Fractions IIa and IIb and III, while Fraction I the pi/A isotherm lied below that of the whole gum. In gum arabic only Fraction III developed greater surface pressure at the same surface per milligram of material than whole gum. This is rationalized in terms of structural differences in both materials. Mesquite gum tertiary structure seems to fit best with an elongated polydisperse macrocoil in agreement with the "twisted hairy rope" proposal for arabinogalactan proteoglycans.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2003

Biological activity of some naturally occurring resins, gums and pigments against in vitro LDL oxidation.

Naturally occurring gums and resins with beneficial pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties were tested for their possible protective effect against copper-induced LDL oxidation in vitro. Chiosmastic gum (CMG) (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia resin) was the most effective in protecting human LDL from oxidation. The minimum and maximum doses for the saturation phenomena of inhibition of LDL oxidation were 2.5 mg and 50 mg CMG (75.3% and 99.9%, respectively). The methanol/water extract of CMG was the most effective compared with other solvent combinations. CMG when fractionated in order to determine a structure-activity relationship showed that the total mastic essential oil, collofonium-like residue and acidic fractions of CMG exhibited a high protective activity ranging from 65.0% to 77.8%. The other natural gums and resins (CMG resin 'liquid collection', P. terebinthus var. Chia resin, dammar resin, acacia gum, tragacanth gum, storax gum) also tested as above, showed 27.0%-78.8% of the maximum LDL protection. The other naturally occurring substances, i.e. triterpenes (amyrin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, lupeol, 18-a-glycyrrhetinic acid) and hydroxynaphthoquinones (naphthazarin, shikonin and alkannin) showed 53.5%-78.8% and 27.0%-64.1% LDL protective activity, respectively. The combination effects (68.7%-76.2% LDL protection) of ursolic-, oleanolic- and ursodeoxycholic- acids were almost equal to the effect (75.3%) of the CMG extract in comparable doses.

Cholesterol, LDL↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of tannin acylhydrolase activity in the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium.

A strain of the anaerobe Selenomonas ruminantium subsp. ruminantium that is capable of growing on tannic acid or condensed tannin as a sole energy source has been isolated from ruminal contents of feral goats browsing tannin-rich Acacia sp. Growth on tannic acid was accompanied by release of gallic acid into the culture medium but the bacterium was incapable of using gallic acid as a sole energy source. Tannin acylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) activity was measured in crude cell-free extracts of the bacterium. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 7, a temperature optimum of 30-40 degrees C and a molecular size of 59 kDa. In crude extracts, the maximal rate of gallic acid methyl ester hydrolysis was 6.3 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein and the K(m) for gallic acid methyl ester was 1.6 mM. Enzyme activity was displayed in situ in polyacrylamide and isoelectric focusing gels and was demonstrated to increase 17-fold and 36-fold respectively when cells were grown in the presence of gallic acid methyl ester or tannic acid.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

More woody plants? The status of bush encroachment in Botswana's grazing areas.

Foci points, which are currently intensified by increased anthropogenic activities, have resulted in vegetation changes in the cattle-dominated grazing areas of Botswana. Bush encroachment species--for instance Acacia tortilis, A. erubescens, A. mellifera, Dichrostachys cinerea, Grewia flava, and Terminalia sericea--are increasing in cover and density around foci points (e.g. water points and kraals) at the expense of the grass cover. A number of factors have the effect of encouraging the germination and survival of bush encroachment species. The practice of cattle husbandry and continual shifting of foci points within grazing areas have resulted in the spread of the distribution of bush encroachment species across the country. This is evidenced by the potential extent of 37,000 km2 (6.4% of Botswana) of darkened and near infrared (NIR) reflective bush encroached areas in 1994. This paper suggests that specific management strategies should be adopted to help overcome the bush encroachment problem, which is causing a significant reduction in the extent of Botswana's high quality rangeland. These strategies may vary from the enforced reduction of grazing intensity in areas identified as being heavily bush encroached to the selective management of opportunistic (communal) grazing in better quality predominantly grassland areas. Further work is however required to update this analysis and especially to consider trends since 1994-1995. While some work on the extent of woody cover and the further causes of bush encroachment is being undertaken under the SAFARI2000 project, more research is needed in specific areas to pinpoint causes and responses to the bush encroachment problem.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

The Plio-Pleistocene vegetation and climate of Sterkfontein and Swartkrans, South Africa, based on micromammals.

Micromammalian remains from Oldowan and Acheulean horizons in Sterkfontein Member 5E (M5E-O and M5E-A) and Swartkrans Members 1-3 (SKX1-3) provide information for the period between about 2 and 1 Ma. Another small sample from Sterkfontein Member 4 (M4) refers to a short period around 2.8-2.6 Ma and material from Sterkfontein post Member 6 infill (post-M6) relates to the Middle Stone Age occupation around 100 ka. Virtual absence of evidence of digestion on in situ lower molars of the major prey species, Mystromys albicaudatus, indicates that one of the owls Tyto alba, T. capensis or Asio capensis was the responsible predator. Over-emphasis on riverine grassland supports this suggestion, as does faunal resemblance between the Sterkfontein Valley samples and modern prey samples for the three owl species concerned. The location of the roost and the range of prey species point to the barn owl T. alba. There is no indication of differential bias between samples. South African species of eagle owl (Bubo spp.) are ruled out. All samples appear to represent interglacial conditions. The Grassland-Savanna ecotone probably lay nearby, as did the border between Moist and Arid Savanna. Possible modern analogues occur about 200 km west and southwest of the valley more than 250 m lower in altitude. South of Mafikeng all three vegetation types intergrade but the rainfall is higher than that postulated for some of the units in the Sterkfontein Valley. Similar climatic conditions occur near Kuruman and Kimberley where Arid Savanna merges into Grassland. Landscape information indicates a succession from riverine grassland, sometimes with Acacia trees, through hillsides with bush, grass and some trees, to plains with open savanna woodland. The suggested climate for the Sterkfontein Valley varied between +/-310 mm and possibly 550 mm mean annual precipitation, summer aridity index 3.8-4.1 and percentage winter rainfall 23-24. Minimum and maximum monthly temperatures would have been higher than they are today but with the temperature range reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Widespread tannin intake via stimulants and masticatories, especially guarana, kola nut, betel vine, and accessories.

Tannins are increasingly recognized as dietary carcinogens and as antinutrients interfering with the system's full use of protein. Nevertheless, certain tannin-rich beverages, masticatories, and folk remedies, long utilized in African, Asiatic, Pacific, and Latin American countries, are now appearing in North American sundry shops and grocery stores. These include guarana (Paullinia cupana HBK.) from Brazil, kola nut (Cola nitida Schott & Endl. and C. acuminata Schott & Endl.) from West Africa, and betel nut (Areca catechu L.) from Malaya. The betel nut, or arecanut, has long been associated with oral and esophageal cancer because of its tannin content and the tannin contributed by the highly astringent cutch from Acacia catechu L. and Uncaria gambir Roxb. and the aromatic, astringent 'pan' (leaves of Piper betel L.) chewed with it. In addition to the constant recreational/social ingestion of these plant materials, they are much consumed as aphrodisiacs and medications. Guarana and kola nut enjoy great popularity in their native lands because they are also rich in caffeine, which serves as a stimulant. Research and popular education on the deleterious effects of excessive tannin intake could do much to reduce the heavy burden of early mortality and health care, especially in developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Influence of liver enzyme induction caused by diphenylhydantoin and diazepam on bone mass of rats.

25 albino rats of Wistar strain were used for the study. They were divided into three groups. Animals of the first group (n = 10) were treated with Diphenylhydantoin in a daily dose of 70 mg/kg for three months. Animals of the second group (n = 10) were treated with Diazepam in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 3 months. Animals of the third group (n = 5) were treated with 5% acacia oil for the same period of time. Food and water consumption together with motor activity were measured. As indices of enzyme induction, D-Glucaric acid and liver weight were determined. Also the following bone indices were determined: femur Ca/femur weight, femur Ca/body weight, humerus Ca/humerus weight, humerus Ca/body weight, femur specific weight, humerus specific weight. Statistically significant alterations of bone mass were found.

Animals↗