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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Bovine papillomavirus type 2 detection in the urinary bladder of cattle with chronic enzootic haematuria.

The bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) involvement in the aetiology of chronic enzootic haematuria associated to bracken fern ingestion has been suggested for a long time. However, a few reports have shown the presence of the BPV-2 in urinary bladder tumors of cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of the BPV-2 infection in the urinary bladder of cattle with chronic enzootic haematuria in Brazilian cattle herds. Sixty-two urinary bladders were collected from adult cattle in beef herds from the north region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. According to clinical and pathological finds the specimens were distributed in three groups: the group A was constituted by 22 urinary bladders with macroscopic lesions collected at necropsy of cattle with clinical signs of chronic enzootic haematuria; the group B by 30 urinary bladders with macroscopic lesions collected in a slaughterhouse of cows coming from bracken fern-endemic geographical region; and the group C (control) by 10 urinary bladders without macroscopic lesions collected from asymptomatic cattle in a bracken fern-free geographical region. By a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, with an internal control, a fragment of the BPV-2 L1 gene with 386 bp length was amplified in 36 (58%) urinary bladder. The rate of BPV-2 positive urinary bladders was 50% (11/22) for group A, 80% (24/30) for group B, and 10% (1/10) for group C (control). The rate of the positive results found in groups A and B that included urinary bladder samples with macroscopic lesions was 67% (35/52) and the detection of the BPV-2 in both groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the control group. RFLP with Rsa I and Hae III enzymes evaluated the specificity of the BPV-2 amplicons. The PCR internal control that amplified a 626 bp fragment of the ND5 gene of the bovine mitochondrial genome was amplified in all analyzed samples and excluded false-negatives or invalid results in the semi-nested PCR. These results suggest the BPV-2 involvement in the chronic enzootic haematuria aetiology and open the perspective of the development of new strategies for the control of this disease that is the major cause of economical losses in beef herds from many Brazilian geographical regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Arsenic and urinary bladder cell proliferation.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that a close association exists between the elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water and the incidence of certain cancers, including transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. We have employed in vitro and in vivo models to examine the effects of sodium arsenite on the urinary bladder epithelium. Mice exposed to 0.01% sodium arsenite in drinking water demonstrated hyperproliferation of the bladder uroepithelium within 4 weeks after initiating treatment. This occurred in the absence of amorphous precipitates and was accompanied by the accumulation of trivalent arsenite (iAs(3+)), and to a lesser extent dimethylarsenic (DMA), arsenate (iAs(5+)), and monomethylarsenic (MMA) in bladder tissue. In contrast to the bladder, urinary secretion was primarily in the form of DMA and MMA. Arsenic-induced cell proliferation in the bladder epithelium was correlated with activation of the MAP kinase pathway, leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase activity, AP-1 activation, and expression of AP-1-associated genes involved in cell proliferation. Activation of the MAP kinase pathway involved both epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor-dependent and -independent events, the latter involving Src activation. Studies summarized in this review suggest that arsenic accumulates in urinary bladder epithelium causing activation of specific signaling pathways that lead to chronic increased cell proliferation. This may play a non-epigenetic role in carcinogenesis by increasing the proliferation of initiated cells or increasing the mutational rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Promotion by sodium L-ascorbate in rat two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis is dependent on the interval of administration.

In our two-stage model of rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis employing N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) as the initiator, sodium L-ascorbate (Na-AsA) exhibits dose-dependent promotion. In the present study, in order to assess the possible reversibility of the promoting effects, we investigated how different administration periods of Na-AsA influence its promoting activity. In experiment 1, rats were treated with 5% Na-AsA for different administration periods with or without withdrawal and injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to allow determination of the cell proliferation status. Replicative DNA synthesis in the urinary bladder epithelium was shown to return to normal after removal of the promoting stimulus. In experiment 2, rats were initially given BBN for 4 weeks and subsequently received 16 weeks of Na-AsA, alternating with basal diet, at intervals of 4, 8 or 16 weeks, within a total 32-week period. The longer the continuous exposure to Na-AsA, the greater the yield of papillomas and carcinomas in the urinary bladder. In experiment 3, Na-AsA was given for 4 or 8 weeks after BBN initiation and the animals were killed at weeks 8 and 12. Both promotion of lesion development and increase of DNA synthesis in the urinary bladder epithelium were dependent on the length of exposure to Na-AsA and the total period of exposure. The results indicate that the promoting effects of Na-AsA in urinary bladder carcinogenesis are reversible to a certain extent after its withdrawal, and the existence of a cumulative exposure time threshold seems likely.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Uracil-induced calculi and carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of rats treated simultaneously with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine.

Urinary bladder carcinogenicity of uracil and N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in combination was investigated in male F344 rats. Two experiments were performed: in the first animals were treated with 3.0, 1.0 and 0.3% uracil in the diet and/or 0.005% BBN in the drinking water for 36 weeks followed by a 4 week period without chemicals, the total observation time being 40 weeks; in the second rats received 3.0% uracil in the diet or 0.05% BBN in the drinking water for 4 weeks. In the first experiment, a markedly high incidence of carcinomas was observed in the urinary bladder with both 3.0% uracil alone (11/15, 73%) and 3.0% uracil plus 0.005% BBN (18/20, 90%) treatments. The multiplicity, i.e. numbers of carcinomas induced per 10 cm of basement membrane, was significantly higher with the latter treatment (P less than 0.05), as were proliferative lesions in the renal pelvis. Stone formation was observed in all 3.0% uracil treatment animals. In the second experiment, prostaglandin E2 levels in bladder tissue of uracil-treated animals proved to be significantly higher than in BBN-treated or untreated animals. Thus, the results clearly indicated that calculi associated with 3.0% uracil ingestion can themselves cause carcinoma development in the urinary bladder, while also acting as a potent co-carcinogen agent for BBN carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of vamicamide on urinary bladder functions in conscious dog and rat models of urinary frequency.

PURPOSE: To investigate the usefulness of vamicamide, (+/-)-(2R*, 4R*)-4-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)valeramide, as a novel drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urinary frequency was evaluated in specially devised conscious dog and rat models by investigating the effects of the drug on urinary bladder function of these animals by cystometrography. RESULTS: In the dog model with transected hypogastric nerves, the bladder volume at micturition (bladder capacity) was less than 50% that of the sham-operated dog, and in the rat model with bilateral lesioning of nuclei basalis, a part of the brain, by ibotenic acid injection, bladder capacity was about 50% that of the sham-operated rat. Other bladder functions in both models were unchanged. In the dog model, orally administered vamicamide at 0.32 and 1.0 mg./kg. significantly increased bladder capacity and did not change residual urine volume or micturition pressure. Oxybutynin 0.10 mg./kg., one of the most popular drugs for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence, or atropine 0.10 mg./kg. induced significant increases in bladder capacity similarly to vamicamide at 0.32 mg./kg. In the rat model, oral vamicamide 0.32 mg./kg. also significantly increased bladder capacity and did not change micturition pressure or threshold pressure. Again, oxybutynin 0.10 mg./kg. or atropine 0.32 mg./kg. had almost the same effects as vamicamide 0.32 mg./kg. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vamicamide should be useful for the treatment of urinary frequency.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Frequency encoding of cholinergic- and purinergic-mediated signaling to mouse urinary bladder smooth muscle: modulation by BK channels.

In the urinary bladder, contractions of the detrusor muscle and urine voiding are induced by the neurotransmitters ACh and ATP, released from parasympathetic nerves. Activation of K(+) channels, in particular the large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels, opposes increases in excitability and contractility of urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). We have shown that deleting the gene mSlo1 in mice (Slo(-/-)), encoding the BK channel, leads to enhanced nerve-mediated and neurotransmitter-dependent contractility of UBSM (38). Here, we examine the location of the BK channel in urinary bladder strips from mouse. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the channel is expressed in UBSM but not in nerves that innervate the smooth muscle. The relationship between electrical field stimulation and force generation of the cholinergic and purinergic pathways was examined by applying blockers of the respective receptors in UBSM strips from wild-type and from Slo(-/-) (knockout) mice. In wild-type strips, the stimulation frequency required to obtain a half-maximal force was significantly lower for the purinergic (7.2 +/- 0.3 Hz) than the cholinergic pathway (19.1 +/- 1.5 Hz), whereas the maximum force was similar. Blocking BK channels with iberiotoxin or ablation of the Slo gene increased cholinergic- and purinergic-mediated force at low frequencies, i.e., significantly decreased the frequency for a half-maximal force. Our results indicate that the BK channel has a very significant role in reducing both cholinergic- and purinergic-induced contractility and suggest that alterations in BK channel expression or function could contribute to pathologies such as overactive detrusor.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Expression of fractalkine and fractalkine receptor in urinary bladder after cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis.

Alterations in the expression of the chemokine, fractalkine (CX3CL1), were examined in the urinary bladder after cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis of varying duration: acute (4 h or 48 h), or chronic (10 day). CYP-induced cystitis significantly (p<or=0.01) increased fractalkine protein expression in the urinary bladder with acute (48 h) and chronic CYP treatment. Western blot analysis also demonstrated significantly (p<or=0.01) increased fractalkine expression in the whole urinary bladder with acute (1.5-2.2-fold) and chronic (3-fold) CYP-induced cystitis. Immunohistochemistry for fractalkine-immunoreactivity revealed little fractalkine-IR in control or acute (4 h) CYP-treated rat urinary bladders except in a vascular bed but showed no colocalization with nerve fibers in the suburothelial plexus in any experimental group. However, expression was significantly (p<or=0.001) upregulated in the urothelium with 48 h or chronic CYP treatment. Similarly, fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-IR was significantly (p<or=0.001) upregulated in the urothelium with 48 h or chronic CYP treatment. These studies demonstrated upregulation of the chemokine, fractalkine, in the urinary bladder and specifically in the urothelium with CYP-induced cystitis. Chemokines, and specifically, fractalkine, may be another class of neuromodulatory agents upregulated in the urinary bladder that can affect micturition function and sensory processing with cystitis and may represent novel, drug targets for cystitis.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Regulation of sorbitol content in cultured porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells.

Sorbitol content was determined in porcine urinary bladder epithelial cells immediately after death of the animals and after primary culture of the cells at different osmolalities. In both instances, sorbitol content increased with urine and medium osmolality, respectively. For example, at 300 mosmol/kg the cultured cells contained 0.84 +/- 0.02 nmol/mg protein, at 600 mosmol/kg contained 21.7 +/- 0.95 nmol/mg protein, and at 900 mosmol/kg contained 59.5 +/- 2.8 nmol/mg protein. Similarly, aldose reductase activity rose from 0.27 +/- 0.04 mumol.h-1.mg protein-1 at 300 mosmol/kg to 1.81 +/- 0.16 at 600 mosmol/kg and to 3.02 +/- 0.33 at 900 mosmol/kg. These changes were, however, only observed when NaCl but not when urea was used to augment the medium osmolality, since urea equilibrated across the cell membrane. In contrast, sorbitol release from cells cultured at 900 mosmol/kg was slowest into a 900 mosmol/kg medium and fastest into a 300 mosmol/kg medium (63 +/- 16 nmol/10 min compared with 389 +/- 52 nmol/10 min). These studies demonstrate that the sorbitol content of porcine urinary bladder epithelium is regulated by changes both in sorbitol synthesis and sorbitol release. Thus the regulatory mechanisms in the urinary bladder seem to be similar to those present in the embryological related collecting duct.

Aldehyde Reductase↗
PubMed1992

Marked enhancement of rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis by heat-killed Escherichia coli.

Chronic urinary tract infection is an important risk factor for the development of carcinoma in the human urinary bladder. To test the effect of chronic persistent inflammation on bladder carcinogenesis, we instilled heat-killed Escherichia coli (1 x 10(8) cells suspended in 0.5 ml of phosphate-buffered 2.1% NaCl solution) twice a week into the heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladders in which carcinogenesis was initiated by a single dose (0.25 mg) of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. When compared with the control animals, the rats treated with killed E. coli showed significantly enhanced bladder tumorigenesis, as reflected by an increase in the incidence of tumor (P = 0.05) and a 6- to 40-fold increase in the number of tumors per bladder (P less than 0.0001). The tumors were characterized by intraepithelial clusterings of neutrophils and by chronic inflammation and marked capillary proliferation in the tumor stroma. All of these features were rare in tumors in the control groups. The accelerated cell proliferation induced by killed E. coli treatment appears to play a significant role in the enhancement of tumorigenesis.

Administration, Intravesical↗
PubMed1994

Endocervicosis of the urinary bladder.

A further case of endocervicosis of the urinary bladder is described. It is important that gynaecologists and pathologists be aware of this entity and its possible relationship to previous Caesarean section to avoid confusion with a neoplastic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Giant urinary bladder calculi.

Four patients with giant urinary bladder calculi are presented. All were males with bladder outflow obstruction. The literature on the subject is reviewed.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Epithelial lesions of the urinary bladder in three hundred and thirteen autopsy cases.

Urinary bladders that appeared normal macroscopically were obtained from 313 autopsy cases of both sexes and examined microscopically. Proliferative lesions such as Brunn's nests and cystitis glandularis were frequent in cases of all ages and both sexes. Metaplastic lesions such as columnar or cuboidal metaplasia and squamous metaplasia were less frequent. These two types of lesions were not related to age, but squamous metaplasia was more common in females than in males. The sites of predilection for these 4 types of lesions were the trigone and anterior wall. Hyperplasia was observed in 16.3% of the male and 10.6% of the female cases, and dysplasia in 6.8% of the male and 5.7% of the female cases. Both types of lesions were more frequent in older than younger cases. Neither type of lesions was related to chronic inflammation. One case of carcinoma in situ was found in a male. These data and mapping of the bladders indicated that none of these benign proliferative and metaplastic lesions were related with the development of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Replacement of the urinary bladder by the stomach body].

In the period from 2001 through 2004 plasty of the urinary bladder was performed in 24 patients using a. et v. gastroepyploici dexter. Mean age of the patients (18 men and 6 women) was 58.2 years. Gastrocystoplasty in 18 patients was performed after radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer, in 6 patients for neurogenic and small urinary bladder. The authors' original modification with a complete transversal resection of the stomach body taken together with the lesser curvature was used in operations on 10 patients. Early postoperative complications developed in one patient, late ones--in two patients, there were no lethal outcomes. Positive functional results were noted in all patients within the terms of observations from 2 through 22 months. Good quality of life was noted in all of them.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Urinary bladder rupture in an elderly patient: case report.

Urinary bladder rupture should be suspected in elderly patients with an acute abdomen. Because symptoms are often atypical among elderly patients, this condition is often undetected. Early diagnosis and treatment could help reduce the mortality rate associated with this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder].

A case of non-traumatic rupture of the urinary bladder is reported. The patient, a 52-year-old woman, was admitted to our clinic with the chief complaints of dysuria and gross hematuria after hemorrhoidectomy. Ultrasonography and CT scan showed a huge mass in Retzius' cavity. Then, rupture of the bladder was diagnosed through subsequent cystoscopy and cystography. During surgery, we recognized a large defect in the anterior wall of the urinary bladder associated with reddish-yellow fluid in the pelvic cavity. Histological findings showed no malignant change in the bladder. Various factors were suspected to be related to this spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Haemangiosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a dog.

Haemangiosarcoma of the urinary bladder is reported in a dog. The bladder mass was detected incidentally during physical examination. Partial cystectomy with unilateral ureteroneocystostomy were performed to remove the tumour en bloc. Necrosis of the urinary bladder was diagnosed 10 days postoperatively and the dog was euthanased.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Clinical evaluation of random biopsy of urinary bladder in patients with superficial bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Superficial bladder cancer has a tendency to recur in the urinary bladder. One reason for recurrence is the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) or dysplasia. However, the usefulness of random biopsy of the urinary bladder has been unclear. METHODS: Between September 1990 and March 1996, 83 patients with superficial bladder cancer underwent mucosal biopsy of 6 different sites in the urinary bladder with macroscopically normal findings (random biopsy). The relationship between a positive biopsy (CIS or dysplasia) and the tumor characteristics was examined. The disease-free survival of the patients according to the biopsy results was determined. RESULTS: The positive biopsy rate was 24.1% (CIS, 14.5%; dysplasia, 9.6%). The incidence of positive biopsy in patients with high-grade (G3), pT1 tumors, 3 or more and non-papillary wide-based tumors was significantly higher than that in patients with 1 or 2 tumors, low-grade (G1, G2), pTa tumors and papillary tumors (P < 0.05). In patients with a single papillary tumor, positive biopsy was found in 9.5%. The disease-free survival in patients with a positive biopsy did not differ from that in patients with a negative biopsy, because intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin was instilled in patients with a positive biopsy. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that random biopsy is useful for detecting concomitant CIS or dysplasia and in the choice of drugs for intravesical instillation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) of the urinary bladder are rare. Reported herein is a case of a primary, pure LCNEC occurring in a man. The patient was a 32-year-old man who presented with hematuria of 1 week's duration. On cystoscopic examination, a solitary mass measuring 3 cm in diameter was detected protruding from the anterosuperior wall of the urinary bladder. Two months after the primary transurethral resection, significant regrowth of the remnant mass was noted on CT, and the patient underwent a partial cystectomy. A diagnosis of LCNEC was made based upon histological and immunohistochemical findings. Tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56, epithelial membrane antigen, and cytokeratin. Histologically, the tumor penetrated the deep muscle and perivesical fat. In spite of three cycles of chemotherapy, the patient developed multiple metastases in the lung and liver 10 months postoperatively. LCNEC of the urinary bladder are uncommon entities, which have a possible fatal outcome.

Adult↗