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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

The reform of UK research ethics committees: throwing the baby out with the bath water?

On 1 May 2004 research ethics committees became legally accountable to a new government body, the United Kingdom Ethics Committee Authority. This marks the end of the self regulation of research ethics. This paper describes how this change in research ethics committee status has come about and explores the implications for research subjects, researchers, institutions, and for regulation of research.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Don't throw in the towel! A case of reversible coma.

A young woman with pre-eclampsia became unresponsive shortly after delivery. Examination revealed extensive brain stem dysfunction with absent pupillary light reflexes and decerebrate posturing. Computed tomography showed hypodensity throughout the brain stem, and it was initially thought that she had suffered catastrophic brain stem infarction. However, magnetic resonance diffusion imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient mapping showed that she had brain stem vasogenic oedema (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES), rather than cytotoxic oedema. With antihypertensive and supportive treatment, she recovered rapidly, and had no abnormalities on repeat imaging.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tobacco manufacturers' defence against plaintiffs' claims of cancer causation: throwing mud at the wall and hoping some of it will stick.

BACKGROUND: In the late 1990s and the early part of this decade, the major US cigarette manufacturers admitted, to varying degrees, that smoking causes cancer and other diseases. OBJECTIVE: To examine how tobacco manufacturers have defended themselves against charges that their products caused cancer in plaintiffs in 34 personal injury lawsuits, all but one of which were litigated between the years 1986 and 2003. METHODS: Defence opening and closing statements, trial testimony, and depositions for these cases were obtained from the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta/). All available defence-related transcripts from these cases were reviewed and a content analysis was conducted to identify common themes in the defendants' arguments. RESULTS: After review of the transcripts, defendants' arguments were grouped into seven categories: (1) there is no scientific proof that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer; (2) the plaintiff did not have lung cancer as claimed; (3) the plaintiff had a type of lung cancer not associated with cigarette smoking; (4) the plaintiff had cancer that may have been associated with cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco use, but tobacco products were not to blame in this particular case; (5) the plaintiff had cancer that may have been associated with cigarette smoking, but the defendant's cigarette brands were not to blame; (6) the defendant's cigarettes (or smokeless tobacco) may have played a role in the plaintiff's illness/death, but other risk factors were present that negate or mitigate the defendant's responsibility; and (7) the defendant's cigarettes may have been a factor in the plaintiff's illness/death, but the plaintiff knew of the health risks and exercised free will in choosing to smoke and declining to quit. Use of the argument that smoking is not a proven cause of lung cancer declined in frequency during and after the period when tobacco companies began to publicly admit that smoking causes disease. Corresponding increases occurred over time in the use of other arguments (namely, presence of other risk factors and "free will"). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the vast body of literature showing that cigarette smoking causes cancer, and despite tobacco companies' recent admissions that smoking causes cancer, defendants used numerous arguments in these cases to deny that their products had caused cancer in plaintiffs. The cigarette companies, through their public admissions and courtroom arguments, seem to be saying, "Yes, smoking causes lung cancer, but not in people who sue us".

Archives↗
PubMed2001

Transition path sampling: throwing ropes over rough mountain passes, in the dark.

This article reviews the concepts and methods of transition path sampling. These methods allow computational studies of rare events without requiring prior knowledge of mechanisms, reaction coordinates, and transition states. Based upon a statistical mechanics of trajectory space, they provide a perspective with which time dependent phenomena, even for systems driven far from equilibrium, can be examined with the same types of importance sampling tools that in the past have been applied so successfully to static equilibrium properties.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Ulnar collateral ligament in the growing elbow: MR imaging of normal development and throwing injuries.

PURPOSE: To study the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and its insertion into the medial epicondyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen normal and 20 symptomatic elbows were examined with a 1.5-T unit. Normal elbows were imaged with axial T2*-weighted three-dimensional Fourier transform sequences. Symptomatic elbows were imaged with coronal T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted and/or short-inversion-time inversion-recovery sequences. RESULTS: In normal immature elbows, the ulnar periosteum was seen as an extension of the UCL, and its enthesis had signal intensity characteristics that differed from those of the mature ligament. In symptomatic elbows imaged before epiphyseal fusion, segmentation and subchondral bone resorption of the ossification center were seen with or without a capsular tear. After epiphyseal fusion, a full-thickness or a partial UCL tear at the site of its insertion, with or without subcortical bone resorption, was seen. CONCLUSION: The MR imaging characteristics of the developing elbow differ from those of the mature elbow. MR imaging is useful in assessing UCL damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Current technique of intraperitoneal transfusion: do not throw away the renografin.

The original description of intraperitoneal transfusion calls for contrast-dye infusion and X-ray confirmation of placement of the needle free in the peritoneal cavity. Ultrasound methods, using air or saline as contrast media, have been described to replace the X-rays. This report illustrates at least one way in which the ultrasound findings at intraperitoneal transfusion may be illusory, allowing misplaced transfusion into the fetal colon. In specific instances, use of radiopaque dye at intraperitoneal transfusion may still be helpful.

Adult↗