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PubMed2001

[The biological triangle of life. Interaction between nutrition, reproduction and longevity].

Reproduction, nutrition and longevity are interrelated phenomena in the evolutionary shaping of living creatures, including man. For example, if nutrition is compromised, reproductive capacity is diminished in order to not threaten the life of a female mammal and her fetus by potential starvation during pregnancy. It has also been shown in both animal models and observational studies of women in historical cohorts that an inverse correlation seems to exist between the number of progeny (children) and longevity. This may represent examples of the so-called "disposable soma hypothesis" as outlined by Kirkwood for the understanding of biological modeling of longevity in relation to reproductive success. The implications of these hypotheses could be found in clinical medicine, e.g. in the understanding of aging processes or reproductive problems. Special attention has been focused on the impact of fetal malnutrition on future risk of biological disturbances, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease, premature aging and cessation of reproductive capacity.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fertility and post-reproductive longevity.

We examine the effects of reproduction on longevity among mothers and fathers after age 60. This study is motivated by evolutionary theories of aging and theories predicting social benefits and costs of children to older parents. We use the Utah Population Database, that includes a large genealogical database from the Utah Family History Library. Cox proportional hazard models based on 13,987 couples married between 1860-1899 indicate that women with fewer children as well as those bearing children late in life live longer post-reproductive lives. As the burdens of motherhood increase, the relative gains in longevity of late fertile women increase compared to their non-late fertile counterparts. Husbands' longevity is less sensitive to reproductive history, although husbands have effects that are similar to those of their wives during the latter marriage cohort. We find some support for predictions based on evolutionary principles, but we also find evidence that implicates a role for shared marital environments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Healthy aging? Longevity with reference to interdisciplinary gerontologic research].

The percentage of over-60-year-olds, 80- and even 100-year-olds in the general population is increasing rapidly in most countries. What can be done to ensure healthy ageing and assure a good quality of life in old age? What are the correlates of longevity associated with psycho-physical wellbeing? Longitudinal studies underscore the multi-faceted nature of the ageing process: genetic and biological factors influence longevity, as also do social and ecological factors, which in turn help determine the life style that promotes longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Effects of different nutritional resources on the longevity and parasitic ability of egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae].

This paper dealt with the effects of honey, corn pollen, soybean flower, and honeydews excreted by Nilaparavatae lugens and Toya spp. on the longevity and parasitic ability of A. nilaparvatae. The results showed that the longevity of A. nilaparvatae was obviously extended, and its egg production on N. lugens was significantly increased when fed with those nutrient-rich diets except the honeydew excreted by Toya spp. Corn pollen and the honeydew excreted by N. lugens worked only in the forms of pollen (water and honeydew) water. The longevity of N. lugens was not affected by its parasitic behaviors, but its survival rate was higher within 40-48 hours, and then decreased rapidly. About ten species of plant hopper, the host of Anagrus spp., were found in non-rice habitats, which provided shelter and afforded foods to the parasitoids of rice pests, and contributed to protecting the natural enemies and enhancing the biological control in the rice system.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Arctic and southern freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera with long and short life span as a model system for testing longevity mechanisms].

The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margartifera) is one of the longest lived animals, attaining ages in excess of 150 years in polar climates. Because of its long life, the species may be useful for studying genetic and physiological mechanisms contributing to longevity. An ongoing study is comparing 6 southern populations in Spain, with maximum recorded ages of 28-40 years, to 3 Arctic populations in northwest Russia, with maximum ages of 114-190 years. Within Arctic populations, 40% of mussels live more than 100 years in rivers that are pristine. Possible evolutionary significance of northern longevity is an adaptation to severe cold and unstable environments in high gradient rivers. During winter, mussels have a near-famine existence during the Polar Night, and experience some shell damage from ice formation and flows. In summer, periodic droughts result in exposure and desiccation. In response to adversity, pearl mussels have acquired effective mechanisms for shell reparation and tissue healing and regeneration. Northern populations have low metabolic rates, reducing energy expenditure for growth under normal as well as extreme conditions. However, this species is capable of increasing metabolic rate for tissue regeneration and self-healing. The physiological adaptations to sustain longevity may provide useful clues to impedence of the aging process.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

>>For better or worse, till death us do part<<--spousal age gap and differential longevity: evidence from historical demography.

Based on a set of 2,371 family related entries dating from 1688 to 1921, the current study tried to verify longevity differentials due to interspousal age difference. For the purpose of the analysis, age-heterogamy was operationalized in terms of sample-specific marital age gap (3.2 years) with a standard deviation of 6.1 years. Based on this, five marriage groups were isolated. Female mean age at marriage experienced a slight increase over time, while the male mean at marriage decreased. This led to an appreciable narrowing of the spousal age gap. Age-homogamous unions were most prevalent in the lower socio-economic class (day-laborers, industrial workers) (p<0.01). In both husband-older and wife-older unions, the interspousal gap increased with marriage order. In accord with previous studies, mean age at death varied significantly by marriage group. Females, who married younger men, died later than females, who married older men. In contrast, male longevity was most depressed within age-similar marriages, while those who married older or younger wives displayed higher life spans. Overall, marriage to a younger spouse seemed to increase longevity prospects (p<0.05). These differentials were not exclusively a function of the marital age gap, but were affected by diverse confounders such as reproductive output and socio-economic status.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The significance of mosquito longevity and blood-feeding behaviour in the dynamics of arbovirus infections.

Mosquito longevity and blood-feeding behaviour are very important but neglected factors in the dynamics of arbovirus infections as changes in them affect transmission rates exponentially. Some mosquito species feed on a narrow range of vertebrates, some on a wide range, both influenced by host-availability and other environmental and behavioural factors. Only those which feed on maintenance hosts contribute to maintenance of the infection. Some species change their feeding pattern with season. The frequency of blood-feeding depends inter alia on environmental temperature. Longevity is perhaps most important: the majority of mosquitoes infected probably do not survive long enough to become infective; it is influenced by relative humidity, temperature and predation. Longevity, feeding frequency and the extrinsic incubation period are all temperature dependent and are therefore important rate determinants in seasonal epizootics or epidemics. Equally, their relative stability in the tropics contributes to the equilibrium of an enzootic or endemic.

Aedes↗
PubMed2005

[Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E gene and natural longevity in the Xinjiang Uighur people: an association study].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution of polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E(apoE) gene and its relation to natural longevity in the Xinjiang Uighur people. METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP), the authors obtained data from centenarians(n=42), 90-year-old people (n=102), 65-70-year-old people (n=70) and controls(n=53). RESULTS: The frequencies of apoE genotypes epsilon 3/4, epsilon 3/3 and epsilon 2/3 were 2.4%, 69.0% and 23.8% respectively in the centenarian group, and the frequencies of their epsilon 4, epsilon 3 and epsilon 2 alleles were 1.2%, 82.1% and 16.7%. The frequencies of genotype epsilon 3/4 and epsilon 4, epsilon 3 allele in the centenarian group were significantly lower than those in controls(P< 0.01), whereas the frequencies of genotype epsilon 2/3 and epsilon 2 allele in the centenarian group were significantly higher than those in controls(P< 0.01). Longevity was noted to be positively correlated with epsilon 2 and negatively correlated with epsilon 4. CONCLUSION: This relationship reflects a genetic influence on differential survival and may point to pleiotropic age-dependent effects on longevity.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reproductive behavior and longevity of isolated and grouped couples of Lucilia cuprina, under controlled conditions].

The Lucilia cuprina laboratory breeding depends, fundamentally, on reproductive behavior and longevity information. In the present study it was verified that, due to the species isolation, there was a remarkable increase in the number of eggs/female (1344.18), when compared to the number of grouped eggs/female (732.78). The eggs viability was reduced due to the isolation of L. cuprina female. The longevity rate was estimated in 29.41 and 31.20 days for grouped males and females, respectively. For isolated males and females the longevity rate was 25.20 and 33.89, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The evolutionarily optimal rates of body development. The age of onset of sexual maturity and species-specific longevity as the parameters optimized during evolution].

Dynamics of biological community of the "resource--consumer" type considering age structure of consumer population is described by a system of differential equations with special derivatives. On the basis of such a model, a competition model for non-crossing populations with different individual development rates is elaborated. It is shown that only a population with development rates maximizing the Malthusian function (reaching zero value at the equilibrium state of the system) is able to survive under competition for food resources. Equilibrium density of the resources is provided being minimal. Thus maximum energy influx into the population is gained. Search algorithm of evolutionary values of puberty, age and maximal longevity of individuals belonging to the consumer population is proposed. Analytic dependence of maximal longevity on environmental factors and some other parameters are found. Aging is considered to be mechanism leading to death while individual approaches evolutionary optimal longevity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: effect on adult emergence, longevity, fecundity, and oxidative and antioxidative response of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).

Effects of an organophosphorus insecticide, malathion, on survivorship and lipid peroxidation of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), pupae were investigated by rearing the newly hatched larvae on an artificial diet containing 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ppm of the insecticide. As bioindicators of long-term physiological stress responses, the adult emergence rate, longevity, and fecundity associated with lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activity in the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were determined by rearing the parasitoid on a factitious host, G. mellonella pupae treated with malathion. At 100 ppm, malathion significantly decreased pupation rate of G. mellonella larvae and the rate of adult emergence of the parasitoid from these pupae. This concentration resulted in a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in both the host and the parasitoid. Malathion at 1 and 10 ppm significantly increased pupation rate and lipid peroxidation level of G. mellonella pupae. The adult emergence rate of P. turionellae was significantly decreased from 63.7 to 20% by these concentrations, whereas MDA content was increased by two- and three-fold, respectively, compared with the control (45.3 +/- 3.2 nmol/ g protein). The longevity of adults was significantly extended from 52.5 +/- 5.7 to 75.7 +/- 6.3 d when the parasitoids emerged from host pupae exposed with 0.1 ppm malathion. At low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 ppm), malathion significantly increased the number of eggs laid per female per day. However, the lowest concentration (0.01 ppm) had no significant effect on hatchability, whereas 0.1 ppm of the insecticide resulted in significant decrease in egg hatch compared with the control. A significant increase in total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity for low concentrations of malathion (0.01-1 ppm) was found compared with the control. There was a significant positive correlation of SOD activities with adult longevity and fecundity. This study suggested that malathion-induced oxidative stress was causative factor in the deterioration of biological fitness and that increased SOD activities may have resulted in decreased oxidative damage, which retarded the rate of deteriorative physiological changes in P. turionellae in response to sublethal doses of malathion.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Body weight and longevity in genetically obese and non-obese mice fed fat-modified diets.

Polygenically obese and genetically related non-obese male mice were fed ad libitum purified diets differing in quantity or type of fat from weaning onward to determine effects upon weight gain and life span. Non-obese mice lived 71% longer than mice in the obese line (mean = 753 d versus 441 d). Obese mice fed a low-fat diet containing 1% corn oil by weight lived 26% longer than their obese counterparts fed high fat diets containing 20% additional fat as either corn oil or beef tallow. The low fat diet had more of a normalizing effect upon longevity than upon body weight in polygenically obese mice. Conversely, dietary fat concentration had little effect upon longevity in non-obese mice and more effect upon body weight than in genetically obese mice. Type of dietary fat had little effect upon body weight and no effect upon longevity. The results of this study suggest that life span was only partially explained by body weight, and furthermore, that genetics play a greater role than body weight or dietary fat concentration in determining life span.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The relationship between kinship marriages and longevity in Azerbaijan].

In order to elucidate the role of inbreeding in human longevity, the individuals of both sexes aged 80-100 and more, all residents of the Azerbaijan SSR, were exposed to a genealogical examination. It was found that 22.46% of men and 12.92% of women were born in kinship marriages. The familial longevity indices appeared to be high in this examination. The inbreeding in the presence of favourable heredity does not reduce the level of longevity in the above region.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Statistics on familial longevity in different regions of the USSR].

The genealogical method was used to study family longevity among 416 individuals at the age of 80-121 and older in the Ukrainian SSR, Abkhazian ASSR and Azerbaijan SSR. The rate of family longevity and total index of family longevity increase with the age of individuals examined. These indices are higher in most cases in men than in women.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Do the fittest survive? Psychosocial and demographic determinants of longevity from a 12-year longitudinal study on relocation of the aged].

In this article attention is paid to longevity and some predictors of longevity in 455 respondents in a 12-year longitudinal research that started in 1974 on relocation of older people. Participants in this research project stemmed from five groups, which can be distinguished by the degree of diminished autonomy of (desired) housing facility. The more autonomous the housing facility, the lower the mortality rate appeared to be. In this article a new measure for the respondents' longevity is presented, the 'overlevingsscore' (OS; 'survival score'). The people living autonomously in 1974 appeared to become a little older than indicated by their life expectancy in 1974. Those who lived in an institution at that time, however, lived shorter. Next, we tried to predict individual OSs by means of some demographic and psychosocial variables. A positive subjective health and an engaged attitude towards life in old age appear to indicate a long life. Frequency of relocation after 1974 did not influence the OS.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Incidence of familial longevity among the population of the Ukrainian SSR].

The genealogical method was used to study the family longevity in 220 individuals aged 80 and older in the Ukrainian SSR. The family longevity rate and total index are found to increase with the age of individuals examined. These indices in most cases are higher in men than in women and can be used as genetic markers to estimate the potential longevity.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[The longevity of a Swiss family during 200 years (author's transl)].

The longevity of a Swiss family with 867 descendants during 200 years from 1778-1980 is given in detail. The lifetime of 65 years or more was reached by 178 members, whilst in the years from 0-64 years 125 died and 564 are just today on life. 49% of the family members reached 70 years or more, all these born before 1910, in which period the average life-time at birth was between 49-52 years. The causes of death of the drop-out-cases (died before 65 years) are analyzed, happening mostly by infectious diseases, misfortune or exogenous risk factors. Essential is that no hereditary hypertension, metabolism or biochemical diseases, epilepsy was seen. Of the factors of longevity could be excluded climate of habitation occupation, had social or educational position. The hereditary longevity is broken only for some individuals by exogenous damage and can be seen as a privilege of this large family.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Photoperiod and longevity in Anopheles crucians.

The effect of photoperiod on longevity of nondiapausing members of Anopheles crucians was evaluated in laboratory experiments. First-generation adults reared from field collections illustrated the same trends. Individuals reared and maintained under short photoperiod (either 8 h light:16 h dark or 11 h light:13 h dark) lived longer than did those reared and maintained under long photoperiod (either 16 h light:8 h dark or 15 h light:9 h dark). Analysis of covariance showed that the greater longevity of short-photoperiod mosquitoes was not caused by their larger average body size. Also, a paired t-test confirmed the effect of photoperiod, independent of body size, on longevity; in mosquitoes paired according to thorax length, short-photoperiod individuals lived longer than did long-photoperiod individuals of the same sex and cohort. The reason short-photoperiod mosquitoes of this species live longer is not known.

Animals↗