Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “insertion”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Development of collimator insert for linac based stereotactic irradiation.

The aim of this study is to develop collimator inserts of various sizes which are either not commercially available or are expensive to import. The dosimetry parameters such as tissue maximum ratio (TMR), off-axis ratio (OAR) and output factor of the developed collimator insert are compared with that of the commercial collimator insert (Radionics). In order to check the suitability of the collimator insert developed locally for clinical use and to standardize the method of development, a collimator insert of 15 mm identical to the one supplied by Radionics is developed with low-melting alloy (Cerrobend). Moreover for the clinical use of the developed collimator insert, certain acceptance tests are performed which include a collimator concentricity test, beam size check and radiation leakage test. The dose verification is carried out with a thermoluminescent dosimeter (7LiF rods) and an FBX chemical dosimeter in a human-head-shaped Perspex phantom filled with water. The variation between the calculated and measured dose is found to be within +2.4% for 7LiF rods and -2.0% for the FBX chemical dosimeter thus ensuring the suitability of the developed collimator insert for clinical use. This has encouraged us to standardize the method adapted to develop the collimator insert and to develop collimator inserts of different field sizes.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1993

Intraocular pressure reduction and systemic absorption of timolol after administration of one side-coated inserts in rabbits.

The object of this study was to test whether flat, circular ophthalmic inserts releasing drug only from one side, would show improved activity parameters and reduced systemic absorption. To this purpose, uncoated and one-side coated hydroxypropylcellulose inserts containing timolol were prepared and evaluated. An acrylic copolymer (Eudragit RS) was used as coating material. Timolol release from inserts was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Timolol release in vitro from the coated inserts was much slower than from the uncoated ones, due to the smaller releasing surface area. Compared with timolol eyedrops (0.5%, 50 microliters), administration of 250 micrograms of timolol in uncoated or coated inserts produced a significantly greater hypotensive effect at 6 and 8 hr post instillation in rabbits with artificially increased intraocular pressure. The coated inserts containing 62.5 micrograms of timolol antagonised isoproterenol-induced ocular hypotension significantly more than timolol eyedrops (0.5%, 12.5 microliters) and uncoated inserts containing 62.5 micrograms of timolol. Both uncoated and coated inserts provided a significant sustaining of timolol release in tear fluid and decreased systemic peak concentrations of timolol with respect to the eyedrop control. However, one-side coated inserts failed to show significant improvements with respect to the uncoated samples.

Absorption↗
PubMed1996

Pharmacokinetic differences between ocular inserts and eyedrops.

Controlled release ocular inserts have been found to increase the amount of drug which is absorbed into the aqueous humour when compared to eyedrops. Systemic absorption following delivery using a controlled release insert has been found to be dependent on the release rate of the insert. The objective of this study was to determine if ocular inserts affect drug absorption into other ocular tissues such as the conjunctiva and iris-ciliary body. Ocular absorption studies were performed using albino rabbits and ethylene-vinyl acetate controlled release devices containing timolol maleate. A compartmental model previously developed to simulate ocular absorption following eyedrop administration was modified and used to simulate these experiments. The conjunctival absorption coefficient calculated by the model and the AUC of the conjunctiva per mumol of delivered drug were found to be 2.7 and 42 times higher, respectively, for the ocular insert as compared to eyedrop administration. The increased conjunctiva absorption was likely the result of reduced tear mixing, which caused a high local concentration of timolol between the insert and the conjunctiva. The AUC of the iris-ciliary body per mumol of delivered drug was found to be 24 times higher for the ocular inserts as compared to eyedrop administration. The AUC of the iris-ciliary body was found to be 1.4 times higher than the AUC of the aqueous humour for eyedrop administration, but 9 times greater for delivery via the ocular inserts. Thus, the increased absorption into the iris-ciliary body and aqueous humour observed for ocular inserts is partially the result of an increase in the amount of drug which enters these tissues via penetration across the conjunctiva and sclera.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Dissection of de novo membrane insertion activities of internal transmembrane segments of ATP-binding-cassette transporters: toward understanding topological rules for membrane assembly of polytopic membrane proteins.

The membrane assembly of polytopic membrane proteins is a complicated process. Using Chinese hamster P-glycoprotein (Pgp) as a model protein, we investigated this process previously and found that Pgp expresses more than one topology. One of the variations occurs at the transmembrane (TM) domain including TM3 and TM4: TM4 inserts into membranes in an N(in)-C(out) rather than the predicted N(out)-C(in) orientation, and TM3 is in cytoplasm rather than the predicted N(in)-C(out) orientation in the membrane. It is possible that TM4 has a strong activity to initiate the N(in)-C(out) membrane insertion, leaving TM3 out of the membrane. Here, we tested this hypothesis by expressing TM3 and TM4 in isolated conditions. Our results show that TM3 of Pgp does not have de novo N(in)-C(out) membrane insertion activity whereas TM4 initiates the N(in)-C(out) membrane insertion regardless of the presence of TM3. In contrast, TM3 and TM4 of another polytopic membrane protein, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), have a similar level of de novo Nin-Cout membrane insertion activity and TM4 of CFTR functions only as a stop-transfer sequence in the presence of TM3. Based on these findings, we propose that 1) the membrane insertion of TM3 and TM4 of Pgp does not follow the sequential model, which predicts that TM3 initiates N(in)-C(out) membrane insertion whereas TM4 stops the insertion event; and 2) "leaving one TM segment out of the membrane" may be an important folding mechanism for polytopic membrane proteins, and it is regulated by the N(in)-C(out) membrane insertion activities of the TM segments.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1984

Mechanism of IS1 transposition in E. coli: choice between simple insertion and cointegration.

Insertion element IS1 and IS1-based transposon Tn9 generate cointegrates (containing vector and target DNAs joined by duplicate copies of IS1 or Tn9) and simple insertions (containing IS1 or Tn9 detached from vector sequences). Based on studies of transposon Tn5 we had proposed a conservative (non-replicative) model for simple insertion. Others had proposed that all transposition is replicative, occurring in a rolling circle structure, and that the way DNA strands are joined when replication terminates determines whether a simple insertion or a cointegrate is formed.--We selected for the transposition of amp and cam resistance markers from pBR322::Tn9 plasmids to an F factor in recA-E. coli and identified products containing three and four copies of IS1, corresponding to true cointegrates (from monomeric plasmids), and simple insertions (from dimeric plasmids). The simple insertions with four copies of IS1 outnumbered those with three by a ratio of about 3:1, whereas true cointegrates containing three copies of IS1 were more numerous than those with four.--A straightforward rolling circle model had predicted that the simple insertions containing three copies of IS1 should be more frequent than those with four. Because we obtained the opposite result we propose that simple insertions only arise when the element fails to replicate or if replication starts but then terminates prematurely. The two classes of products, simple insertions and cointegrates, reflect alternative conservative and replicative fates, respectively, of an early intermediate in transposition.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1985

A detailed developmental and structural study of the transcriptional effects of insertion of the Copia transposon into the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

The copia insertion responsible for the wa mutation is 3' to the white promotor and in the same transcriptional orientation as white. First, we have analyzed the effects of the wa copia insertion on levels of polyadenylated white transcripts and find large, developmentally programmed effects. Second, we have isolated and sequenced an LTR-excision event involving the copia insertion at wa. This represents the first documented case of an LTR-excision event in Drosophila. This single copia LTR has developmentally programmed effects on white transcript levels qualitatively similar to the intact copia element. Third, we have characterized the structures of white transcripts from wa. We find polyadenylated white transcripts apparently having 3' termini in or near the 3' LTR of the wa copia insertion, as has been reported in limited studies of wa transcription in adults by others. These earlier studies also revealed wa transcripts apparently corresponding to polyadenylated terminus formation in the 5' LTR of the copia transposon; however, our more detailed studies reveal that these transcripts probably have other origins and that little, if any, polyadenylated terminus formation for white transcripts occurs in the 5' LTR of the wa copia insertion. Moreover, we find no polyadenylated terminus formation for white transcripts occurring in the single LTR of the wa LTR-excision product. Fourth, we find that each of three mutant alleles at su(wa) produces elevated levels of several classes of RNAs apparently corresponding to transcriptional readthrough of the wa copia transposon. Elevated levels of one presumptive readthrough transcript were observed previously in one su(wa) mutant strain. Fifth, we have confirmed the existence of a transcript initiated in the 3' LTR of the wa copia insertion and find the levels of this transcript to be strongly influenced by developmental stage and genetic background. Lastly, we have analyzed white transcripts produced by the whd81b11 allele, which carries an insertion of copia in the opposite transcriptional orientation and in a different position than the wa copia insertion. In contrast to the wa copia insertion allele, the whd81b11 allele produces polyadenylated white transcript levels very similar to the w+ case at the stages examined. Moreover, the whd81b11 copia element apparently produced polyadenylated terminus formation in white transcripts and we observe no effect of the allelic state of su(wa) on apparent readthrough of this stop site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Protein determinants of insertional specificity for the Drosophila gypsy retrovirus.

The gypsy retrovirus invades the germ line of Drosophila females, inserting with a high frequency into the ovo locus. Gypsy insertion sites in ovo are clustered within a region in the promoter of the ovo gene that contains multiple binding sites for the OvoA and OvoB proteins. We found that a 1.3-kb DNA fragment containing this region is able to confer gypsy insertional specificity independent of its genomic location. The frequency of gypsy insertions into the ovo gene is significantly lower in wild-type females than in ovoD1 females. In addition, gypsy insertions in ovoD1 females occur during most stages of germ-line development whereas insertions in wild-type females occur only in late stages. This pattern of temporally specific insertions, as well as the higher frequency of insertion in ovoD1 females, correlates with the presence of the OvoA or OvoD1 proteins. The results suggest that gypsy insertional specificity might be determined by the binding of the OvoA repressor isoform to the promoter region of the gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Heterogeneity of N insertion capacity in fetal hematopoietic stem cells.

TCR gene rearrangement is strictly regulated during mouse ontogeny. The V-(D)-J junctions of alphabeta and gammadelta TCR transcripts expressed in the adult thymus are more highly diverse than those in the fetal thymus. We previously showed that adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have a higher capacity to insert N nucleotides into Vgamma4 TCR transcripts than fetal HSC and that the level of N nucleotide insertion is determined, at least in part, at the level of HSC. To analyze this developmental change of HSC at the single cell level, we investigated N nucleotide insertions in three TCR transcripts (Vgamma4, Vgamma2 and Vbeta8) derived from limiting numbers of fetal liver HSC by fetal thymic organ culture. Eight day-14 fetal liver HSC clones showed various levels of N nucleotide insertions in Vgamma transcripts (0-78%). On the other hand, the level of N insertions was similarly regulated in Vgamma4, Vgamma2, and Vbeta8 TCR transcripts in a clone-specific way. These results suggested that the level of N insertion is programmed at the level of single HSC and that fetal liver contains a heterogeneous population of HSC in terms of N insertion capacity. After 3 weeks culture with a stromal cell line, fetal HSC showed higher levels of N insertion capacity than before culture. This result and the presence of HSC with intermediate N insertion capacity support the hypothesis that the developmental potential of individual HSC gradually changes from fetal to adult type in one stem cell lineage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

R5 retrotransposons insert into a family of infrequently transcribed 28S rRNA genes of planaria.

A small (100 bp) region of the 28S rRNA gene has been shown to serve as the target site for the insertion of non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons in both arthropods and nematodes. Here we characterize a lineage of non-LTR retrotransposons that inserts into this target site in the phylum Platyhelminthes. Dugesiid planaria contain elements, named R5, that insert 8 bp upstream of the target site used by arthropod R2 elements. The complete sequence of this element from Girardia tigrina revealed that it encoded two open reading frames (ORFs). The second ORF contained reverse transcriptase and restriction enzyme-like endonuclease domains similar to those found in R2 and R4, the elements that insert into the 28S genes of nematodes. The closest relative of R5, however, was the element NeSL-1, which inserts into the spliced leader 1 exons of nematodes. The rRNA genes of dugesiid planaria are unusual in that they comprise two types of rDNA units that differ by 8%-10% in nucleotide sequence of the 18S and 28S coding regions. Type II units are transcribed in adult tissues at levels that are less than 1% that of the type I units. R5 elements were only found inserted in the type II units, where presumably they cause less harm to the host. A second unusual aspect of the dugesiid rRNA genes is that the target site for the R5 insertion is duplicated 300 bp upstream of the original insertion site. R5 elements were identified at both sites. These findings expand the distribution of non-LTR elements that are specialized for insertion into the 28S gene and suggest that still more elements exist in other eukaryotic taxa. Attempts to trace the phylogeny of R5 did not offer sufficient resolution to determine whether R2, R4, and R5 represent the same lineage or whether they represent independent specializations for the 28S gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Site specific insertion of a type I rDNA element into a unique sequence in the Drosophila melanogaster genome.

We describe a cloned segment of unique DNA from the Oregon R strain of Drosophila melanogaster that contains a short type I insertion of the kind principally found within rDNA. The predominant type I rDNA insertion is 5kb in length, but there are also a co-terminal sub-set of shorter type I elements that share a common right hand junction with the rDNA. The insertion that we now describe is another member of this sub-set. The right hand junction of the type I sequence with the unique DNA is identical to the right hand junction of the type I sequences with rDNA. There is no significant feature within the insertion sequence that could have determined the position of the left junction with the sequence into which it is inserted. Like the corresponding short type I insertions in rDNA, the insertion into the unique DNA is flanked on both sides by a duplicated sequence, which in this case is 10 base pairs long. The cloning of a sequence corresponding to the uninterrupted unique location was facilitated by the observation that the Karsnas strain of D. melanogaster contains only uninterrupted sequences of this kind. The duplicated sequence at the target site for the insertion is only present as a single copy in the uninterrupted DNA. The sequence of the target site for the insertion (ACTGTTCT) in the unique segment shows a striking homology to the target in rDNA (ACTGTCCC).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effects of needle bevel orientation during epidural catheter insertion in laboring parturients.

UNLABELLED: Lateral needle bevel orientation during identification of the epidural space has been recommended to reduce the risk of postdural puncture headache (PDPH). Rotation to cephalad or caudad orientation before catheter insertion is assumed necessary for analgesic success. We prospectively compared the effects of catheter insertion through lateral- and cephalad-oriented Tuohy needle bevels in laboring parturients. Anesthesiology residents were randomized to identify the epidural space with bevels oriented cephalad or lateral. Catheters were inserted without needle rotation. Outcomes compared included ease of insertion, analgesic effectiveness, and complications. We evaluated 534 catheter insertions in 500 parturients. Initial catheter insertion produced satisfactory analgesia in 80.2% of the lateral group versus 91.1% of the cephalad group (P < 0.001). Resistance preventing catheter insertion accounted for the difference. There were no differences in i.v. cannulation (5.8% vs 5.1%), dural puncture (3.8% vs 2.0%), PDPH (0.4% vs 0.7%), or asymmetric block (31% vs 27%). There was a slightly higher rate of paresthesias in the lateral group (31% vs 23%; P = 0.048). In 78% of parturients experiencing both paresthesias and asymmetric block, the side of the paresthesia and greater extent of block were the same. Analgesic effectiveness, as measured by using a visual analog scale, was not different between the groups. IMPLICATIONS: Two methods of epidural catheter insertion were compared in laboring parturients. Catheter insertion with the needle orifice oriented cephalad was associated with the greatest initial success and the fewest complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Hemodynamic and catecholamine stress responses to insertion of the Combitube, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal intubation.

UNLABELLED: In a prospective, randomized, and controlled trial, we compared the stress responses after insertion of the Combitube (CT; Kendall-Sheridan Catheter Corp., Argyle, NY), the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), or endotracheal intubation (ET). Seventy-five patients scheduled for routine urological or gynecological surgery were randomly allocated to one of three groups and were ventilated via either an ET, a LMA, or a CT. All three devices could be inserted easily and rapidly, providing adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Insertion of the CT was associated with a significant increase in mean maximal systolic arterial pressure (160+/-32 mm Hg) and diastolic arterial pressure (91+/-17 mm Hg) compared with ET (140+/-24, 78+/-11 mm Hg; P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively) or insertion of the LMA (115+/-33,63+/-22 mm Hg, both P < 0.001). The mean maximal epinephrine and norepinephrine plasma concentrations after insertion of the CT (37.3+/-31.1 and 279+/-139 pg/mL, respectively) were significantly higher than those after ET (35.8+/-89.8 and 195+/-58 pg/mL, respectively) or insertion of a LMA (17.3+/-13.3 and 158+/-67 pg/mL, respectively). This might be attributed to the pressure of the pharyngeal cuff of the CT on the anterior pharyngeal wall. We conclude that insertion of the CT causes a pronounced stress response and that precautions should be taken when used in patients at risk of hypertensive bleeding. IMPLICATIONS: In this study, we showed that the hemodynamic and catecholamine stress responses after insertion of the Combitube (Kendall-Sheridan Catheter Corp., Argyle, NY) were significantly higher compared with laryngeal mask airway or endotracheal intubation. We conclude that the increased stress response to insertion of a Combitube may represent a serious hazard to patients with cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Speech perception performance of nucleus multichannel cochlear implant users with partial electrode insertions.

OBJECTIVE: The present investigation examined the speech perception performance of five children with ossified cochleas who received partial insertions of the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant. DESIGN: The partial-insertion subjects' preimplant and 1.5 yr postimplant performance on a battery of speech perception tests was compared to the average performance of age-matched control subjects who received full electrode insertions. All the partial-insertion subjects were fit with their Nucleus cochlear implant between the ages of 2 and 5 yr, and had used their device for at least 1.5 yr. More extended comparisons also were made for the two partial-insertion subjects who had used their cochlear implants for a longer period of time. RESULTS: The subjects with partial electrode insertions performed similarly to the control group at both the preimplant and 1.5 yr postimplant intervals. Furthermore, the partial-insertion subjects showed continued improvements in speech perception performance with increased device experience past 1.5 yr, again similar to the full-insertion control group. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that partial insertion of a multichannel implant device is an appropriate and feasible approach to the surgical management and auditory rehabilitation of children with extensive or complete ossification of the cochlea.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Increased insertion torque delays pin-bone interface loosening in external fixation with tapered bone screws.

OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that osseomechanical integration is not related to the maximum insertion torque of tapered external fixation pins. DESIGN: Prospective in vivo study in a functionally loading ovine model. In 12 animals, tapered commercial external fixation pins were inserted at predefined locations with measured insertion torques and extraction torque measured at 10 weeks postoperatively. SETTING: Unrestricted stall activity under veterinary supervision. INTERVENTIONS: Under general anesthesia and aseptic conditions, mid-diaphyseal tibial osteotomies were created and a 3-mm gap width stabilized with a custom-made, high-precision, single-sided external fixator, in compliance with United Kingdom government regulations [Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Primary pin site stability and interface load were assessed by measuring maximum insertion torque (Nm). At a 10-week postoperative end point, osseomechanical stability was assessed by measuring the extraction torque and a pin performance index determined from the insertion/extraction torque ratio. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between extraction torque and insertion torque (R2 = 0.322, P < 10(-6)). All pins with an insertion torque equal to or greater than 7 Nm had a measurable extraction torque, as did 98% of the pins with an insertion torque above 5 Nm. Extraction torque decreased both as a function of pin site position by the postoperative end point. High insertion torques were found to enhance end point stability in both diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone. CONCLUSION: The data from this study indicate that tapered external fixation pins should be inserted with a high torque to enhance the long-term integrity of the pin-bone interface.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Moments and forces during pedicle screw insertion. In vitro and in vivo measurements.

STUDY DESIGN: Moments and forces during pedicle screw insertion were measured in vivo and in vitro and were correlated to several parameters of the screw-bone interface. OBJECTIVES: To compare the in vitro and in vivo screw insertion loads and to relate these measurements to bone mineral density, pedicle size, and other screw parameters (material, diameter). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The in vitro screw insertion torque has been correlated to the screw pullout forces and the number of cycles to ultimate interface failure. However, there are no comparable in vivo data. METHODS: One hundred three pedicle screws were included in the study, 43 in vivo and 60 in vitro. Duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry boen mineral density data were available for 20 in vivo and 32 in vitro specimens. A custom-made sterilizable six-axis load cell was integrated into a torque wrench, enabling the recording of the applied moments and forces during screw insertion. Statistical analysis was performed to detect differences and correlations. RESULTS: The mean in vivo insertion torque (1.29 Nm) was significantly greater than the in vitro value (0.67 Nm). The linear correlation between insertion torque and bone mineral density was significant for the in vitro data but not for the in vivo data. No correlation was observed between insertion torque and pedicle diameter. Two patterns of torque were observed during the insertion process. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant difference between the insertion loads measured in vivo and those measured in vitro. Additional research is needed to verify whether this method provides an indication of screw fixation quality.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Insertion sites for recombinant vaccinia virus construction: effects on expression of a foreign protein.

The expression of antigens or other molecules from recombinant vaccinia viruses requires the insertion of coding sequence at specific sites in the viral genome. Here we investigate the influence of two different sites on the level of protein expressed during a viral infection. The level of immune response in mice to vaccinia virus-expressed murine interleukin 2 (IL-2) or IL-4 varied depending on whether the coding sequence was inserted into the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (tk) gene or into the HindIII F fragment of the viral genome where herpes simplex virus (HSV) tk was used as a selectable marker. In each case the intensity of the response was greater when the relevant gene was expressed from the HindIII F insertion site. In order to quantify these differences a series of recombinant viruses expressing luciferase was constructed. Luciferase activity from coding sequence inserted into the HindIII F fragment was significantly higher than that from the tk gene insertion, provided HSV tk(+) constructs were compared. Insertion of a marker gene (HSV tk) into the HindIII F site with disruption of the F7L open reading frame led to a reduced level of luciferase expressed from the tk insert, despite more than 45 kb of intervening sequence. In mice, luciferase expression was higher from the HindIII F inserted gene than from the tk insert in both lungs and ovaries.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Three-year follow-up of children with postmeningitic deafness and partial cochlear implant insertion.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term outcome of children with postmeningitic deafness and partial insertion of the Nucleus electrode array, and to compare their speech perception performance with that of children with full insertion of the electrode array. DESIGN: A battery of seven speech perception tests was administered to 25 children with a cochlear implant (CI). Results were reduced into one score: equivalent hearing loss (EHL). SETTING: Tertiary referral centre. PARTICIPANTS: The partial insertion group comprised seven children, mean age at implantation 5.5 years, mean duration of deafness 3.6 years. The full-insertion control group comprised 18 children. Mean age at implantation: 4.4 years; mean duration of deafness: 2.9 years. All the children became deaf between 0 and 3 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Over a 3-year follow-up period, the children with partial insertion showed continuing progress, although there was wide variation in performance and the rate of progression. Some open-set comprehension could even be achieved with the insertion of only eight electrodes of a nucleus device. RESULTS: Three years after implantation, speech perception in the partial insertion children was poorer than that in the control groups with long (P < 0.01; 95% confidence interval 7-43 dB EHL) and short duration of deafness (P < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval 28-53 dB EHL). They showed slower progress and reached a poorer EHL plateau. Four of the seven children acquired open-set word recognition. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with partial insertion of the electrode array benefit from a CI, although less than patients with complete insertion.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed2005

A site-specific insertion sequence in flax genotrophs induced by environment.

A single-copy 5.7 kilobase (kb) DNA fragment, termed Linum Insertion Sequence 1 (LIS-1), has been identified and characterized. This is one of the DNA changes associated with the environmentally induced heritable changes resulting in stable lines termed genotrophs in flax (Linum usitatissimum). The insertion sequence and its insertion site have been cloned from genomic libraries and sequenced. PCR products across the insertion and surrounding regions have also been cloned and sequenced. The 5.7 kb DNA fragment is inserted into a 3.7 kb EcoRI fragment in the plastic line (Pl) with the generation of a 3 base pair duplication at the insertion site, as well as additional sequence changes. The identical insertion was also found in other genotrophs and flax varieties. The intact element was not present in Pl but appeared to be generated by a reproducible series of complex rearrangements or insertion events. LIS-1 is the result of a targeted, highly specific, complex insertion event that occurs during the formation of some of the genotrophs, and occurs naturally in many flax and linseed varieties.

Chromosomes, Plant↗