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PubMed2006

Protective effect of Arthrospira maxima on fatty acid composition in fatty liver.

BACKGROUND: Arthrospira maxima has been widely used for nutritional purposes. Additionally, A. maxima has shown immunomodulator, antiviral, antioxidant, vasomotor and hypolipidemic effects in laboratory and animal studies. A. maxima prevents fatty liver induced by either carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or fructose-rich diet; however, the liver lipid composition in these models is not clearly known yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of A. maxima on the liver lipid profile in CCl4-induced steatohepatitis. METHODS: A single sublethal, intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 was administered to male Wistar rats fed a diet with or without 5% A. maxima. Liver lipids: total lipids, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed 24 and 48 h after injury with CCl4. Additionally, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated in blood. RESULTS: Forty eight hours after CCl4 treatment, rats fed a diet without A. maxima had serum aspartate aminotransferase and liver triacylglycerols values that were, respectively, 2.2 and 1.4 times higher than those of animals receiving 5% A. maxima in their diet. The same pattern was observed for liver free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The groups fed a diet with A. maxima and treated with CCl4 showed a higher saturated fatty acid liver content than the groups without A. maxima in their diet. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased 48 h after CCl4 treatment, but its value was 0.5 times lower in the group receiving A. maxima than in the group fed without A. maxima. In the liver, all animals receiving A. maxima showed a trend towards a lower percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, despite the mentioned increase 48 h after CCl4 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in the fatty liver induced by CCl4, the hepatoprotective effect of A. maxima involves (a) an antioxidant mechanism and (b) a lower unsaturation of the liver fatty acids. The preventive effect of A. maxima on the liver lipid changes induced by CCl4 could be partially explained by its antioxidant action and the ability to increase the synthesis/release of nitric oxide, but not by its soluble dietary fiber.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Eating more and enjoying it less: U.S. prison diets for women.

A study of weight gain and dietary adequacy among female prisoners was conducted by studying inmate weight changes, nutritional values of prison diets and consumption patterns in a jail cafeteria. Inmates were found to incur significant weight gains (Mean = 14 lbs.); their diets were inadequate nutritively, and were consumed in such a way as to exacerbate the inadequacies. The authors conclude that some of these problems could be ameliorated by changing ingredients, preparation, and the role of food in the prisoner's life, although for certain categories of prisoners with specific health conditions (e.g., pregnancy), adequate diets will require major adjustments in jail and prison food management.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets enhance platelet in vitro aggregation and thromboxane production in healthy men when compared with milk fat or habitual diets.

In this highly controlled trial, 26 normolipidemic men (average age 28 years, range 18 to 60) were fed a baseline diet high in milk fat (MF) (fat 36% of energy, saturates 19%, monounsaturates 11%, polyunsaturates 4%), followed by a diet high in sunflower oil (SO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 13%, monounsaturates 10%, polyunsaturates 13%) and another diet high in low erucic-acid rapeseed oil (RO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 12%, monounsaturates 16%, polyunsaturates 8%). All diets were mixed natural diets with the same cholesterol contents. The baseline milk fat diet was given for 14 days and the oil diets for 24 days in a blind cross-over design. The platelet in vitro aggregation (slope %/min) induced by 1, 2 and 3 microM ADP and collagen (25 micrograms/ml PRP) was highly significantly (p less than 0.001) increased after both oil diets when compared with the results from the milk fat diet. The aggregation pattern determined by threshold collagen concentration confirmed increased collagen sensitivity of the platelets after the rapeseed oil diet (p less than 0.001). The enhancement of platelet aggregation was associated with increased in vitro platelet thromboxane production after the oil diets vs. the milk fat diet (p less than 0.05 after the sunflower oil diet and p less than 0.001 after the rapeseed oil diet).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Dietary patterns and their associations with obesity in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dietary patterns of adults living in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and their associations with body mass index (BMI). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A survey was conducted in 1996 in a probabilistic sample of 2040 households. Weight and height were measured and food intake was based on an 80-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified through factor analysis. RESULTS: More than one-third of the adult population (20 to 60 years old) was overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)), and 12% were obese (BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2)). Three major dietary patterns were identified: mixed pattern when all food groups and items had about the same factor loading, except for rice and beans; one pattern that relies mainly on rice and beans, which was called a traditional diet; and a third pattern, termed a Western diet, where fat (butter and margarine) and added sugar (sodas) showed the highest positive loading and rice and beans were strong negative components. Among men, the Western diet also included deep-fried snacks and milk products with high positive values. The traditional diet was associated with lower risk of overweight/obesity in logistic models adjusted for dieting, age, leisure physical activity, and occupation (13% reduction in men and 14% reduction in women comparing the traditional and Western diets). DISCUSSION: Factors contributing to the effects of the Brazilian traditional diet may include low-energy density, high-dietary fiber content, incorporation of low glycemic index foods such as beans, or a relatively low food variety.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of benzo[a]pyrene in guinea-pigs fed normal, high-fat or high-cholesterol diets.

Approx. one-third of an i.v. dose of 14C-benzo[a]pyrene was excreted within four hours in the bile of guinea-pigs fed a normal diet. The extent of excretion was not altered by feeding high-fat or high-cholesterol diets. Hepatic cytochromes P-450 and b5, and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity were unaltered by the administration of high-fat and high-cholesterol diets. Pretreatment with low oral doses of benzo[a]pyrene (6 X 3 mg/kg) did not induce these parameters in animals given any of the diets. High-fat and high-cholesterol diets altered the pattern of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in the bile, with significantly increased excretion of dihydrodiol glucuronides in both the high-fat and high-cholesterol groups. Hepatic epoxide hydrolase activity and glutathione content were unaltered by the high-fat or high-cholesterol diets, and therefore cannot explain the alteration in the profile of biliary metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. The altered pattern of biliary excretion in animals fed high-fat or high-cholesterol diets would lead to an increase in the delivery to the colon of dihydrodiol metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of dietary protein sources on the amino acid profiles available for digestion and metabolism in lactating cows.

Six lactating Holstein cows, fitted with T-type cannulas in the proximal duodenum, were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine influence of supplemental protein on amino acid profiles of duodenal chyme and plasma. Protein sources were blood meal, corn gluten meal, and cottonseed meal, which furnished approximately 46% of the total protein in corn-grain corn silage diets. Markers were 15N to estimate rumen bacteria and chromic oxide to estimate nutrient flow. Dry matter intake was lowest on blood meal. Duodenal flow of N exceeded N intake 23% on blood meal and corn gluten meal. Percentages of organic matter and protein digested in the rumen were 56.5, 41.8; 61.2, 53.4; and 50.6, 56.2 for the respective diets. Variation in patterns of amino acids flowing to the duodenum, but not in coccygeal blood, closely reflected dietary differences with six of eight essential amino acids highest for the same treatment in both diet and duodenal chyme. Essential amino acids in least abundance for milk production, measured by mammary extraction coefficients, differed among diets. We conclude that supplemental protein source influences greatly the quantity and pattern of amino acids available for digestion in lactating dairy cows.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet strategies used by women to manage fecal incontinence.

Fecal incontinence occurs in community-living women who are elderly, as well as younger women, particularly after vaginal childbirth. Little is known about how women manage fecal incontinence in their everyday lives. Ten women who had fecal incontinence for at least 1 year participated in an audio-taped interview in a phenomenological study. Diet modification was identified as a key strategy for managing fecal incontinence. Various food types were avoided, restricted, or used as remedies. The meanings that the women applied to the diet strategies for managing fecal incontinence had 4 themes: restricting diet and eating patterns, eating and dealing with the consequences, treating fecal incontinence with foods and fluids, and lacking therapeutic guidance regarding diet modifications for fecal incontinence. The results of this study suggest that the continence nurse specialist recognize the important role and meaning of diet as a self-care strategy for women with fecal incontinence and address diet in their assessment and management recommendations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

The effect of nutrition on testicular growth in mature Merino rams involves mechanisms that are independent of changes in GnRH pulse frequency.

In mature Merino rams, changes in diet to below or above the requirements for maintenance of body weight lead to changes in gonadotrophin secretion and testicular growth. However, the effects on testicular growth persist for much longer than those on LH and FSH secretion so that the gonadal and gonadotrophin responses are poorly correlated over time. This suggests that the gonadal effects may be partly independent of changes in the hypothalamic secretion of GnRH, an hypothesis tested in this study. In a short-term experiment (November, late spring, non-breeding season), we tested whether a high frequency of exogenous GnRH pulses could override the endogenous system and mimic the change in gonadotrophins seen in rams fed a high plane of nutrition. Mature Merino rams (scrotal circumference (mean +/- S.E.M.) 33.6 +/- 0.5 cm, body weight (mean +/- S.E.M.) 59.0 +/- 0.9 kg) were fed 900 g chaff + 1.6 kg lupin grain (High diet) or 360 g chaff + 60 g lupin grain (Low diet) and infused with 8 pulses of GnRH or saline daily for 5 weeks (n = 5/group). Blood was sampled every 20 min for 12 h on days-1 and 14 relative to the start of treatments. Relative to pre-treatment levels, LH pulse frequency and FSH concentrations were decreased on day 14 in saline-infused rams fed the Low diet and increased in saline-infused rams fed the High diet (P < 0.001). In GnRH-infused rams, gonadotrophin secretion was not affected by diet and the patterns of secretion of LH and FSH were similar to those in saline-infused rams fed the High diet. This model was used for a more complete endocrine analysis in a longer experiment designed to test the hypothesis that the effect of nutrition on testicular growth is partly independent of changes in the secretion of GnRH. The same treatments were imposed for 35 days on a different group of similar rams in March (autumn, mid-breeding season). Body weight and scrotal circumference were measured weekly and blood was sampled on days -1 and 14. On days -1 and 35, testosterone secretion in response to LH was tested by injecting exogenous ovine LH (NIADDK-oLH-25; 200 ng/kg body weight) to all rams. Body weight increased in rams fed the High diet and decreased in those fed the Low diet (P < 0.001) and was not affected by treatments as in experiment 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1980

Muscle and plasma amino acids after injury: hypocaloric glucose vs. amino acid infusion.

This study examines the effect of three different hypocaloric diets on the patterns of muscle and plasma amino acids in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Group I (seven patients) received 90 g/day of glucose, Group II (seven patients) received 70 g/day of amino acids, Group III (eight patients) received both 90 g of glucose and 70 grams of amino acids per day. Utilizing the percutaneous biopsy technique of Bergström, free amino acid patterns in muscle and plasma were analyzed pre- and postoperatively (day 4). The postoperative pattern of amino acids was characterized by elevated levels in muscle and plasma of the branched chain amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine and methionine. There was a marked decrease in muscle glutamine and smaller decreases in the basic amino acids in both muscle and plasma. Muscle:plasma concentration ratios increased for the neutral amino acids, decreased for glutamine and the basic amino acids and were unchanged for the acidic amino acids. The patterns seen after hip replacement are almost identical to those seen after colectomy or accidental injury. There was little effect of diet on amino acid concentrations in muscle. In plasma, concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, valine and proline were higher in Group II in the absence of glucose intake, than in the other groups. Lysine was lower in Group I with no amino acid intake than in the other groups. Thus, there is a unique amino acid pattern associated with operative trauma which is relatively unaffected by hypocaloric, intravenous nutrition.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

A relationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid and the clearance rate of the liquid phase in the rumen of the sheep.

1. Four rumen-cannulated sheep were given a forage mixture (F) of chopped hay-ground, pelleted, dried grass (92:8, w/w) and two concentrate mixtures (C and S) of ground barley-ground hay-flaked maize (46:24:30 and 56:24:20, by wt respectively) in twenty-four hourly meals each day. Each of the diets was offered in successive periods of 16 d to give a feeding sequence F-S-C-S for one pair of sheep and C-S-F-S for the other pair. 2. The average composition (mol/100 mol) of the mixture of short-chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic and butyric, in the rumen was respectively 70-1, 18-5 and 7-5 with diet F, and 55-8, 24-8 and 13-6 with diet C. With diet S, the pattern of fermentation varied both between animals and in the same animal for different periods having either 'high' (28-39 mol/100 mol) or 'low' (16-21 mol/100 mol) proportions of propionic acid. On average when diet S followed diet F there was less propionic acid in the fermentation mixture than when diet S followed diet C (59-3 acetic, 22-2 propionic and 14-1 butyric as compared with 52-7, 29-4 and 13-1 respectively) but this trend was not significant and there was evidence of interactions between the feeding sequences and the individual sheep. 3. The mean concentrations of ammonia, sodium, potassium and chloride were similar for all diets but the pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus tended to be higher and the buffering capacity lower for diet F than for diets C or S. In animals receiving diet S there was no relationship between the concentrations of minerals, the pH or buffering capacity and the pattern of fermentation except for ammonia, the concentration of which was high when the molar proportion of propionic acid was low. 4. Rumen volume, outflow rate and clearance rate, determined using polyethylene glycol, were higher for diet F than for diets C and S but within each diet, particularly for diet S, values varied considerably between sheep and between periods. 5. There was evidence of an interrelationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation products and the clearance rate, which indicated that the clearance rate may be an important factor influencing the pattern of fermentation in the rumen.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Bowel habit in a Yoruba rural community: preliminary report.

The bowel habit of a rural population 80 kilometres outside Ibadan was examined. Based on the pattern of the diet there, 91% of the apparently healthy subjects have daily bowel actions, 60% have two or more motions a day and the stool was soft in 51% of them. There was no alteration in the frequency and consistency of the stool with advancing age. The range of bowel actions was two to three soft motions per day. Recognizable dietary factors producing this pattern include not only the bulky carbohydrate diet but also the vegetables, pepper, fruits and traditional as well as proprietary laxative products commonly taken by these subjects. The implication of the bowel habit on the prevalence of certain gastrointestinal disease on the basis of Burkitt's hypothesis was examined. Measurements of food transit time and stool weights will form the basis of subsequent studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of increased dietary fat and exercise on skeletal muscle lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in male rats.

BACKGROUND: Elevated dietary fat increases oxidative metabolism and has been linked to increased oxidative stress, while exercise training may augment antioxidant capacity. Most studies examining oxidative stress in skeletal muscle employ extremely high levels of dietary fat and/or intense exercise training that may not adequately model human diet and activity patterns. AIM: The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction between an elevated (40% of calories) monounsaturated fat diet and a moderate-intensity exercise program similar to recommended human exercise prescriptions, on skeletal muscle oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (approximately 500 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Standard Diet-Sedentary (SD-Sed), Standard Diet-Exercise (SD-Ex), Elevated Fat Diet-Sedentary (EFD-Sed), and Elevated Fat Diet-Exercise (EFD-Ex). The SD groups consumed 76% of calories from CHO, 14% from protein, and 10 % from fat, while the EFD groups received a diet of 46% of calories from CHO, 14% from protein, and 40 % from fat (high oleic sunflower oil). The exercise groups were progressively treadmill trained at 20 m/min, 4 days/week increasing from 15 min/day to 35 min/day by the end of 4 wks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Antioxidant adaptations associated with exercise training or an elevated fat diet individually reduced basal lipid peroxidation levels in the plantaris muscle. However, the combination of exercise plus a monounsaturated fat diet increased lipid peroxidation levels above that with either treatment alone. This suggests an exhaustion of the antioxidant capacity in the plantaris muscle when both exercise and increased dietary fat diet are combined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regional patterns of birthweights in Papua New Guinea in relation to diet, environment and socio-economic factors.

Regional differences in mean birthweight in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the importance of differences in family diet and maternal education and socio-economic status on such patterns were explored using birthweight data collected by the 1982/83 PNG National Nutrition Survey. A total of 6137 birthweight measurements from 85 PNG districts were available, representing 22% of all children included in the survey. The nature of possible selection biases are assessed and their implications discussed. Hierarchical Bayesian spatial models based on conditional autoregressive (CAR) priors were used to model spatial patterns in birthweights and their relation to different sets of covariates. Birthweights were found to exhibit striking geographical differences. Children from the central PNG highlands and from affluent lowland areas had the highest birthweights, while they were lowest in the (largely lowland) Sepik, Western, Madang and Milne Bay Provinces and in remote highland fringe areas. Maternal education, socio-economic status and diet were all important predictors, but only differences in family diet were correlated with the observed spatial patterns. The results of the present study highlight the importance of nutrition and socio-economic status in explaining differences in birthweights in PNG. Besides improving maternal health, interventions for improving birthweights in PNG should therefore aim at strengthening the economic base of rural populations and promote the cultivation and consumption of high quality foods.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1995

The influence of diets and gut microflora on lectin binding patterns of intestinal mucins in rats.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis, storage, secretion, or degradation of intestinal mucins are still unclear. Little is known about the carbohydrate composition of mucins in response to changes in the intestinal lumen, so lectin histochemical techniques were used to study the alterations in glycoconjugate synthesis of mucins in rats under different diets and microfloras. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Nine-week-old germ-free and conventional rats were given either a purified diet of finely powdered ingredients, including cellulose as a source of fiber, or a more coarsely ground commercial diet of natural ingredients containing crude fiber of cereal origin. To mimic the human situation more closely, a group of rats born germ-free, inoculated with a suspension of human feces, and fed a purified diet were used as an experimental model. RESULTS: In rats fed a commercial diet, the surface goblet cells in the small intestine were more intensely labeled with N-acetyl-glucosamine and sialic acid-linked D-galactose-specific lectins than in rats fed the purified diet. A similar increased staining with a N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin was observed in the large intestine of rats fed a commercial diet. The microbial flora modified the crypt-surface glycosylation of fucosyl and sialic acid residues in the large intestine. The human flora specifically altered the goblet cell glycoconjugates in the surface epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: The significant changes in goblet cell glycoconjugates reflect the adaptation of the intestinal mucosa to different diets and microbial populations. An overall reduction in sialic acid-linked D-galactose residues in conventional rats and a loss of crypt-to-surface gradient of fucosyl expression in the large intestine of human flora rats are likely to be due to differing strains of glycosidases in the two microflora.

Acetylglucosamine↗
PubMed2005

Plant secondary metabolites alter the feeding patterns of a mammalian herbivore (Neotoma lepida).

Mammalian herbivores are predicted to regulate concentrations of ingested plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in the blood by modifying the size and frequency of feeding bouts. It is theorized that meal size is limited by a maximum tolerable concentration of PSMs in the blood, such that meal size is predicted to decrease as PSM concentration increases. We investigated the relationship between PSM concentration in the diet and feeding patterns in the herbivorous desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) fed diets containing phenolic resin extracted from creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). Total daily intake, meal size and feeding frequency were quantified by observing the foraging behavior of woodrats on diets containing increasing concentrations of creosote resin. Desert woodrats reduced meal size as resin concentration in the diet increased, resulting in an overall reduction in daily intake and regulation of resin intake. Moreover, desert woodrats were able to detect resin concentrations in the diet and regulate the intake of resin very rapidly. We suggest that the immediate and sustained ability to detect and regulate the intake of resin concentrations during each foraging bout provides a behavioral mechanism to regulate blood concentrations of resin and allows desert woodrats to make "wise" foraging decisions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of coconut oil in the post-weaning starter diet on growth and carcass qualities of male lambs, weaned early and intensively fattened in winter.

The influence of medium-chain fatty acids (5% coconut oil) introduced in a starter diet (ALc) for 21 d after weaning was investigated in 230 Lacaune male lambs. They were weaned early, intensively fattened during winter and slaughtered at a constant live-weight (39 kg). Comparisons have been made regarding the individual growth rates and carcass qualities with an isocaloric and isonitrogenous reference diet (ALr) from lamb sub-samples. During the period of actual starter diet utilization, ALc induced a higher growth rate (+ 59%) independently of the weaning weight (Wto). The feed conversion ratio was lower with ALc (P < 0.01). The induced weight difference remained after the lambs were fed on the same finishing diet. The growth pattern for the entire fattening period was more regular with ALc, particularly when lamb weight was medium (12 kg) of light (Wto < 11 kg) at weaning. The volatile fatty acid pattern in the rumen fluid over time (sampling with a rumen vacuum pump) and throughout the transition between starter and fattening diets (Rusitec procedure) did not show a clear coconut oil effect. ALc induced a slight increase in the external fat layer at slaughter 2 months later, especially in heavy lambs. Firmness and colour of subcutaneous fatty tissue were not different, but ALc tended to result in firmer and whiter carcasses in the case of the heavier lambs at weaning.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

The influence of diet on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of growing pigs.

1. Pancreatic juice was collected from six pigs of 48 kg initial weight fitted with a collection catheter in the pancreatic duct and a return catheter in the duodenum. 2. Measurements of flow and composition of the juice were made during 24 h periods after adaptation to isonitrogenous diets based on barley, wheatings and fish meal (diet BWF) or starch, sucrose, casein, maize oil and cellulose (diet SSC), given in a change-over design. Measurements were also made during the periods of adaptation to a change from one diet to the other. 3. Mean flow-rates for pigs adapted to diets showed a highly significant four-fold difference between diets; values were 4962 ml/d for diet BWF and 1273 ml/d for diet SSC. The hourly volumes of juice were very variable and showed no clear response to feeding and no consistent diurnal pattern for either diet. 4. There were no significant differences between diets in the specific activities of the proteases. Average values were (units/mg protein) trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) 29.6, chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) 7.7, carboxypeptidase A diet BWF than with diet SSC. The specific activities and total outputs of alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were significantly higher for diet BWF than for diet SSC; specific activities for the two diets respectively were: (units/mg protein) alpha-amylase 95-6 and 42.3, lipase 59.0 and 14.5. 5. The higher daily volume of juice with diet BWF was associated with significantly (but only slightly) higher levels of both sodium and potassium, compared with diet SSC. 6. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on digestion at this Institute, in which pigs with intestinal cannulas were given the same diets.

Animals↗