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PubMed1997

The dynamic nature of plant mitochondrial genome organization.

The characteristic features of higher plant mitochondrial genomes: size, structure, recombination activity and evolutionary dynamics, are reviewed with the emphasis on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Phaseolus vulgaris. Among all examined eukaryotic organisms, higher plants were found to contain the largest and most complex mitochondrial genomes. The plant mtDNA structure in vivo and mechanisms of evolution are controversial. We present the currently accepted models and how these models correspond to mitochondrial genomes of several common bean lines.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1998

Properties of a virus causing mosaic and leaf curl disease of Celosia argentea L. in Nigeria.

A sap transmissible virus, causing mosaic and leaf curl disease of Celosia argentea, was isolated at vegetable farms in Amuwo Odofin, Tejuoso, and Abule Ado, Lagos, Nigeria. The virus had a restricted host range confined to a few species of the Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae families. It failed to infect several other species of the Aizoaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae and Tiliaceae families. The virus was transmitted in a non-persistent manner by Aphis spiraecola and Toxoptera citricidus but not by eight other aphid species tested. There was no evidence of transmission by seeds of C. argentae varieties. The viral coat protein had a relative molecular mass (M(r)) of about 30.2 K. Electron microscopy of purified virus preparations revealed flexuous rod shaped particles of about 750 nm in length. Serological studies were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) and Western blot analysis. The virus reacted positively with an universal potyvirus group monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and MoAb P-3-3H8 raised against peanut stripe potyvirus. It also reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against several potyviruses including asparagus virus-1 (AV-1), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV-2), plum pox virus (PPV), soybean mosaic virus (SoyMV), lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and beet mosaic virus (BMV) in at least one of the serological assays used. On the basis of host range, mode of transmission, and available literature data, the celosia virus seems to be different from potyviruses previously reported to infect vegetables in Nigeria. The name celosia mosaic virus (CIMV) has been proposed for this virus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity studies of Blockal, a dietary supplement containing Phase 2 Starch Neutralizer (Phase 2), a standardized extract of the common white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

The number of available dietary supplements containing "starch blockers" intended for weight loss has risen dramatically in recent years. These supplements are believed to reduce carbohydrate-derived calories by interfering with alpha-amylase, the digestive enzyme responsible for conversion of complex carbohydrates to simple absorbable sugars. The present paper reports the findings of single- and multiple-dose (4-week) oral toxicity studies in rats of the marketed dietary supplement Blockal. Blockal contains as its main ingredient Phase 2 Starch Neutralizer (Phase 2 or Phaseolamin 2250), a standardized extract derived from the common white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) that has been shown to have alpha-amylase-inhibiting activity. The Blockal acute oral LD50 exceeded the highest dose tested (3 g/kg body weight [bw]), which provided a single dose of 1668 mg/kg bw of Phase 2 white kidney bean extract. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) seen in the 4-week study was equivalent to the highest Blockal dose tested (2 g/kg bw/day), which provided 1112 mg/kg/day of Phase 2 white kidney bean extract. The results of these studies support and are consistent with the safety of the marketed dietary supplement Blockal, and indirectly, the safety of its main ingredient, Phase 2 Starch Neutralizer (Phase 2 or Phaseolamin 2250), a standardized extract derived from the common white kidney bean.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lesions of intestinal epithelium by ingestion of bean lectins in rats.

Wistar rats were submitted to the action of active lectins from common dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and from jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis, DC). Raw common bean was offered to the rats in an otherwise balanced diet to make 10% protein as the sole protein source. A single dose of 20 mg of jack bean lectin (concanavalin A) was given by gastric intubation. Half of the rats receiving raw bean died within 22 days of experiment. Histological findings showed ulceration and necrosis of the intestinal villi in the surviving rats. In some cases the lesions reached also the submucosa. Gastric intubation of concanavalin A caused intense scaling off in the apical portion of the villi.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Iron bioavailability and weight gains to iron-deficient rats fed a commonly consumed Tunisian meal 'bean seeds ragout' with or without beef and with green or black tea decoction.

The Fe bioavailability and the weight gains were evaluated in rats fed a commonly consumed Tunisian meal 'bean seeds ragout' (BSR), with or without beef and with black or green tea decoction. The Fe bioavailability was evaluated in Fe-deficient rats by the hemoglobin repletion method and the Fe stored in the liver. The addition of beef to the BSR significantly increased the Fe bioavailability from this meal by 147% and the reserve of Fe stored in the liver by 77% (P < 0.001). In contrast, both black and green tea decoctions caused a significant decrease of the Fe bioavailability from BSR meal (-19.6 +/- 4.9% and -14.9 +/- 4.1%, respectively). The reserve of Fe stored in the liver was significantly lower in the BSR, the black and the green tea groups than in the positive control group (FeSO4). The weight gains were significantly lower in the black and the green tea groups (3.9 +/- 5.7 g, 13 +/- 1.9 g, respectively) than in the BSR group (24.9 +/- 6 g). The addition of beef to BSR meal counteracted the inhibitory effect of the kidney bean and considerably improved the Fe bioavailability and the Fe stored in the liver of rats. The green tea decoction, which constitutes an important source of antioxidant factors, had the same inhibitory effect as the black tea decoction on the Fe bioavailability from BSR meal. In addition, both black and green teas significantly reduced the weight gains, where the black tea decoction has the most effect.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Blocking carbohydrate absorption and weight loss: a clinical trial using Phase 2 brand proprietary fractionated white bean extract.

BACKGROUND: Phase 2' starch neutralizer brand bean extract product ("Phase 2") is a water-extract of a common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) that has been shown in vitro to inhibit the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase. Inhibiting this enzyme may prevent the digestion of complex carbohydrates, thus decreasing the number of carbohydrate calories absorbed and potentially promoting weight loss. METHODS: Fifty obese adults were screened to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of treatment with Phase 2 versus placebo on weight loss. Participants were randomized to receive either 1500 mg Phase 2 or an identical placebo twice daily with meals. The active study period was eight weeks. Thirty-nine subjects completed the initial screening process and 27 subjects completed the study. RESULTS: The results after eight weeks demonstrated the Phase 2 group lost an average of 3.79 lbs (average of 0.47 lb per week) compared with the placebo group, which lost an average of 1.65 lbs (average of 0.21 lb per week), representing a difference of 129 percent (p=0.35). Triglyceride levels in the Phase 2 group were reduced an average of 26.3 mg/dL, more than three times greater a reduction than observed in the placebo group (8.2 mg/dL) (p=0.07). No adverse events during the study were attributed to the study medication. CONCLUSION: Clinical trends were identified for weight loss and a decrease in triglycerides, although statistical significance was not reached. Phase 2 shows potential promise as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia and further studies with larger numbers of subjects are warranted to conclusively demonstrate effectiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of the quality and quantity of dietary proteins on vitamin A depletion rate, and biological availability of vitamin A precursors].

The effect of quantity and quality of protein from cereal and legume sources on the rate of vitamin A depletion was evaluated through changes in retinol serum levels and liver stores in male and female Wistar strain rats. A total of 64 animals were distributed into four groups and fed ad libitum with diets adequate in all nutrients, except vitamin A. The protein in the diets was derived from 91% common maize (Diet A); 91% Opaque-2 maize (Diet B), 64% common maize plus 27% precooked common black bean flour (Diet C), and 64% Opaque-2 maize with 27% bean flour (Diet D). The total depletion period lasted 60 days and four rats per group were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 60 days. A total of 4 animals were sacrificed at 0 day to count with a basal serum and hepatic retinol concentration value. The 16 depleted remaining rats were used for the carotene bioavailability study with dehydrated carrots. During the first 15 days the greater rate of depletion was observed in animals fed the highest protein quality diet made from Opaque-2 maize and beans (Diet D), which also caused the greatest weight increase. The least depletion rate and lowest weight gain was obtained with the common corn diet (Diet A). Diets B and C caused intermediate depletion rates, with Diet B (Opaque-2 maize) being more effective than Diet C in spite of its lower protein content. At the end of 60 days all groups presented depletion levels not statistically different. Thus, these results confirm that protein quantity and quality from basic staple foods influence mobilization of retinol liver reserves. The 16 remaining depleted rats were then divided into four groups and fed a standard 14% casein diet to which 25, 50 and 75% of the retinol requirements was added to obtain a reference standard biological response. The fourth group was fed with an amount of dehydrated and ground carrot containing 67.1 mg % of total carotenoids. After seven days, serum and hepatic retinol were obtained, from which a regression equation of liver retinol to diet retinol was calculated (microgram % liver retinol per 100 g of rat) = 2.47 + 0.063 (microgram retinol/g diet) (r = 0.585). From this equation the bioavailability of carrot carotenoids was established with a value of 21.8% comparable to the FAO/WHO value previously reported.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Allergy to castor bean. I. Its relationship to sensitization to common inhalant allergens (atopy).

The IgE response to castor bean (Ricinus communis) was studied in 96 castor bean-allergic patients from Marseilles, France. All had positive skin tests to castor bean. The IgE response to grass, cat, dust mite, olive, and Parietaria was also measured, and a positive RAST to one or more of these allergens was taken to indicate atopic status. Castor bean-specific IgE antibodies, measured by RAST, were found in 87 (91%) of the castor bean-allergic patients, in two of 13 atopic Marseilles residents living close to the castor bean mills, in three of 42 allergic subjects who had no known contact with castor bean, and in none of a control group of 111 Marseilles blood donors. Very high levels of castor bean-specific IgE (maximum class 4 readings on the Phadebas RAST score) were found in 54 (56%) of the castor bean-allergic patients, but the level of IgE antibody to castor bean was not significantly different in atopic and nonatopic subjects. The frequency of a positive serological test (RAST) for atopy in castor bean-allergic subjects (32%) was very similar to that found in the local population (36%). These data indicate that castor bean is an extremely potent sensitizer for both atopic and nonatopic individuals. The magnitude of the specific IgE antibody response is not related to the atopic status of the patient and may be a function of the physiochemical characteristics of the allergen itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of surfactants on foliar uptake of herbicides - a complex scenario.

Surfactants are almost always present in herbicide treatment solutions with the aim to improve spray droplet retention on and penetration of active ingredients (a.i.s) into plant foliage. The effects of surfactants on the foliar uptake of herbicides are complex and only partially understood. The influence of a range of non-ionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on the uptake of two herbicides, glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), was compared using three plant species, wheat, broad bean and common lambsquarters. Surfactants of higher ethylene oxide (EO) content provided greater uptake enhancement for glyphosate, whereas those of lower EO content were more beneficial for 2,4-D uptake. Among surfactants of the same EO content, those containing a C(13)/C(15) linear alkane hydrophobe moiety appeared to be more efficient for promoting the uptake of both herbicides. When a suitable surfactant was used, glyphosate uptake into both bean and wheat foliage increased steadily with increasing surfactant concentration and reached a maximum at 0.5%. In the presence of a constant surfactant, higher percentage uptake of herbicide was obtained with higher a.i. concentrations for glyphosate, but with lower a.i. concentrations in the case of 2,4-D. In the presence of an organosilicone surfactant, the stomatal uptake of glyphosate varied with both surfactant concentration and plant species. The effect of non-silicone surfactants on the cuticular uptake of glyphosate also varied with plant species. It can be concluded that the effects of surfactants on foliar uptake of herbicides depend not only on their chemical structures (hydrophobe and hydrophile moieties) and concentration, but also on the physicochemical properties and concentration of a.i.s and the leaf surface character of the plant species.

Ethylene Oxide↗
PubMed1994

Metal dispersion and transportational activities using food crops as biomonitors.

The multielement (Al, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) levels of various common vegetables (bean, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, marrow, onion, parsnip, spinach, sprouts, sweet corn, and tomato); fruits (grape and strawberry); herbs (garlic, lemon balm, marjoram, mint, rosemary and tarragon); local pasture species and surface soils collected from a commercial garden centre located within a distance of 30 m of the London Orbital Motorway (M25) is presented. Comparative values are given from a background area, namely a domestic garden located in the North Yorkshire Dales National Park area. Analysis was undertaken by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with quality control assessment using four international biological reference materials; BCR:CRM 62 Olive Leaves, NIST 1575 Pine Needles, NIST 1573 Tomato Leaves, and NIST 1572 Citrus Leaves. Inter-analytical method comparison is given using two methods of ICP-MS; namely conventional pneumatic nebulisation of sample solution, and direct solids analysis by laser ablation; and neutron activation analysis methods (NAA). For the elements listed there is a good precision obtained by ICP-MS and NAA. In particular levels of < +/- 1-10% (rsd) are obtained. Comparison of data with certified values and other analytical methods are generally of very good agreement. Lead levels in background areas ranged from 0.0008 to 0.340 microgram/g (fresh weight) for plant material; with the lead magnitude greater for grasses > herbs > vegetables > cereals > fruits. Measured values are in good agreement with reported literature values. The lowest Pb values are for marrow, lettuce, tomato and sweet corn samples (approximately 0.001-0.021 microgram/g). 'Green' leaf material levels were approximately 0.02-0.10 microgram/g (i.e. sprouts and cabbage). Root vegetables contain higher levels, approximately 0.02-0.125 microgram/g (especially carrot), reflecting possible metal uptake from soil. The highest vegetable Pb values are for leek and onion (approximately 0.35 microgram/g). Background values are also provided for nineteen elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn). Exposure to motor vehicle activities at a site some 30 m from the M25 shows only significant increases in Pb for unwashed plant material and surface soils. Typically Pb levels of 40-80% can be removed by washing plant surfaces resulting in metal levels similar to background areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1995

Factors related to the development of sensitization to green coffee and castor bean allergens among coffee workers.

BACKGROUND: Occupational allergic respiratory symptoms in coffee workers have been frequently reported, but the ultimate cause of sensitization is still debated, castor bean being considered besides green coffee beans. Atopy and cigarette smoking have been suggested as promoting factors of sensitization for several occupational allergens. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of allergic respiratory symptoms and of sensitization to both green coffee beans and castor bean in the whole workforce of a coffee manufacturing plant. Furthermore we wanted to ascertain both the presence of castor bean antigens in the settled dust of the green coffee beans warehouse and the possible crossreactivity between the two beans. Meanwhile, the effect of smoking and atopy was considered. METHOD: Two-hundred and eleven workers were examined. A questionnaire on oculorhinitis and asthma was administered and skin-prick tests for green coffee beans, castor bean and 15 common inhalant allergens were carried out. Isoelectric focusing, isoelectric focusing immunoblot and radioallergosorbent assay (RAST) inhibition were performed on samples of settled environmental dust from the green coffee area, as well as on castor bean and green coffee beans. RESULTS: Ten per cent of the workers complained of oculorhinitis alone and 16% of asthma (nearly always associated with oculorhinitis). The overall prevalence of skin-sensitization was: 15% for green coffee beans, 22% for castor bean, 22% for common allergens. Evidence of sensitization to occupational allergens was more common in smokers, with a more than twofold increase in relative risk. The strong association between skin positivity to common and occupational allergens suggests that atopy acts as an enhancing host factor towards occupational sensitization. The analysis of the dust confirmed the presence of castor bean antigens. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that castor bean is the major cause of occupational sensitization among coffee workers, whereas smoking and atopy act as enhancing factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: the types of foods fed to Hispanic infants and toddlers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of breastfeeding and formula feeding, the age of introduction to specific foods, and the types of foods and beverages consumed by Hispanic infants and toddlers compared with similarly aged non-Hispanic infants and toddlers living in the United States. DESIGN: Descriptive and comparative analysis of dietary recall data and responses to specific interview questions, which were collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study. Breastfeeding status, timing of introduction of complementary foods, percentage consuming foods from specific food groups, and the most frequently consumed fruits and vegetables by Hispanic and non-Hispanic children by age group (4-5 months, 6-11 months, 12-24 months). SUBJECTS: A national random sample of 371 Hispanic and 2,637 non-Hispanic infants and toddlers between the ages of 4 and 24 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: To test for differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic children in the percentage who consumed a particular food item, we calculated percentages and standard errors in SUDAAN and 95% and 99% confidence intervals. The most frequently consumed fruits and vegetables were determined by tallying the percentage of infants and toddlers who consumed each specific fruit or vegetable on a given day. RESULTS: Although there were some similarities, the early flavor and food experiences of Hispanic infants were different from similarly aged non-Hispanic infants in several ways. Hispanic infants younger than 1 year of age were more likely to have ever been breastfed and those who were 4 to 5 months were more likely than non-Hispanics to be eating pureed baby foods on a daily basis. Although less likely to be eating non-infant cereals and baby food vegetables, 6- to 11-month-old Hispanics were more likely to be eating fresh fruits, fruit-flavored drinks, baby cookies, and foods such as soups, rice, and beans that are common in many Hispanic cultures. When fruits were introduced into the Hispanic child's diet, they were most commonly consumed fresh. This higher prevalence of being fed soups, rice, beans, and sweetened fruit-flavored drinks as well as tortillas was also observed among the 12- to 24-month-old toddlers. CONCLUSIONS: Dietetics professionals should be aware of the cultural differences in the foods fed to infants and toddlers that may contribute to the development of long-term food preferences and impact on nutrition. Understanding the factors that underlie food preferences is important if we are to develop evidence-based strategies to improve children's eating habits and lower their risks factors associated with obesity and other chronic diseases.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2007

Yam bean seed poisoning mimicking cyanide intoxication.

BACKGROUND: Yam bean is a common food in southern Taiwan. However, its seeds are rarely consumed. We describe five patients of yam bean seed poisoning in Taiwan, one of them life-threatening. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The five patients presented with perioral numbness, nausea and vomiting after eating a same soup made from yam bean seeds. One of them, a 54-year-old woman, had difficulty breathing and lost consciousness. Physical examination showed dilated pupils and coma with no focal neurological signs. The initial blood pressure was normal. Laboratory data showed a severe anion gap metabolic acidosis, with a serum lactate level of 185 mg/dL. An initial diagnosis of cyanide intoxication was considered and she was given sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate i.v. Hypotension ensued shortly afterwards and pulmonary artery catheterization showed a decreased cardiac index. Aggressive fluid and inotropic therapy were given and the patient eventually recovered. The other four patients suffered only minor gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms and received supportive treatment. Cyanide levels were negative in all five patients. CONCLUSION: Yam bean seed poisoning can cause acute metabolic acidosis and altered mental status, which could be confused with acute cyanide intoxication from a cyanogenic glycoside-containing plant. To our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of yam bean seed poisoning reported in the English published work.

Cyanides↗
PubMed2001

Starch and protein digestibility of newly released moth bean cultivars: Effect of soaking, dehulling, germination and pressure cooking.

Effect of soaking (12 h), soaking (12 h) dehulling, germination (60 h) and pressure cooking on starch and protein digestibility of four varieties of moth bean, one Local commonly used by the farmers of the area and three newly released high yielding varieties, Jwala, RMO 225 and RMO 257, was studied. The starch digestibility of raw unprocessed moth bean cultivars differed significantly (P < 0.05) from 25.4-28.2 mg maltose released/g flour being the highest and lowest in RMO 257 and RMO 225, respectively. The protein digestibility differed significantly from 70.3-74.6 per cent among all the unprocessed varieties of moth bean. All the processing treatments namely soaking, dehulling, germination and pressure cooking brought about appreciable enhancement in protein digestibility (1-19%) over the control and starch digestibility (19-115%) of all the four moth bean cultivars. However, out of all the processing treatments, germination (60 h) of soaked seeds (12 h) was the most effective in bringing about improvement in digestibility of starch and protein followed by dehulling and soaking (12 h).

Cooking↗
PubMed2006

Subchronic oral toxicity of a standardized white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) extract in rats.

Dietary supplements containing "starch blockers" are believed to reduce carbohydrate-derived calories by interfering with alpha-amylase, the digestive enzyme responsible for conversion of complex carbohydrates to simple, absorbable sugars. The present paper reports the findings of a 28-day oral toxicity study in rats of Phase 2, a standardized extract derived from the common white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which has been shown to have alpha-amylase-inhibiting activity. In order to establish safety, eighty male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 animals/sex/group) received Phase 2 via oral gavage at doses of 0, 625, 1250, and 2500 mg/kg (7 days/wk) for a period of 31 (males) or 32 (females) days. There were no mortalities, clinical signs, body weight or nutritional effects, gross alterations, clinical or histopathological alterations that were considered attributable to test substance administration. Under conditions of this study and based on toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of Phase 2 was judged to be 2500 mg/kg/day in each sex for administration by oral gavage of a standardized white kidney bean extract, Phase 2 for 28 days.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Significance of a common epitope of plant and animal endomembranes.

A rat monoclonal antibody that was raised against a common epitope on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) endomembranes has been shown to cross-react with microsomal polypeptides from a number of plant and animal species. Immunoblotting has shown that the epitope is present on a large subset of polypeptides on microsomes of five animal species. The antigenic site appears to be accessible on intact bean membranes since it is readily digested by trypsin. The epitope is probably not derived post-translationally since the same Mr range is immunoprecipitated from polypeptides newly synthesized in vivo and in vitro. The polypeptides in bean appear to be regulated independently, one of Mr 58,000, in particular, was highly induced by treatment of suspension cultures with fungal elicitor. Preincubation of membranes enriched with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus with the antibody blocks transfer of radioactivity from one compartment to the other in vitro. The common antigenic site could possibly be concerned in recognition or some fusion event during membrane trafficking within the cell.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Dietary patterns are associated with body mass index in multiethnic women.

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and body mass index among 514 women with different ethnic backgrounds who completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis with orthogonal rotation started with 23 food items and resulted in four factors that accounted for 93% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis with the 16 items that had factor loadings of at least 0.60 validated the four dietary patterns. The most significant dietary pattern, "meat," was characterized by high intake of processed and red meats, fish, poultry, eggs, fats and oils, and condiments. The "vegetable" pattern loaded high on different vegetables, whereas the third pattern named "bean" was high in legumes, tofu and soy protein. The major components of the "cold foods" pattern were fruit, fruit juice and cold breakfast cereals. Although the "meat" pattern was predominant among Hawaiians and the "bean" pattern very common among Chinese and Japanese women, factors two and four were not related to ethnicity. After adjustment for daily energy intake, the "meat" pattern was positively associated with body mass index (r = 0.17, P: = 0.0001), whereas the other three patterns showed negative relationships to body mass index (r = -0.076, P: = 0.084, r = -0.13, P: = 0.003, and r = -0.13, P: = 0.003) for vegetables, beans and cold foods, respectively. The associations were similar in direction and magnitude for all ethnic groups. The study results support the ideas that choosing the right foods may be important in weight control and that food-based dietary patterns may be useful in dietary counseling.

Adult↗