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PubMed1971

The composition of the cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali.

1. The cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali consisted of polysaccharides (85%), protein (4-6%), lipid (5%) and phosphorus (0.1%). 2. The main carbohydrate constituent was d-glucose; smaller amounts of d-glucosamine, d-galactose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, xylose and arabinose were also identified, and 16 common amino acids were detected. 3. Chitin, which accounted for most of the cell-wall glucosamine, was isolated in an undegraded form by an enzymic method. Chitosan was not detected, but traces of glucosamine were found in alkali-soluble and water-soluble fractions. 4. Cell walls were stained dark blue by iodine and were attacked by alpha-amylase, with liberation of glucose, maltose and maltotriose, indicating the existence of chains of alpha-(1-->4)-linked glucopyranose residues. 5. Glucose and gentiobiose were liberated from cell walls by the action of an exo-beta-(1-->3)-glucanase, giving evidence for both beta-(1-->3)- and beta-(1-->6)-glucopyranose linkages. 6. Incubation of cell walls with Helix pomatia digestive enzymes released glucose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a non-diffusible fraction, containing most of the cell-wall galactose, mannose and rhamnose. Part of this fraction was released by incubating cell walls with Pronase; acid hydrolysis yielded galactose 6-phosphate and small amounts of mannose 6-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate as well as other materials. Extracellular polysaccharides of a similar nature were isolated and may be formed by the action of lytic enzymes on the cell wall. 7. About 30% of the cell wall was resistant to the action of the H. pomatia digestive enzymes; the resistant fraction was shown to be a predominantly alpha-(1-->3)-glucan. 8. Fractionation of the cell-wall complex with 1m-sodium hydroxide gave three principal glucan fractions: fraction BB had [alpha](D) +236 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and showed two components on sedimentation analysis; fraction AA(2) had [alpha](D) -71 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and contained predominantly beta-linkages; fraction AA(1) had [alpha](D) +40 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and may contain both alpha- and beta-linkages.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of the dimorphic transition of Candida albicans by the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor 1,4-diaminobutanone: alterations in the glycoprotein composition of the cell wall.

Hyphal development in Candida albicans was selectively blocked by the ornithine decarboxylase competitive inhibitor 1,4-diaminobutanone (DAB). Inhibition of hyphal development required DAB during both yeast inoculum growth and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C to induce mycelial growth. This effect was not due to general growth inhibition since DAB did not inhibit yeast growth, and reduced protein synthesis by 30% at most. Moreover, protein synthesis was unaffected by DAB when cells were pre-grown in drug-containing media. Since DAB inhibited dimorphic transition at 37 degrees C, morphology- and temperature-dependent protein synthesis could be distinguished. DAB stimulated the synthesis of several yeast wall-proteins, irrespective of morphology or growth temperature, and two at 37 degrees C only, but it inhibited the synthesis of a single mycelial-specific glycoprotein species.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1961

Colonial growth of Neurospora. Sorbose and enzymes alter the composition of the cell wall and induce morphological changes.

L-Sorbose, an agent which induces colonial growth in Neurospora crassa, also induces structural changes in the cell wall. Acid hydrolyzates of cell walls isolated from sorbose-grown (colonial) hyphae contain more glucosamine and less glucose than do hydrolyzates of cell walls obtained from normally growing hyphae. Snail digestive juice, an agent which effects a structural change in the cell wall of N. crassa by liberating from it large quantities of glucose, has been found to induce colonial growth.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1965

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL-WALL PREPARATIONS FROM STRAINS OF VARIOUS FORM-GENERA OF AEROBIC ACTINOMYCETES.

Cell-wall preparations were made from more than 140 strains of aerobic actinomycetes representing most of the form-genera that have been proposed. All cell-wall preparations contained as major constituents glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. In addition, cell-wall preparations from various types of streptomycetes and strains of Microëllobosporia contained glycine and ll-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; those from strains of most Actinoplanaceae and micromonosporae contained glycine and meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; those from strains of Thermoactinomyces, Microbispora, Dermatophilus, and nocardiae of the madurae-pelletieri group contained meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid; and those from strains of Thermomonospora, Micropolyspora, and most nocardiae contained meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose. All the strains used were also studied morphologically.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1975

Preparation and chemical composition of the cell walls of Streptococcus mutans.

Purified cell walls from Streptococcus mutans strain BHT were prepared without the use of proteolytic enzymes in order to retain all cell wall constituents for chemical analysis. Of four methods employed, the Ribi cell fractionator produced disrupted cell suspensions which could be most thoroughly purified on sucrose gradients. Results of chemical analyses on purified cell walls prepared in this 8.9% glycerol teichoic acid, 33.6% non-peptidoglycan polysaccharide, and 49.9% peptidoglycan.

Absorption↗
PubMed1971

Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Triton X-100, and lysozyme on the morphology and chemical composition of isolate cell walls of Escherichia coli.

Extraction of a partially purified preparation of cell walls from Escherichia coli with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 removed all cytoplasmic membrane contamination but did not affect the normal morphology of the cell wall. This Triton-treated preparation, termed the "Triton-insoluble cell wall," contained all of the protein of the cell wall but only about half of the lipopolysaccharide and one-third of the phospholipid of the cell wall. This Triton-insoluble cell wall preparation was used as a starting material in an investigation of several further treatments. Reextraction of the Triton-insoluble cell wall with either Triton X-100 or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) caused no further solubilization of protein. However, when the Triton-insoluble cell wall was extracted with a combination of Triton X-100 and EDTA, about half of the protein and all of the remaining lipopolysaccharide and phospholipid were solubilized. The material which remained insoluble after this combined Triton and EDTA extraction still retained some of the morphological features of the intact cell wall. Treatment of the Triton-insoluble cell wall with lysozyme resulted in a destruction of the peptidoglycan layer as seen in the electron microscope and in a release of diaminopimelic acid from the cell wall but did not solubilize any cell wall protein. Extraction of this lysozyme-treated preparation with a combination of Triton X-100 and EDTA again solubilized about half of the cell wall protein but resulted in a drastic change in the morphology of the Triton-EDTA-insoluble material. After this treatment, the insoluble material formed lamellar structures. These results are interpreted in terms of the types of noncovalent bonds involved in maintaining the organized structure of the cell wall and suggest that the main forces involved are hydrophobic protein-protein interactions between the cell wall proteins and to a lesser degree a stabilization of protein-protein and protein-lipopolysaccharide interactions by divalent cations. A model for the structure of the E. coli cell wall is presented.

Amines↗
PubMed1967

Chemical composition of the cell walls of Bacillus stearothermophilus.

Cell walls were isolated by mechanical disruption of mid-log phase cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus NCA 1503-4R grown in Trypticase-yeast extract-fructose medium at 55 C. The cell walls were purified by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and incubation with deoxyribonuclease and trypsin. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained glucosamine, muramic acid, alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid, and glutamic acid. Low amounts of glycine, galactosamine, serine, aspartic acid, lysine, and valine were also present. The relative mole ratios of glutamic acid-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid-glycine-alanine were 1.00:1.26:0.08:1.55. The cell walls were free from ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid and contained less than 0.2% chloroform-methanol extractable lipid and 0.09 mumole of phosphorus per mg of cell wall. Teichoic acid was not detected in the cell walls of this organism. Cell walls isolated without treatment with SDS contained 7.5% chloroform-methanol extractable lipid, 0.24 mumole of phosphorus per mg of cell wall, and relatively high concentrations of all amino acids. These results suggest that the extracted lipid is not a cell wall component per se, but a contaminant from the lipoprotein cell membrane.

Amino Acids↗