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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Antennal and behavioral responses of grapevine moth Lobesia botrana females to volatiles from grapevine.

Grapevine moth Lobesia botrana is the economically most important insect of grapevine Vitis vinifera in Europe. Flower buds, flowers, and green berries of Chardonnay grapevine are known to attract L. botrana for oviposition. The volatile compounds collected from these phenological stages were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the antennal response of L. botrana females to these headspace collections was recorded by gas chromatography-electroantennography. The compounds found in all phenological stages, which consistently elicited a strong antennal response, were pentadecane, nonanal, and alpha-farnesene. In a wind tunnel, gravid L. botrana females flew upwind to green grapes, as well as to headspace collections from these berries released by a piezoelectric sprayer release device. However, no females landed at the source of headspace volatiles, possibly due to inappropriate concentrations or biased ratios of compounds in the headspace extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vitex agnus-castus is a preferred host plant for Hyalesthes obsoletus.

Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret (Homoptera: Cixiidae) is a polyphagous planthopper that transmits stolbur phytoplasma (a causative agent of "yellows" disease) to various weeds, members of the Solanaceae, and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Europe and the Middle East. Planthoppers were collected by hand vacuuming eight native plant species. Vitex agnus-castus L., a shrub in the Verbenaceae, hosted the largest number of H. obsoletus, although Olea europaea L. also served as a host for adults. Using a Y-olfactometer, we compared the planthoppers relative preference for V. agnus-castus, Convolvulus arvensis, and V. vinifera. V. agnus-castus was more attractive to both male and female H. obsoletus than the other plants. H. obsoletus antennal response was stronger to volatiles collected from V. agnuscastus than from Cabernet Sauvignon variety of V. vinifera. To determine if V. agnus-castus would serve as a reservoir for the pathogen, H. obsoletus were collected from leaf and stem samples of native V. agnus-castus, and were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of phytoplasma DNA. While 14% and 25% (2003 and 2004, respectively) of the insects tested positive for phytoplasma DNA, none of the plant samples tested positive. To determine if V. agnus-castus could serve as a host plant for the development of the planthopper, we placed emergence cages beneath field shrubs and enclosed wild-caught H. obsoletus in a cage with a potted young shrub. We found adult H. obsoletus in the emergence cases and planthopper nymphs in the soil of the potted plant. We concluded that V. agnus-castus is attractive to H. obsoletus, which seems to be refractory to phytoplasma infections and warrants further testing as a trap plant near vineyards.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Two new grape cultivars, bud sports of Cabernet Sauvignon bearing pale-coloured berries, are the result of deletion of two regulatory genes of the berry colour locus.

Bud sports are infrequent changes in phenotype affecting shoots of woody perennials but the molecular basis of these mutations has rarely been identified. In this report, we show that the bronze-coloured berries of the Malian cultivar, a documented bud sport of the wine grape Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.), lack anthocyanins in the subepidermal cells compared to the red/black berried Cabernet Sauvignon in which both the epidermis and several subepidermal cell layers contain anthocyanin. The Malian phenotype is correlated with an alteration in the genome indicated by a reduction of hybridisation signal using a MYBA probe. In Shalistin, a white-berried bud sport of Malian, the red allele at the berry colour locus appears to have been deleted completely. These data suggest that Malian could be a L1/L2 periclinal chimera, which gave rise to Shalistin by an invasion of epidermal cells (L1) by the mutated subepidermal cells (L2). The red grape Pinot Noir has given rise to a number of pale coloured sports, although the provenance of the extant sports is not known. We show that a clone of Pinot Blanc (white-berried) does not have a deletion of the red allele of the same dimensions as that in Shalistin, though a small deletion is a likely explanation for the altered phenotype. However, the mechanism of deletion of the red allele of the berry colour locus is a possible means by which other red to white clonal mutations of grapevines have occurred.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Consequences of transferring three sorghum genes for secondary metabolite (cyanogenic glucoside) biosynthesis to grapevine hairy roots.

A multigenic trait (biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite, dhurrin cyanogenic glucoside) was engineered de novo in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). This follows a recent report of transfer of the same trait to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using three genetic sequences from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): two cytochrome P450-encoding cDNAs (CYP79A1 and CYP71E1) and a UDPG-glucosyltransferase-encoding cDNA (sbHMNGT). Here we describe the two-step process involving whole plant transformation followed by hairy root transformation, which was used to transfer the same three sorghum sequences to grapevine. Transgenic grapevine hairy root lines that accumulated transcript from none, one (sbHMNGT), two (CYP79A1 and CYP71E1) or all three transgenes were recovered and characterisation of these lines provided information about the requirements for dhurrin biosynthesis in grapevine. Only lines that accumulated transcripts from all three transgenes had significantly elevated cyanide potential (up to the equivalent of about 100 mg HCN kg(-1) fresh weight), and levels were highly variable. One dhurrin-positive line was tested and found to release cyanide upon maceration and can therefore be considered 'cyanogenic'. In in vitro dual co-culture of this cyanogenic hairy root line or an acyanogenic line with the specialist root-sucking, gall-forming, aphid-like insect, grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Fitch), there was no evidence for protection of the cyanogenic plant tissue from infestation by the insect. Consistently high levels of dhurrin accumulation may be required for this to occur. The possibility that endogenous grapevine gene expression is modulated in response to engineered dhurrin biosynthesis was investigated using microarray analysis of 1225 grapevine ESTs, but differences in patterns of gene expression associated with dhurrin-positive and dhurrin-negative phenotypes were not identified.

Nitriles↗
PubMed2006

The grapevine polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (VvPGIP1) reduces Botrytis cinerea susceptibility in transgenic tobacco and differentially inhibits fungal polygalacturonases.

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) selectively inhibit polygalacturonases (PGs) secreted by invading plant pathogenic fungi. PGIPs display differential inhibition towards PGs from different fungi, also towards different isoforms of PGs originating from a specific pathogen. Recently, a PGIP-encoding gene from Vitis vinifera (Vvpgip1) was isolated and characterised. PGIP purified from grapevine was shown to inhibit crude polygalacturonase extracts from Botrytis cinerea, but this inhibitory activity has not yet been linked conclusively to the activity of the Vvpgip1 gene product. Here we use a transgenic over-expression approach to show that the PGIP encoded by the Vvpgip1 gene is active against PGs of B. cinerea and that over-expression of this gene in transgenic tobacco confers a reduced susceptibility to infection by this pathogen. A calculated reduction in disease susceptibility of 47-69% was observed for a homogeneous group of transgenic lines that was statistically clearly separated from untransformed control plants following infection with Botrytis over a 15-day-period. VvPGIP1 was subsequently purified from transgenic tobacco and used to study the specific inhibition profile of individual PGs from Botrytis and Aspergillus. The heterologously expressed and purified VvPGIP1 selectively inhibited PGs from both A. niger and B. cinerea, including BcPG1, a PG from B. cinerea that has previously been shown to be essential for virulence and symptom development. Altogether our data confirm the antifungal nature of the VvPGIP1, and the in vitro inhibition data suggest at least in part, that the VvPGIP1 contributed to the observed reduction in disease symptoms by inhibiting the macerating action of certain Botrytis PGs in planta. The ability to correlate inhibition profiles to individual PGs provides a more comprehensive analysis of PGIPs as antifungal genes with biotechnological potential, and adds to our understanding of the importance of PGIP:PG interactions during disease and symptom development in plants.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2006

Silencing of chaperonin 21, that was differentially expressed in inflorescence of seedless and seeded grapes, promoted seed abortion in tobacco and tomato fruits.

Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Thompson Seedless' presents a type of stenospermocarpy in grape where fertilization occurs but seeds abort and fail to develop. To unravel the molecular basis for stenospermocarpy in grapes, subtractive hybridization was carried out in order to isolate differentially regulated genes that participate in the seedlessness machinery. Two 'Thompson' lines, a seeded and a seedless, were screened during different flower developmental stages. One of the genes, that was differentially expressed between the seeded and seedless lines, was the chloroplast chaperonin 21 (ch-Cpn21). ch-Cpn21 is a 21-kDa co-chaperonin polypeptide formed by two GroES-like domains fused together in tandem. Silencing of ch-Cpn21 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants resulted in leaf stunting, chlorosis, as well as ovary necrogenesis leading to seed abortion. Moreover, organ-specific silencing of ch-Cpn21 only in Lycopersicum esculentum fruits resulted in the development of seedless tomatoes. These results suggest that ch-Cpn21 may play a role in seed abortion in stenospermocarpic grapes.

Chaperonins↗
PubMed2005

Genome sequences and structures of two biologically distinct strains of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 and sequence analysis.

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2), a member of the genus Closterovirus within Closteroviridae, is implicated in several important diseases of grapevines including "leafroll", "graft-incompatibility", and "quick decline" worldwide. Several GLRaV-2 isolates have been detected from different grapevine genotypes. However, the genomes of these isolates were not sequenced or only partially sequenced. Consequently, the relationship of these viral isolates at the molecular level has not been determined. Here, we group the various GLRaV-2 isolates into four strains based on their coat protein gene sequences. We show that isolates "PN" (originated from Vitis vinifera cv. "Pinot noir"), "Sem" (from V. vinifera cv. "Semillon") and "94/970" (from V. vinifera cv. "Muscat of Alexandria") belong to the same strain, "93/955" (from hybrid "LN-33") and "H4" (from V. rupestris "St. George") each represents a distinct strain, while Grapevine rootstock stem lesion-associated virus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Editing of the grapevine mitochondrial cytochrome b mRNA and molecular modeling of the protein.

Cytochrome b (COB), the central catalytic subunit of ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase, is a component of the transmembrane electron transfer chain that generates proton motive force. Some plant COB mRNAs are processed by RNA editing, which changes the gene coding sequence. This report presents the sequences of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) mitochondrial gene for apocytochrome b (cob), the edited mRNA and the deduced protein. Grapevine COB is 393 amino acids long and is 98% identical to homologs in rapeseed, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oenothera sp. Twenty-one C-U editing sites were identified in the grapevine cob mRNA, resulting in 20 amino acid changes. These changes increase the overall hydrophobicity of the protein and result in a more conserved protein. Molecular modeling of grapevine COB shows that residues changed by RNA editing fit the secondary structure characteristic of an integral membrane protein. This is the first complete mitochondrial gene reported for grapevine. Novel RNA editing sites were identified in grapevine cob, which have not been previously reported for other plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Screening for anthocyanins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring.

A systematic method for anthocyanin identification using tandems mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detection (PDA) was developed. Scan for the precursor ions of commonly found anthocyanidins (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and peonidin) using LC/MS/MS on a triple quadrupole instrument allows for the specific determination of each category of anthocyanins. Further characterization of each anthocyanin was performed using MS/MS product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring (SRM). The method was demonstrated for analysis of anthocyanins in black raspberries, red raspberries, highbush blueberries, and grapes (Vitis vinifera). Previous reported anthocyanins in black raspberries and red raspberries are confirmed and characterized. Common-neutral-loss analysis allows for the distinction of anthocyanin glucosides or galactoside and arabinosides in highbush blueberries. Separation and identification of anthocyanin glucosides and galactosides were achieved by LC/MS/MS using SRM. Anthocyanin isomers such as cyanidin sophoroside and 3,5-diglucoside were differentiated by their fragmentation pattern during product-ion analysis. Fifteen anthocyanins (all possible combinations of five anthocyanidins and three sugars) were characterized in highbush blueberries. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside were detected and characterized for the first time in grapes. The present approach allows mass spectrometry to be used as a highly selective detector for rapid identification and characterization of anthocyanins and can be used as a sensitive procedure for screening anthocyanins in fruits and vegetables.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2004

Genotoxic evaluation of a vinifera skin extract that present pharmacological activities.

Toxicity of an alcohol-free hydro-alcoholic grape skin extract (GSE) obtained from red grapes Vitis labrusca (Isabel varietal) that present antihypertensive, vasodilator and antioxidant effects was estimated by different bioassays. Using the Salmonella/microsome assay for strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102 no mutagenicity was detected for all tested concentrations (0.1-100 microg/ml), even with metabolization. Nevertheless, cytotoxicity was observed for TA97 and TA102 with and without metabolization and for TA100 with metabolization. The measurement of beta-galactosidase induction in the SOS-chromotest was positive only for Escherichia coli PQ37 when metabolization enzymes were present. Using Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, DNA strand breaks induction by GSE was also investigated by the comet assay and no significative difference was detected for treated and no treated DNA for 60 min. Our data suggest that GSE although no mutagenic presents cytotoxic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

De novo synthesis of monoterpenes by Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts.

This paper reports the production of monoterpenes, which elicit a floral aroma in wine, by strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Terpenes, which are typical components of the essential oils of flowers and fruits, are also present as free and glycosylated conjugates amongst the secondary metabolites of certain wine grape varieties of Vitis vinifera. Hence, when these compounds are present in wine they are considered to originate from grape and not fermentation. However, the biosynthesis of monoterpenes by S. cerevisiae in the absence of grape derived precursors is shown here to be of de novo origin in wine yeast strains. Higher concentration of assimilable nitrogen increased accumulation of linalool and citronellol. Microaerobic compared with anaerobic conditions favored terpene accumulation in the ferment. The amount of linalool produced by some strains of S. cerevisiae could be of sensory importance in wine production. These unexpected results are discussed in relation to the known sterol biosynthetic pathway and to an alternative pathway for terpene biosynthesis not previously described in yeast.

Acyclic Monoterpenes↗
PubMed2026

Recovery of polysaccharides from marc and pomace through sequential extractions assisted by ultrasound, enzymes and acid maceration.

This study evaluated the pilot-scale recovery of polysaccharides from Vitis vinifera pomace/marc using sequential extraction strategies combining high-power ultrasound (UAE), enzymes (EAE), and acid maceration (AAE). Laboratory-scale trials identified optimal conditions for enzyme dosage and liquid/solid ratio (L/S). Pilot-scale trials demonstrated that the extraction sequence and the processing byproducts influenced extraction efficiency, total soluble polysaccharide in the extract (TSP), and polysaccharide composition. Post-maceration at pH 3.2, with/without the maximum enzyme dose after UAE in a L/S of 1.3/1, improved structural polysaccharide extraction from Viura pomace, while Tempranillo marc showed better recovery of pectic families and TSP with UAE + EAE. Separating grape pomace extract (UAE) from the post-maceration stage at pH 3.2 produced two extracts: E1, with higher yield (19.9%), enriched in structural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, and E2, enriched in high and medium molecular weight pectic polysaccharides (58.03%), a low degree of esterification (17.1%) and more complex rhamnogalacturan structures.

Polysaccharides↗
PubMed2006

Yeasts isolated from three varieties of grapes cultivated in different locations of the Dolenjska vine-growing region, Slovenia.

The number and diversity of yeasts on grape berry surfaces are influenced by several factors, such as grape variety, degree of grape maturity at harvest, climatological conditions, geographic location, physical damage of grapes, the intensity of pest management etc. Cvicek is a typical Slovene wine, which has obtained a special protection under the Slovene Wine Law for its geographical origin. This blended red wine is produced from different grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.), mostly from red grapes of Zametovka and Modra frankinja and from white grapes of Kraljevina. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of geographical locations in the Dolenjska vine-growing region and to obtain precise information about the influence of different grape varieties on the composition of yeast community on grape berries. The restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified fragments from the rDNA gene cluster (PCR RFLP of rDNA) has been used for the differentiation of yeast species. The standard identification procedure has been performed on representative strains that shared identical RFLP profiles. The number of yeasts and yeast species isolated varied according to different grape varieties, Zametovka, Modra frankinja and Kraljevina (V. vinifera L.) and according to different sampling location. On the surface of grape berries 13 different yeast species have been identified. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has not been found.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed2005

Possible role of catalase in post-dormancy bud break in grapevines.

Changes in the activity of catalase (Cat) and in the levels of H2O2 were followed throughout dormancy in buds of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). In grapevines grown in the Elqui valley in Chile, a region with warm-winters, the activity of Cat increased during the recess period of buds, reaching a maximum and thereafter decreased to less than one third of its maximal activity. Three isoforms of Cat were detected in extracts of buds by native PAGE analysis, and the extracted activity was inhibited competitively by hydrogen cyanamide (HC), a potent bud-break agent. Furthermore, HC applications to field-grown grapevines in addition to the expected effect on advancing bud break, reduced the Cat activity during bud dormancy. Similar reductions were observed during dormancy in buds of grapevines grown in the Central valley in Chile, a region with temperate winters, suggesting that HC and winter chilling inhibits the activity of the main H2O2 degrading enzyme in grape buds. A transient rise in H2O2 levels preceded the release of buds from endodormancy, moreover, the peak of H2O2 and the onset of bud break occurred earlier in HC treated than in control grapevines, suggesting the participation of H2O2 as a signal molecule in the release of endodormancy in grape buds. The relationship between Cat inhibition, rise in H2O2 levels and initiation of bud break are discussed.

Catalase↗
PubMed2005

Changes and subcellular localizations of the enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism during grape berry development.

The phenylpropanoid pathway yields a variety of phenolics that are closely associated with fruit qualities in addition to structural and defense-related functions. However, very little has been reported concerning its metabolism in fruit. This experiment was designed to assess changes of eleven phenolic acids in grape berry (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) and explore both the activities and amounts of three key enzymes--phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL)--catalyzing the biosynthesis of these compounds during berry development. Finally, the subcellular localizations of the enzymes within berry tissues were also investigated using immuno-gold electron microscopic technique. The results indicated that the contents of gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic and caffeic acid all changed drastically during berry development, while other compounds containing p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid varied only slightly. Activities of PAL, C4H and 4CL showed similar pattern changes with two accumulated peaks throughout berry development. In addition, their activities all showed a highly positive correlation with the total contents of phenolic acids, whereas the immunoblotting analysis showed that changes in enzyme activities were independent of the enzyme amounts. Results from the subcellular-localization study revealed that PAL was mainly present in the cell walls, secondarily thickened walls, and the parenchyma cells of the berry mesocarp cells, C4H was found primarily in the chloroplast (plastid) and nucleus and 4CL predominantly in the secondarily thickened walls and the parenchyma cells of mesocarp vascular tissue.

Coenzyme A Ligases↗
PubMed2006

The symptomless leaf infection with grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 in grown in vitro plants as a simple model system for investigation of viral effects on photosynthesis.

The photosynthetic changes evaluated by oxygen evolution, chlorophyll fluorescence, photoacoustics, and delayed fluorescence (DF) were studied in leaves of grown in vitro for 8 weeks grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera) infected by grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3). The infected leaves were characterized during the viral infection without visible disease symptoms. The symptomless infection led to a decrease in plant biomass. The non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, qN, declined, whereas the photochemical quenching, qP, and the Chl a/b ratio were not significantly affected. Photoacoustic and oxygen evolution measurements showed that the energy storage and oxygen evolution rate decreased in the infected leaves. Enhanced alternative electron sinks during the symptomless viral infection were also estimated. The changes in fluorescence and DF temperature curves demonstrated an enhanced stability of the thylakoid membranes in the infected leaves. This effect was clearly expressed at high actinic light intensities. The viral infected in vitro grown grapevine plants were used in the present study as a simplified model system that allow to avoid the involvement of different environmental factors that could interfere with the GLRaV infection and the virus-grapevine interactions. Thus, the 'pure' impact of the viral infection on photosynthesis could be investigated.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2004

Heyneanol A induces apoptosis via cytochrome c release and caspase activation in human leukemic U937 cells.

Heyneanol A, a tetramer of resveratrol, is isolated from the roots of Vitis amurensis by cytotoxicity based fractionation. In this study, the mechanism of apoptosis by heyneanol A was evaluated in human leukemic U937 cells. Heyneanol A (IC(50) = 6.6 microM at 24 h) exhibited stronger cytotoxic effect than resveratrol (IC(50) = 100 microM at 24 h) by 15-fold on human leukemic U937 cells by XTT assay. Apoptotic bodies were observed in U937 cells treated with 6 microM of heyneanol A by TUNEL assay. Heyneanol A effectively increased the portion of sub-G(1) DNA content in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by flow cytometric analysis. Heyneanol A also induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and subsequent caspase activation involving caspase 9 and 3 to cleave PARP. However, it did not affect the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 by western blotting. It was confirmed that the activation of caspase 8, 9 and 3 and the cleavage of PARP by heyneanol A were completely blocked by adding Z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor. These findings suggest that heyneanol A has anti-tumor activity, which may be mediated by apoptosis caused by cytochrome c release and caspase activation in human leukemic U937 cells.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Detection of Xylella fastidiosa from resistant and susceptible grapevine by tissue sectioning and membrane entrapment immunofluorescence.

Immunofluorescence detection was performed by tissue sectioning and membrane entrapment of Xylella fastidiosa from the inoculated hybrid selection F8909-08 (Vitis rupestris A. de Serres x V. arizonica/candicans b43-17; resistant) and Chardonnay (susceptible). In both techniques, tissue sections and bacteria-trapped polycarbonate membranes were incubated with specific polyclonal IgG and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated IgG from rabbits to X. fastidiosa cells. The stained preparations were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Rapid identification of the bacteria within 3 weeks post inoculation (wpi) was possible in thin cross sections of the petioles, which allowed penetration of the specific antibody. Examination of the bacteria over time was also possible, and allowed observation of bacterial multiplication and invasion of xylem vessels. The membrane entrapment technique was able to isolate bacteria at low concentrations in infected but asymptomatic plants.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗