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PubMed2006

Effects of liquid storage on amidase activity, DNA fragmentation and motility of turkey spermatozoa.

Short-term liquid storage of turkey semen is of great interest in the management of turkey reproduction due to the extensive use of artificial insemination. This study examined changes in DNA fragmentation (using a comet assay), sperm motility characteristics (using computer-aided sperm analysis), and amidase activity (using a colorimetric assay) of turkey sperm stored for 24 and 48 h. In addition we found that turkey spermatozoa contain besides acrosin, additional two serine proteinases of molecular weight of 34 and 42 kDa. We found that, after 48 h of liquid storage, decreases in sperm motility characteristics and increases in amidase activity and DNA fragmentation occurred. An increase of amidase activity was found after 24h. Decreases in sperm motility and increase in DNA fragmentation were found after 48 h of storage. These data suggest that a decrease in turkey sperm quality during short-term storage is related to disturbances to the acrosome, presumably related to premature activation of acrosomal serine proteinases, and to a lesser extent a decrease in sperm motility characteristics and damage of sperm DNA.

Acrosome↗
PubMed2005

The history and activities of transplantation in Turkey.

The cornerstone events of transplantation history in Turkey are summarized herein. In 1975, we performed the first living-related renal transplant in Turkey. This was followed in 1978, by the first deceased donor kidney transplantation, using an organ supplied by Eurotransplant. In 1979 the law on harvesting, storage, grafting, and transplantation of organs and tissues was enacted; later that year, the first local deceased donor kidney transplantation was performed by our team. In 1988, another groundbreaking event in Turkey was successfully achieved; the first cadaveric liver transplantation; and in 1990, the first pediatric living-related segmental liver transplantation in Turkey and in the region by our team. One month later, an adult-to-adult living-related liver transplantation was successfully performed. Until now, we have performed 1506 kidney and since 1988, 121 liver transplantations. During 29 years of solid organ transplantation history in Turkey, 6686 kidney transplants have been performed nationwide in 28 different centers; 696 livers; 13278 corneas; 2883 bone marrow; 132 hearts; and 15 pancreas transplants. In 2001, the health ministry established the National Coordination Center as an umbrella organization to promote transplantation activities, especially for deceased donor organ procurement. Transplantation activities are accelerating day by day all around the country, but deceased donors are still far below the desired rates. Improvements in the fields of education and coordination should increase the quality and the quantity of transplantation activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Diurnal and circadian rhythms in melatonin synthesis in the turkey pineal gland and retina.

The pineal gland and retina of the turkey rhythmically produce melatonin. In birds kept under a daily light-dark (LD) illumination cycle melatonin concentrations in the pineal gland and retina were low during the light phase and high during the dark phase. A similar melatonin rhythm with high night-time values was also observed in the plasma. The pineal and retinal melatonin rhythms mirror oscillations in the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT; the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway). In contrast, in both the pineal gland and retina the activity of the enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) did not exhibit significant changes throughout the 24-h period. Acute exposure of turkeys to light at night dramatically decreased melatonin levels in the pineal gland, retina and plasma. The rhythms in AANAT activity and melatonin concentrations in the turkey pineal gland and retina were circadian in nature as they persisted under conditions of constant darkness (DD). Under DD, however, the amplitudes of AANAT and melatonin rhythms were significantly lower (by 50-80%) than those found under the LD cycle. The findings indicate that melatonin rhythmicity in the turkey pineal gland and retina is regulated both by light and the endogenous circadian clock. The rapid dampening of the rhythms under DD suggests that of these two regulatory factors, environmental light may be the primary stimulus in the maintenance of the high amplitude melatonin rhythms in the turkey.

Acetylserotonin O-Methyltransferase↗
PubMed2003

Sero-epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in an urban paediatric population in Turkey.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) seroprevalence rate is known to be 25-60% in Turkey with the highest prevalence in the east and south-east. There are insufficient data on sero-epidemiology of HBV infection in children living in East Turkey. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HBV infection in 6-17 year olds living in the largest city in East Turkey, and to correlate the serological results with epidemiological data. A total of 1091 serum samples were tested for hepatititis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall seroprevalence rate was 9.7% and was correlated with age (P = 0.011). No statistical difference was detected between subjects with or without risk factors (P = 0.77). The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 1.8%, and it was higher in children with a low socio-economic status (P = 0.047). The educational status of the parents and sibling size did not affect the rate of total seroprevalence or HBsAg seroprevalence. Although we found that the HBV seroprevalence rate in East Turkey was not as high as reported previously, we emphasize the importance of screening children in order to identify asymptomatic patients in Turkey until HBV infection is entirely eradicated with vaccination programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acrosin activity in turkey spermatozoa: assay by clinical method and effect of zinc and benzamidine on the activity.

We optimized a clinical assay developed for measuring total acrosin activity for mammalian and fish semen for use in turkey spermatozoa. The main modifications included dilution of semen to a final concentration of 25 to 1000 x 10(3) spermatozoa, an increase of Triton X-100 concentration to 0.05% and 1 hr preincubation without substrate, Acrosin activity in turkey spermatozoa was much higher than in human spermatozoa (about 100-times) but similar to that of boar sperm. To optimize this assay for turkey spermatozoa, it was necessary to use higher Triton X-100 concentrations in the reaction mixture. There was a better catalytic efficiency at higher temperatures and a special requirement for a preincubation period for proacrosin activation. We observed high inhibition of acrosin activity by zinc added during preincubation (90% at 0.01 mM of zinc chloride). Benzamidine also inhibited turkey acrosin, and the extent of inhibition was similar for the incubation or preincubation period. When zinc ions were added during incubation, this inhibition was lower (24%). The results suggest that zinc influences proacrosin activation of turkey spermatozoa. This influence may be important for successful long-term storage of spermatozoa in the hen's oviduct.

Acrosin↗
PubMed2001

Child abuse in Turkey: an experience in overcoming denial and a description of 50 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To share the experiences of the first clinical multidisciplinary child abuse and neglect (CAN) team in Turkey with international child abuse community. METHODS: The authors established the first Turkish CAN follow-up team at Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital. Following a training program in five teaching hospitals in Izmir, the authors kept a record of every case diagnosed with CAN from these hospitals between 1996 and 1998. The demographic, epidemiologic, and medical features of this case series are summarized. RESULTS: Fifty cases were diagnosed and followed-up. Seventy-six percent of patients were reported from Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital. Age and sex distribution was 9.2 +/- 6.7 years and 46% male, 54% female, respectively. The offenders were only father in 38%, only mother in 28%, and multiple in 34%. More than three CAN risk factors were present in 94%. Of the children reported 44% survived, 14% died, and 42% were lost to follow-up. Sixteen percent were free of reabuse, and 42% survived with handicaps. CONCLUSIONS: Child abuse and neglect is a reality in Turkey. The team's work increased pediatricians' awareness of CAN. Reporting these cases to Social Affairs Bureau was established for the first time in Turkey. Physicians in Turkey need training to diagnose and properly report CAN. The implemen tation of a national CAN prevention program is an urgent need for Turkey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Turkey and chicken interleukin-18 (IL18) share high sequence identity, but have different polyadenylation sites in their 3' UTR.

The cDNA of turkey interleukin-18 (IL18) was cloned, initially using oligonucleotide primers based on the sequence of the chicken IL18 gene. The coding regions of the turkey and chicken IL18 genes are highly conserved (96.1% nucleotide identical and 97.4% amino acid identical). The 3' UTR of the turkey IL18 mRNA contains two 'instability' motifs and a canonical polyadenylation site, as compared to the chicken IL18 mRNA which contains only one instability motif and lacks a canonical polyadenylation site. Phylogenetic analysis shows that turkey and chicken IL18 have diverged to a less extent than IL18 from closely related mammalian species. We predict that turkey and chicken IL18 will cross-react in functional assays.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines on horizontal transmission of S. arizonae in turkeys and S. gallinarum in chickens.

Salmonella arizonae (SA) and S. gallinarum (SG) are of economic importance to international poultry production because of their pathogenesis in young poultry during the first week after hatching. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown immune lymphokines (ILK) produced by S. enteritidis (SE)-immunized chickens provide protection against SE organ invasion in day-old chickens and turkey poults. Previous studies have also demonstrated that SG organ invasion was significantly decreased by administration of ILK to broiler chicks. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of ILK on the incidence of horizontal transmission of SA in turkey poults and of SG in broiler chicks. The effect of ILK administration on horizontal transmission of SA in poults and SG in chicks was assessed in a seeder/contact model. Seeders were challenged with the appropriate bacterium (SA turkeys, SG chicks), contacts were either untreated or administered ILK. Seeders and contacts cohabited within an experimental group throughout the experiment. Mortality and organ invasion as a result of horizontal transmission were determined. There were no significant differences in mortality between non-treated and ILK-treated contact poults. In contrast, SG was extremely pathogenic to young broiler chicks. Non-treated contact chicks had a mortality rate of approximately 68% whereas significant (P < 0.05) reduction in mortality was demonstrated in the contact chicks treated with ILK (15%). Horizontal transmission, as determined by organ invasion, of SA to contact turkey poults and SG to contact broiler chicks was also significantly (P <0.05) decreased by immunoprophylactic administration of ILK. Bacterial recovery of SA from the liver/spleen and the cecal tonsil in contact poults and SG from contact chicks treated with ILK was dramatically reduced when compared to non-treated contact poults and chicks. Our results strongly suggest the immunoprophylactic administration of SE-immune lymphokines to young turkey poults and broiler chicks significantly reduces the horizontal transmission of Salmonella in poultry. These results suggest the possibilities of using a non-vaccine immunologically-based preventative strategy against Salmonella in poultry.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2000

The spoilage microflora of cured, cooked turkey breasts prepared commercially with or without smoking.

Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus was predominant in the spoilage flora of sliced, vacuum-packed, smoked, oven-cooked turkey breast fillets which developed mild, sour spoilage flavors after 4 weeks storage at 4 degrees C. In contrast, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides predominated in the spoilage flora of sliced, vacuum-packed, unsmoked, boiled turkey breast fillets from the same plant which were also stored at 4 degrees C. The spoilage flora of the unsmoked breasts grew faster than that of the smoked breasts and was more diverse. Lactobacillus sakei, Weissella viridescens and an atypical group of leuconostoc-like bacteria were also members of the unsmoked turkey breasts flora. Consequently, the unsmoked breasts spoiled after 2 weeks at 4 degrees C: the packs swelled and the meat developed strong sour odors and flavors and abundant slime. Except for the unidentified leuconostocs, which apparently survived boiling of the unsmoked turkey, all the spoilage organisms contaminated the meats during the slicing and vacuum packaging operations. From their biochemical reactions and cellular fatty acid profiles, the atypical leuconostocs were more closely related to Leuconostoc carnosum than W. viridescens. Carnobacteria and Brochothrix thermosphacta were present in relatively large numbers on the raw turkey, but were not numerous in the spoilage flora of the cooked, vacuum-packed meat products.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys.

Our earlier studies demonstrating avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA in wild geese, sparrows, swallows, starlings and mallard ducks suggested that wild birds might be involved in the circulation of APV in the United States. To determine whether turkey virus can be transmitted to the free flying birds, we placed APV-negative mallard ducks next to a turkey farm experiencing a severe APV outbreak and in an area with a large population of waterfowls. The sentinel ducks did not develop clinical APV disease but infectious APV (APV/MN-12) was recovered from choanal swabs after 2 weeks, and anti-APV antibodies detected after 4 weeks. Four APV isolates recovered from the neighboring turkeys that were experiencing an APV outbreak at the same time shared 95-99% nucleotide identity and 97-99% predicted amino acid identity with the duck isolate. In addition experimental infection of turkey poults with APV/MN-12 resulted in detection of viral RNA in nasal turbinates and APV-specific IgG in serum. These results indicate that the APV isolates from turkeys and ducks shared a common source, and the viruses from different avian species can cross-infect.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Allantoin, the oxidation product of uric acid is present in chicken and turkey plasma.

Urate oxidase is not present in birds yet allantoin, a product of this enzyme, has been measured in birds. Studies were designed to compare the concentrations of plasma purine derivatives in chickens and turkeys fed inosine-supplemented diets. The first study consisted of 12 male chicks that were fed diets supplemented with 0.6 mol inosine or hypoxanthine per kilogram diet from 3- to 6-week-old. Study 2 consisted of 12 turkey poults (toms) fed inosine-supplemented diets (0.7 mol/kg) from 6- to 8-week-old. Plasma allantoin and oxypurines concentrations were measured weekly using high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma uric acid (PUA) in chickens fed inosine-supplemented diets increased from 0.31 to 1.34 mM (P<0.05) at the end of week 2. In turkeys, those fed control diet had 0.17 mM PUA concentration compared to 0.3 mM in those fed the inosine diet at week 2 (P<0.05). Allantoin concentration increased in chickens from week 1 to 2 while a decrease was observed in turkeys (P<0.005) for both treatments. These data show that allantoin is present in turkey and chicken plasma. The presence of allantoin in avian plasma is consistent with uric acid acting as an antioxidant in these species.

Allantoin↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of the pharmaceuticals market and its technological development in Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to analyze the current structure of the Turkish pharmaceuticals market to explain the latest developments and to offer some insight into the likely policy issues that this sector will face. METHODS: Systematic searches of the relevant Turkish and English research literature were made, using electronic databases in addition to written reports. RESULTS: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey currently has eighty-seven manufacturing firms, eleven raw material manufacturers and thirty-eight importing firms. These add up to a total of 136 firms, 35 of which are driven by foreign capital, with 8 of these foreign-run firms having their own plants in Turkey. The industry employs approximately 19,000 personnel. In terms of growth, the value of pharmaceutical products in Turkey recently has exceeded that in Europe. In addition, per capita drug consumption levels are quite low compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union countries. Major international players in the medical equipment and pharmaceutical products sector have also been opening offices in Turkey to reap the benefits of this rapidly evolving market. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey is quite advanced and diverse, with high quality, generic pharmaceutical products being manufactured as well as poor quality copies that have not been appropriately tested in terms of bioequivalence and bioavailability. The country faces a low level of drug consumption due to economic and cultural constraints compared with Western countries. Governmental control and regulations are key issues because the majority of drug purchases (70-80 percent) throughout the country are currently reimbursable through public sector agencies such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Organization.

Advisory Committees↗
PubMed2006

Molecular cloning and expression of a novel cytochrome p450 from turkey liver with aflatoxin b1 oxidizing activity.

Cytochromes P450 are members of a superfamily of oxidative hemoprotein enzymes that metabolize a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that efficient P450-mediated activation underlies the extreme sensitivity of poultry, specifically turkeys, to the toxic effects of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Using 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we amplified from turkey liver RNA a full-length 1.73 kb cDNA predicted to be 528 amino acids with 94.7% sequence identity to a CYP1A5 from chicken liver. A truncated construct of the turkey CYP1A5 gene with 29 amino acids deleted from the hydrophobic NH2-terminal region was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein from E. coli membranes had a CO-binding spectrum typical of P450s, and it catalyzed the O-dealkylation of the CYP1A prototype substrates ethoxyresorufin and methoxyresorufin. CYP1A5-mediated O-dealkylation of methoxyresorufin was completely inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, a specific CYP1A inhibitor. Inhibitors to other mammalian P450s (3A4, 2D, 2E, and 3A1) either slightly inhibited this activity or not at all. CYP1A5 oxidized AFB1 to form two metabolites: the reactive intermediate, AFB1 -8,9-epoxide (AFBO), and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Because of the importance of AFBO and AFM1 in the toxicity of AFB1, we conclude that this P450 probably plays some role in the well-known hypersensitivity of turkeys to AFB1. To our knowledge, this is the first P450 cloned and sequenced from turkeys, the species in which the toxicity of AFB1 was first discovered.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1976

Studies by electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy and stopped-flow spectrophotometry on the mechanism of action of turkey liver xanthine dehydrogenase.

Studies by e.p.r. (electron-paramagnetic-resonance) spectroscopy and by stopped-flow spectrophotometry on turkey liver xanthine dehydrogenase revealed strong similarities to as well as important differences from the Veillonella alcalescens xanthine dehydrogenase and milk xanthine oxidase. The turkey enzyme is contaminated by up to three non-functional forms, giving molybdenum e.p.r. signals designated Resting I, Resting II and Slow. Slow and to a lesser extent Resting I signals are like those from the Veillonella enzyme, whereas Resting II is very like a resting signal described by K. V. Rajagopolan, P. Handler, G. Palmer & H. Beinert (1968) (J. Biol. Chem. 243, 3784-3796) for aldehyde oxidase. Another non-functional form that gives the Inhibited signal is produced on treatment of the enzyme with formaldehyde. Stopped-flow measurements at 450 nm show that, as for the milk enzyme, reduction by xanthine is rate-limiting in enzyme turnover. The active enzyme gives rise to Very Rapid and Rapid molybdenum(V) e.p.r. signals, as well as to an FADH signal. That these signals are almost indistinguishable from those of the milk enzyme, confirms the similarities between the active sites. There are two types of iron-sulphur centres that give signals like those in the milk enzyme, though with slightly different parameters. Quantitative reduction titration of the functional enzyme with xanthine revealed two important differences between the turkey and the milk enzymes. First, the turkey enzyme FADH/FADH2 system has a redox potential sufficiently low that xanthine is incapable of reducing the flavin completely. This finding presumably explains the very low oxidase activity. Secondly, whereas the Fe/S II chromophore in the milk enzyme has a relatively high redox potential, for the turkey enzyme the value of this potential is lower and similar to that of its Fe/S I chromophore.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Identification of G alpha 11 as the phospholipase C-activating G-protein of turkey erythrocytes.

A 43 kDa phospholipase C-activating protein has been purified previously from turkey erythrocytes and shown to express immunological properties expected of that of the Gq family of G-protein alpha-subunits [Waldo, Boyer, Morris and Harden (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14217-14225]. Internal amino acid sequence has now been obtained from this protein which shares 50-100% sequence identity with sequences encoded by mammalian G alpha 11 and G alpha q cDNAs. To identify the purified protein unambiguously, it was necessary to compare its amino acid sequence with the sequence encoded by avian G-protein alpha-subunit cDNA. As such, mouse G alpha q was used as a probe to screen turkey brain and fetal-turkey blood cDNA libraries. A full-length cDNA was identified that encodes avian G alpha 11, on the basis of its 96-98% amino acid identity with mammalian G alpha 11. All eight peptides sequenced from the turkey erythrocyte phospholipase C-activating protein are completely contained within the deduced amino acid sequence of the avian G alpha 11 cDNA. Expression of this cDNA in Sf9 cells by using a baculovirus expression system resulted in the production of a 43 kDa protein that reacts strongly with antisera to the Gq family of G-protein alpha-subunits and activated purified avian phospholipase C in an AlF4(-)-dependent manner. Taken together, these results unambiguously identify the protein purified from turkey erythrocytes, on the basis of its capacity to activate avian phospholipase C, as G alpha 11.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2004

An R111C polymorphism in wild turkey cardiac troponin I accompanying the dilated cardiomyopathy-related abnormal splicing variant of cardiac troponin T with potentially compensatory effects.

Cardiac muscle contraction is regulated by Ca(2+) through the troponin complex consisting of three subunits: troponin C (TnC), troponin T (TnT), and troponin I (TnI). We reported previously that the abnormal splicing of cardiac TnT in turkeys with dilated cardiomyopathy resulted in a greater binding affinity to TnI. In the present study, we characterized a polymorphism of cardiac TnI in the heart of wild turkeys. cDNA cloning and sequencing of the novel turkey cardiac TnI revealed a single amino acid substitution, R111C. Arg(111) in avian cardiac TnI corresponds to a Lys in mammals. This residue is conserved in cardiac and skeletal muscle TnIs across the vertebrate phylum, implying a functional importance. In the partial crystal structure of cardiac troponin, this amino acid resides in an alpha-helix that directly contacts with TnT. Structural modeling indicates that the substitution of Cys for Arg or Lys at this position would not disrupt the global structure of troponin. To evaluate the functional significance of the different size and charge between the Arg and Cys side chains, protein-binding assays using purified turkey cardiac TnI expressed in Escherichia coli were performed. The results show that the R111C substitution lowered binding affinity to TnT, which is potentially compensatory to the increased TnI-binding affinity of the cardiomyopathy-related cardiac TnT splicing variant. Therefore, the fixation of the cardiac TnI Cys(111) allele in the wild turkey population and the corresponding functional effect reflect an increased fitness value, suggesting a novel target for the treatment of TnT myopathies.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed2000

Relative humidity at moderate ambient temperatures: its effect on male broiler chickens and turkeys.

1. The effect of relative humidity (RH, 40% to 75%) at moderate ambient temperatures (Ta, 28 degrees and 30 degrees C) on the performance and thermoregulation of male broiler chickens and turkeys was studied at the age of 4 to 8 weeks. 2. Weight gain and food intake of male broiler chickens were significantly higher at 60% to 65% RH but food conversion efficiency was not affected by RH. In male turkeys, no effect of RH on performance was recorded. 3. Both chickens and turkeys controlled body temperature at normothermic levels during exposure to the experimental environmental conditions. 4. The rate of panting estimated from blood pH and pCO2 was lower in chickens exposed to 28 degrees C than to 30 degrees C. In turkeys, the rate was lower than that recorded in chickens at both Ta(s). 5. Plasma T3 was positively and significantly correlated with food intake. 6. It may be concluded that RH plays a role in the performance of chickens exposed to 30 degrees and 28 degrees C. whereas male turkeys must respond to RH at Ta >30 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of the rate of muscle post mortem pH fall on the technological quality of turkey meat.

1. This experiment evaluated the influence of the rate of post mortem pH fall on the processing ability of turkey meat. 2. Four hundred and twenty male turkeys from a selected pure line (grand-parental female line, BUT Ltd) were slaughtered at 16 weeks of age in a commercial plant and pH was measured in the Pectoralis superficialis (PS) and Ilio tibialis (IT) muscles, at 20 min post mortem. Three groups of PS muscle differing in pH20 and two groups of IT muscle differing in pH20 were constituted and processed as cured-cooked white meat and turkey ham, respectively. 3. The technological yield was lower in the groups showing the lowest pH20 (97.4% at pH20 5.90 vs 98.6 and 98.3% at pH20 6.24 and 6.55, respectively, for white meat and 97.2% (pH20 6.28) vs 98.3% (pH20 6.56) for turkey hams). The groups showing the lowest pH20 also showed higher drip loss in commercially packed products. 4. Acceptability tests of processed products were carried out in the commercial plant. Texture and taste of white meat were better in the highest pH group but the overall impression was similar in the lowest and the highest pH groups (mean scores of 4.2 and 4.1, respectively), due to better colour in the former (mean scores of 4.4 for the lowest pH20 group vs 4.0 and 3.9 for the medium and highest pH20 groups, respectively). 5. For turkey hams, the meat processed from the highest pH group got the best score for all items.

Animals↗