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PubMed2005

Flocculation behaviour of model textile wastewater treated with a food grade polysaccharide.

In this study, the application of a food grade polysaccharide namely Plantago psyllium mucilage has been assessed for the removal of dyes from model textile wastewater containing golden yellow (C.I. Vat Yellow 4) and reactive black (C.I. Reactive Black 5). A series of contact time experiments were conducted to assess the system variables such as concentrations of mucilage and dyes and pH. This mucilage reduces the dye concentration by flocculation and settling. The optimal flocculant concentration required to affect flocculation is independent of dye concentration within the range examined. The dye removal obtained was influenced by the salts concentrations in the wastewater sample. The flocculation efficiency was sensitive to pH when pure aqueous solutions of dyes were used, but it was relatively unaffected by pH change when salts were added to the dye solutions. The experimental results show that the mucilage is more effective for removal of solubilised vat dye than for reactive black.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2005

Electrochemical coagulation for textile effluent decolorization.

The three most commonly used dyestuffs in textile industry are reactive, acid, and dispersed dyes. One dye from each group, C.I. Reactive Blue-19, C.I. Acid Red-266, and C.I. Disperse Yellow-218 was chosen to study the feasibility of coagulation for color removal. The dyes used in these experiments were chosen to represent the two major structural features: anthraquinone and azo dyes. Reactive Blue is an anthraquinone-based dye, and Acid Red and Disperse Yellow represent azo-based dyes. As there is no standard method to measure the color intensity, a Hach spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance before and after the dye solution was treated. Removal efficiencies on these dyes were obtained by measuring absorbance of a sample at 592 nm for Reactive Blue, 498 nm for Acid Red, and 428 nm for Disperse Yellow. Aluminum and ferric coagulants were produced in a parallel-plate electrochemical reactor by anodic dissolution. Removal efficiencies of more than 98%, in terms of absorbance, were observed in laboratory conditions. Removal was found highly dependent upon NaCl concentration, applied voltage, current density, and pH. The NaCl in the solution effectively reduced the power consumption and promoted the coagulant generation by depasivating the Al-water and Fe-water electrochemical systems. The processes were determined to be highly NaCl dependent. A mechanism was proposed for the corresponding liquid phase chemistry.

Color↗

PubMed2005

Contribution to the study of electrocoagulation mechanism in basic textile effluent.

Electrocoagulation method with iron electrode is used to treat the industrial textile wastewater in batch reactor. The effects of operating parameters such as time and potential electrolysis on the decolourization and COD removal efficiency have been investigated. The results indicate that electrocoagulation is very efficient and able to achieve 100% colour and 84% COD removal in 3 min at potential 600 mV. The effluent wastewater is very clear and its quality exceed the direct discharge standard. Furthermore, the mechanism of electrocoagulation is elucidated by zeta potential measurement.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2006

The effect of pre-ozone oxidation on acute toxicity and inert soluble COD fractions of a textile finishing industry wastewater.

The present work evaluates pre-ozonation for removal of acute toxicity, color and COD as well as reduction of inert soluble COD fractions in two wastewater samples (S1 and S2) taken from a textile finishing industry, located in Istanbul (Turkey). The wastewater samples were oxidized at original pH of 8.6-8.8 under 18.5-24 mg/L of applied ozone doses. Acute toxicity was monitored using Daphnia magna. The results showed that pre-ozonation improved the biodegradability and reduced the acute toxicity. Acute toxicity in raw wastewaters was reduced by 80-90% using 129-200 mg/L transferred ozone (TrO(3)) concentrations. At this point, 86-96% of color, 33-39% of soluble COD and 57-64% of total COD were removed from wastewaters. Both color and COD parameters were found related to the acute toxicity of the wastewater. Pre-ozonation decreased the inert soluble COD fraction (S(I)) of raw wastewater while soluble product formation (S(P)) increased slightly (5-10 mg/L). However, residual COD (the sum of S(I) and S(P)) remained below discharge limit.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Ozonation of textile effluents and dye solutions under continuous operation: Influence of operating parameters.

Ozonation experiments were carried out under continuous operation in a bubble column. The effect of several parameters (inlet dye concentration, applied ozone dose, pH and conductivity) in colour and TOC removal of an acid dye solution was investigated with the aim to optimize the operation conditions. The ozone consumption was measured in each experiment. Ozonation was found to be effective for decolourisation of an acid dye; however, it only has a slight effect on TOC removal. Increasing the inlet dye concentration leads to a decrease in the decolourisation efficiency and an increase in the ozone consumption. The decolourisation increases with the applied ozone dose. Colour removal efficiencies for different ozone doses were between 76 and 100%. In the pH range 5-9, the decolourisation efficiency decreases with pH only when buffered solutions were used. The presence of salt decreases the decolourisation efficiency. Several dyes of different classes were also studied and ozonation was found to be effective for decolourisation but considerably less efficient for TOC removal. Under the conditions tested, only the disperse and sulphur dyes presented a colour removal lower than 86%. Practical application of this process was validated by treating two industrial textile effluents collected after two different biological treatments.

Acids↗

PubMed2006

Modification of bentonite with a cationic surfactant: An adsorption study of textile dye Reactive Blue 19.

The utilization of modified bentonite with a cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTMA) bromide) as an adsorbent was successfully carried out to remove a synthetic textile dye (Reactive Blue 19 (RB19)) by adsorption, from aqueous solutions. Batch studies were carried out to address various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time and temperature. The surface modification of bentonite with a surfactant was examined using the FTIR spectroscopic technique and elemental analysis. Effective pH for the adsorption of RB19 onto DTMA-bentonite was around 1.5. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to be the best to represent the equilibrium with experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity (q(max)) has been found to be 3.30x10(-4)molg(-1) or 206.58mgg(-1). The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption of RB19 onto DTMA-bentonite was favored with the negative Gibbs free energy values. The pseudo-second-order rate equation was able to provide the best description of adsorption kinetics and the intraparticle diffusion model was also applicable up to 40min for the adsorption of RB19 onto DTMA-bentonite.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Coal-based bottom ash (CBBA) waste material as adsorbent for removal of textile dyestuffs from aqueous solution.

A locally available CBBA waste material was used as adsorbent for removal of reactive dyes from synthetic textile wastewater. This study presents the results of our investigation on color removal from synthetic wastewater containing Vertigo Blue 49 (CI Blue 49) and Orange DNA13 (CI Orange 13) by adsorption onto CBBA waste material. The effectiveness of CBBA waste material in adsorbing reactive dyes from aqueous solutions was studied as a function of contact time, initial dye concentration and pH by batch experiments. Leachability of waste material was also evaluated using standard leaching test with deionized water (DIN38414-S4). pH 7 was more favorable for color removal from both Vertigo Blue 49 (CI Blue 49) and Orange DNA (CI Orange 13). Dyestuff adsorption capacities of CBBA for Vertigo Blue 49 and Orange DNA13 were 13.51 and 4.54mg dye/g adsorbent, respectively. The adsorption isotherms for the CBBA can be better described by the Freundlich isotherm. The results showed that the dyestuff uptake process for both dyes followed the second-order kinetics. The bottom ash used in this study is not classified as ecotoxic/hazardous material according to the French proposal for a criterion and evaluation methods of waste ecotoxicity (CEMWE) and the German regulation on Hazardous Waste Classification (HWC).

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Electrochemical-assisted photodegradation of mixed dye and textile effluents using TiO2 thin films.

Mixed dye consists of six commercial dyes and textile effluents from cotton dyeing process were treated by electrochemical-assisted photodegradation under halogen lamp illumination. Two types of effluents were collected which are samples before and after undergone pre-treatment at the factory wastewater treatment plant. The photodegradation process was studied by evaluating the changes in concentration employing UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-vis) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. The photoelectrochemical degradation of mixed dye was found to follow the Langmuir Hinshelwood pseudo-first order kinetic while pseudo-second order kinetic model for effluents by using TOC analyses. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values of mixed dye and raw effluents were reported. Photoelectrochemical characteristic of pollutants was studied using the cyclic voltammetry technique. Raw effluent was found to exhibit stronger reduction behaviour at cathodic bias potential but slightly less photoresponse at anodic bias than mixed dye.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMed2006

Sensitising potential of four textile dyes and some of their metabolites in a modified local lymph node assay.

We studied the sensitising and allergenic potentials of the textile dyes disperse yellow 3, disperse orange 30, disperse red 82, disperse yellow 211 and two metabolites of disperse yellow 3, 4-aminoacetanilide and 2-amino-p-cresol, using modified protocols of the murine "local lymph node assay" (LLNA). Test substances were applied either to the dorsum of the mice ears (sensitisation protocol) or they were first applied to the skin of their backs and 2 weeks later to their ears (sensitisation-challenge protocol). In addition to the endpoints weight and cell number of the draining ear lymph nodes we analysed lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. In the sensitisation protocol, disperse yellow 3 and its metabolite 4-aminoacetanilide did not induce significant effects, whereas in the sensitisation-challenge protocol cell number and lymph node weight increased significantly indicating a sensitising potential in NMRI mice. Hence, two-phase treatment (skin of the back, ear) increased the sensitivity of this assay. The second metabolite of disperse yellow 3, 2-amino-p-cresol, showed distinct effects in both treatment protocols; this applied mainly to the parameters cell number and lymph node weight. The dye disperse red 82 caused ambiguous increases in lymph node weight and cell number in the sensitisation protocol which were not reproduced in the sensitisation-challenge protocol, ruling out a relevant sensitising potential for this dye in NMRI mice. Disperse yellow 211 and disperse orange 30 did not induce relevant changes under our experimental conditions. Phenotyping of lymphocytes did not influence the assessment of these dyes.

Allergens↗

PubMed2007

Recycling of waste PET into useful textile auxiliaries.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste fibers were initially depolymerized using a glycolysis route in the presence of sodium sulfate as a catalyst, which is a commonly used chemical and ecofriendly as compared to heavy metal catalysts. Good yield of the pure monomer bis(2-hydroxyethylene terephthalate) (BHET) was obtained. Further, to attempt its reuse, the purified BHET was converted to different fatty amide derivatives to obtain quaternary ammonium compounds that have a potential for use as softener in the textile finishing process. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Application of these synthesized compounds was carried out on cotton fabric; they were evaluated for performance and were found to give good results. The chemicals used during depolymerization and reuse of PET are inexpensive and comparatively less harmful to the environment, and thus offer advantages in the chemical recycling of polyester waste fibers.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2005

Acute toxicity removal in textile finishing wastewater by Fenton's oxidation, ozone and coagulation-flocculation processes.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Fenton's oxidation (FO) process and ozone (O3) oxidation compared with a coagulation-flocculation (CF) process to remove effluent toxicity as well as colour and COD from a textile industry wastewater. Daphnia magna was used to test acute toxicity in raw and pre-treated wastewater. The operational parameters for each process were determined on the basis of complete toxicity removal. The FO process removed COD at a higher rate (59%) than O3 (33%) while colour removal was similar (89% and 91%, respectively). The CF process removed both COD and colour at rates similar to the FO process. A colour range of 150-250 platin-cobalt (Pt-Co) unit was assessed for toxicity.

Flocculation↗

PubMed2006

Effect of photochemical treatment on the biocompatibility of a commercial nonionic surfactant used in the textile industry.

The degradability of surfactants is a frequent and complex issue arising both at domestic as well as industrial treatment facilities. The present paper describes a laboratory study conducted to elucidate the photochemical and biochemical treatability of a nonionic, alkyl polyethylene ether-based surfactant formulation commonly used in the textile preparation stage. The application of H(2)O(2)/UV-C advanced photochemical oxidation appeared to be a suitable treatment alternative and 90% COD removal (COD(0) approximately 500 mg/L) could be achieved under optimized process conditions. A significant COD removal efficiency (74%) could also be reached after biodegradation (final COD=135 mg/L) of the surfactant; however, necessitated an acclimation period of at least 6 weeks for the achievement of steady-state conditions. H(2)O(2)/UV-C treatment efficiency was seriously retarded upon elevation of the initial COD to around 1000 mg/L, resulting in 46% COD and 38% TOC removal after 120 min photochemical oxidation (H(2)O(2,0)=1020 mg/L; pH(0)=9.1). The BOD(5)/COD ratio increased from 0.23 to 0.31 after the application of H(2)O(2)/UV-C revealing that photochemical pretreatment may have a positive effect on the ultimate biodegradation of the nonionic surfactant. Although the time required for activated sludge treatment to reach steady-state conditions could be reduced to 3 weeks for the photochemically pretreated surfactant formulation biochemical COD removal efficiency dramatically decreased from 74% to 39% for the nonionic surfactant being subjected to H(2)O(2)/UV-C pretreatment (ultimate COD after activated sludge treatment=265 mg/L).

Industrial Waste↗

PubMed1989

A study of the prevalence of ventilatory obstruction in textile workers exposed to cotton dust.

A study was conducted in a cotton spinning mill to assess the prevalence of respiratory impairment in 189 asymptomatic workers and 133 byssinotics drawn from various sections of the plant exposed to airborne cotton dust in the work environment. Eight-four healthy controls belonging to the same socioeconomic status and ethnic group having never been exposed to cotton dust or any other pollutant was also studied for the purpose of comparison. Of the 189 asymptomatic workers, 13 (6.8%) suffered from bronchial obstruction whereas only 2 (2.3%) among the control showed obstructive pulmonary impairment. The byssinotics showed a significantly higher prevalence (15.7%) of bronchial obstruction than that (6.8%) observed among the asymptomatic cotton workers (P less than 0.005). Byssinotics (grade II) showed significantly higher prevalence (31.5%) of bronchial obstruction than that (9.4%) observed in acute byssinotics (grade I). The effect of smoking on the prevalence of bronchial obstruction in the asymptomatic and byssinotics was quite discernible as smokers showed significantly higher prevalence than that observed among the nonsmokers (P less than 0.05). The asymptomatic cotton workers and those with different grades of byssinosis having more than 10 years of exposure showed significantly higher prevalence of bronchial obstruction than that observed in the group with less than 10 years of exposure (P less than 0.005). The healthy cotton workers and byssinotics engaged in the preparatory section (card, blow, and waste plant rooms) showed an insignificant higher prevalence of bronchial obstruction (11.3 and 24.4%, respectively) than among those who worked in the spinning, reeling, and winding sections of the mill. The mechanism responsible for causing ventilatory obstruction in the textile workers is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Electrochemical treatment of textile dyes and their analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.

Several textile dyes were individually exposed to electrochemical treatment. Chromaticity variation and the formation of degradation products were followed using a UV spectrophotometer and HPLC with diode array detection. Dyes studied belong to the azo (color index, C.I. 15,510), methine (C.I. 48,013), indigo (C.I. 73,040), natural (C.I. 75,760) and arylmethane (C.I. 42,000) classes. Aliquots of the solutions treated at constant potential were analyzed and compared with control dye solutions. The final electrolysis solutions obtained by using different electrode materials: Pt, Ti and diamond presented different chromatograms. It was found that the novel (in this application) diamond electrode is efficient in studying the degradation of various dyes. Possible fragmentation and molecule moiety rearrangement are proposed as a result of the electrochemical treatment.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2003

Identification of natural dyes in archeological Coptic textiles by liquid chromatography with diode array detection.

Reversed-phase HPLC with diode-array UV-Vis spectrophotometric detection has been used for identification of natural dyes in extracts from wool and silk fibres from archeological textiles. The examined objects originate from 4th to 12th Century Egypt and belong to the collection of Early Christian Art of the National Museum in Warsaw. Extraction from fibres was carried out with HCl solution containing ethanol or with warm pyridine. As the main individual chemical components of natural dyes, anthraquinone, indigoid and flavonoid dyes including alizarin, purpurin, luteolin, apigenin, carminic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, laccaic acids A and B and indigotin were found. For pyridine extracts another mobile phase with an optimized gradient of organic modifier concentration was used. With such an eluent the appearance of double peaks for indigotin and indirubin was eliminated. For acidic extraction of dyes from fibres, ethanol was used. Due to its higher boiling point than methanol it evaporates slower from the extraction solution enabling a more efficient extraction of dyes.

Archaeology↗

PubMed2001

The treatment and reuse of wastewater in the textile industry by means of ozonation and electroflocculation.

Two different oxidation treatments, ozonation and electroflocculation, were experimented on a pilot scale to test their efficiency in removing polluting substances from wastewaters of textile industries. Both pilot plants used reproduced very closely a full-scale treatment in order to obtain indications about the feasibility of a transfer on industrial scale. By means of ozone treatment very high colour removal (95-99%) was achieved and treated waters were reused satisfactorily in dyeing even with light colours. This evidence despite the fact that the chemical oxygen demand of treated waters was still in a range (75-120 mg/l, a decrease up to 60%) that was usually considered to be too high for recycling purposes, especially for dyeing light colours. Treating plants working at the above-mentioned conditions should guarantee low operating costs. A biological pre-treatment and a sand filtration are absolutely essential. The transfer on industrial scale of the treatment is currently under development under an already financed European project. Electrochemical treatment showed to be very efficient in removing colour (80-100%) and chemical oxygen demand (70-90%). Moreover, a sensible decrease of chloride and sulphate ions was detected. Removal of flocculated material (post-treatment) must be, however, perfected in order to establish a correct costs-to-benefits ratio and therefore, propose an implementation of the technique on an industrial scale.

Color↗

PubMed2001

Dye removal from textile dye wastewater using recycled alum sludge.

The removal of dyes from textile dying wastewater by recycled alum sludge (RAS) generated by the coagulation process itself was studied and optimized. One hydrophobic and one hydrophilic dye were used as probes to examine the performance of this process. It was found that RAS is a good way of removing hydrophobic dye in wastewater, while simultaneously reducing the fresh alum dosage, of which one third of the fresh alum can be saved. The back-diffusion of residued dye from the recycling sludge is detected but is easily controlled as long as a small amount of fresh alum is added to the system. The use of RAS is not recommended for the removal of hydrophilic dyes, since the high solubility characteristics of such dyes can cause deterioration in the water quality during recycling.

Alum Compounds↗

PubMed2002

Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation of textile effluents.

The simultaneous use of Fenton reagent and irradiation for the treatment of textile wastewaters generated during a hydrogen peroxide bleaching process is investigated. The experimental conditions tested during this study provide the simultaneous occurrence of Fenton, Fenton-like and photo-Fenton reactions. The batch experimental results are assessed in terms of total organic carbon reduction. Identification of some of the chemical constituents of the effluent was performed by means of GC-MS. Other pollution related features of the initial effluent-like COD and color were also measured. The main parameters that govern the complex reactive system, i.e., light intensity, temperature, pH, Fe(II) and H2O2 initial concentrations have been studied. Concentrations of Fe(II) between 0 and 400 ppm, and H2O2 between 0 and 10,000 ppm were used. Temperatures above 25 degrees C and up to 70 degrees C show a beneficial effect on organic load reduction. A set of experiments was conducted under different light sources with the aim to ensure the efficiency of using solar light irradiation. The combination of Fenton, Fenton-like and photon-Fenton reactions has been proved to be highly effective for the treatment of such a type of wastewaters, and several advantages for the technique application arise from the study.

Environmental Monitoring↗