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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Scrub typhus--one case report].

Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) is an acute infectious disease caused by Rickettsia tsutsugamushi transmitted through the bite of larvae of certain trombiculid mites. Geographical distribution in Asian-Pacific region is much of the roughly triangular area bounded by Japan, Pakistan and Australia. It is an endemic illness in the Pescadores Islands, but has scarcely been reported in central Taiwan. An eleven-year-old boy was admitted to Changhua Christian Hospital with the chief complaints of fever, lethargy and skin rash for seven days. On physical examination, he was found to have painless eschar, conjunctivitis, meningoencephalitis, pneumonitis, ascites, jaundice, hepatomegaly, liver function impairment and thrombocytopenia. His Proteus OX-K agglutinin titer increased from 1:160 in the acute sera to 1:640 in the convalescent sera. A greater than four-fold rise (greater than 1:640) in antibody titers to Karp, Gilliam, Kato strains of R. tsutsugamushi between acute and convalescent sera were demonstrated by immunofluorescent antibody. The patient was treated with minocycline and chloramphenicol and was completely recovered.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Delayed neurologic display in murine typhus. Report of two cases.

Two cases of murine typhus with prolonged neurologic manifestations appearing after the febrile stage of the illness are described. One patient had behavioral and memory disturbances for almost 18 months after defervescence, which terminated gradually without specific therapy. The second patient had similar manifestations over a period of weeks that rapidly resolved after tetracycline therapy. Such phenomena were not previously described in the literature, as far as we know, although similar manifestations were noted in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications of epidemic typhus.

A case of typhus fever associated with cardiac and pulmonary complications is reported. The patient was a 24-year-old Egyptian female with characteristic clinical presentation of rickettsial infection, though no rash was present throughout the course of the disease. We could not find a report of such complications in the English medical literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Scrub typhus pneumonitis: an entity which is frequently missed.

Four cases of scrub typhus pneumonitis are reported. Diagnosis was confirmed by positive Weil-Felix OX-K reaction and immunofluorescent antibody test for Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Two patients presented with atypical pneumonia and two had overwhelming pneumonia resembling adult respiratory distress syndrome. All patients made a full recovery after appropriate treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Use of the immunofluorescence reaction for evaluating the immunological transformation in those inoculated with a chemical typhus vaccine].

The results of the serological examination of persons immunized with chemical typhus vaccine (CTV) are presented. The examination was carried out by means of the complement fixation test (CFT), the passive hemagglutination test (PHAT), the toxin neutralization test (TNT) and the immunofluorescence test (IFT). The acetone-fixed live culture of Rickettsia prowazekii, strain Breinl, served as antigen in IFT. If persons immunized with CTV showed positive titers in CFT, TNT and PHAT, the results of IFT were highly correlated with the CFT titers. In 6-12 months after immunization with CTV the titers of CFT, TNT and PHAT became negative, while the IFT titers remained positive for several subsequent years.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1968

Ecological considerations in scrub typhus. 3. Methods of area control.

The best of the known methods for control of the chigger vectors of scrub typhus is the application of dieldrin to the ground and low-lying vegetation as a fog or spray at the rate of 2.5 lb to the acre (28 kg/hectare). This has produced a more than 91% reduction in the numbers of Leptotrombidium (L.) akamushi (Brumpt, 1910) and L. (L.) deliense (Walch, 1922) for at least 2 years. Aldrin applied at the rate of 2.25 lb per acre (2.5 kg/hectare) is also highly effective, but less so than dieldrin. Lindane at the rate of about 5 lb per acre (5.7 kg/hectare) ranks third, but offers protection for only about 2 months. Because of the potential hazards to wildlife when such long-acting compounds are used, application of organophosphorous or carbamate insecticides may be used instead in areas where reapplication every few weeks is feasible. Fenthion and arprocarb are promising compounds for this purpose.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

A search for the epidemic typhus agent in Ethiopian ticks.

The presence of antibodies to Rickettsia prowazeki in domestic animals from several parts of Africa, and the isolation of this rickettsia from the blood of goats and sheep and from ticks off cattle or camels in Ethiopia, led to the hypothesis that R. prowazeki in nature may occur in an extrahuman cycle involving ticks and domestic animals. This study attempted to recover R. prowazeki from 2 624 ticks (4 genera, 10 species) collected in central and southern Ethiopia. The ticks were examined by the haemolymph test and by the injection of tissues into guineapigs. No strains of typhus rickettsia were received and there was no serologic evidence suggesting the presence of this agent in any of the ticks examined. One Amblyomma cohaerens contained an organism that reacted specifically with fluorescing antibodies against R. prowazeki; attempts to isolate and identify this agent failed. Fifty-seven (2.2%) Amblyomma ticks (26 A. gemma, 17 A. variegatum, 14 A. cohaerens) were infected with rickettsiae of the spotted fever group, and probably represented R. conori or closely related rickettsial agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Ecological considerations in scrub typhus. 2. Vector species.

Certain features, characteristic of outbreaks of scrub typhus, can be explained by the behaviour of the chigger vectors which are remarkably hardy and can survive weeks of freezing or immersion in water. The established vectors are all species of the genus Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium), i.e., L. (L.) akamushi (Brumpt, 1910), L. (L.) deliense (Walch, 1922), L. (L.) pallidum (Nagayo et al., 1919), and L. (L.) scutellare (Nagayo et al., 1921). These chiggers (i.e. larval mites) infest a broad variety of birds and mammals, and tend to be found in clusters on certain specific sites on the host. However, the precise site for any species of mite varies with the host, and it is believed that the grooming habits of the infested animal account for this "site preference". The degree of infestation cannot validly be ascribed to the size of the host. L. (L.) pavlovskyi (Schluger, 1948), L. (L.) orientale (Schluger, 1948), L. (L.) arenicola Traub, 1960, and L. (L.) tosa (Sasa & Kowashima, 1951) are regarded as probable vectors. Other species, some belonging to other genera, are under suspicion in this regard.L. (L.) subintermedium (Jameson & Toshioka, 1954) and certain other chiggers were found in "ecological islands" in all montane habitats studied in West Pakistan, despite the intervening high mountains, broad rivers and belts of semi-desert. The infection-rate of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in vector species in nature is believed to be low, and chiggers may be serving as reservoirs of infection and not just as vectors.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Murine typhus in a Malaysian village.

A high prevalence of murine typhus was found in the human and rodent populations of Senaling, West Malaysia. In addition to 2 index cases which prompted the investigation, 45% of the humans and 35% of the rodents had IFA titers of 1/50 or greater. Serological studies provided evidence of recent infections in 3 human subjects. In a control group of Malaysian soldiers IFA titers of 1/50 or greater were found in only 13 (5%) of 265 sera tested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Scrub typhus 1980.

Scrub typhus is a widespread and at times serious infection in Asia. If results from central Malaysia can be applied, it appears to be economically important. Diagnosis is often difficult and treatment prone to fail if short courses of antibiotics are used. Prophylaxis is the key area of research with the development of a vaccine being the ultimate goal.

Arthropod Vectors↗
PubMed1982

[Characteristics of the antitoxic immunity in persons inoculated with chemical typhus vaccine].

The determination of toxin-neutralizing antibodies in the sera of persons immunized with chemical typhus vaccine revealed that immunization made both in a single injection and in two injections resulted in the development of antitoxic immunity practically in all vaccinees. No toxin-neutralizing antibodies could be detected 6 months after immunization. The booster injection made at that period resulted in the development of antitoxic immunity which was as pronounced as that developing after primary immunization. In the blood sera of the vaccines the titers of toxin-neutralizing antibodies practically did not differ from those of complement-fixing antibodies.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[History of Charles Nicolle's discovery of the route of typhus infection].

In 1909 French microbiologist, director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis Charles Nicolle discovered the ways of the louse-borne typhus infection. With his numerous experiments on apes he proved that body louse is a transmitting gent of louse-borne infection. This great discovery which has formed the basis of modern concepts of the disease epidemiology and led to its prophylaxis has become lasting contribution to the history of medical science.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Laboratory acquired murine typhus--a case report.

A 34-year-old laboratory worker developed murine typhus after an accidental splashing of Rickettsia typhi over her right eye and lips. Indirect immunoperoxidase test showed a four-fold increase in titre to Rickettsia typhi. She responded well to doxycycline.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A new natural focus of scrub typhus found in Hunchun].

From May to June 1992, Apodemus agrarius and Apodemus speciosus were captured in Hunchun, Jilin Province. Four strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi were isolated from viscera of rats and trombiculid mites. At the same time, the antibody against Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was assayed in the sera of the local people and the wild rats. The positive rates were 15.2% and 16.4%, respectively. The above results showed that a natural focus of scrub typhus exists in Hunchun area.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Involvement of the kidneys in Mediterranean spotted fever and murine typhus.

We reviewed 58 patients, 27 with murine typhus (MT) and 31 with Israeli Mediterranean spotted fever (IMSF), hospitalized at the Sheba Medical Center 1979-1988. Five patients with MT and five with IMSF had evidence of renal impairment. One patient with MT underwent a renal biopsy, and two patients with IMSF died and had autopsy examinations with histology of the kidney. The principal histopathological lesion found in those most severe cases of rickettsiosis-induced renal failure was multifocal perivascular interstitial nephritis. In contrast with previous reports, involvement of the kidneys in rickettsial infection seems to be relatively common. Early diagnosis and treatment with hydration and specific antimicrobial agents is mandatory to prevent morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Serosurveys of spotted fever and murine typhus in local residents of Taiwan and Thailand compared with Japan.

To estimate the prevalence of spotted fever (SF) and murine typhus (MT) rickettsioses in Southeast Asia, we performed serosurvey by immunoperoxidase test on local residents in Taiwan and Thailand, comparing them with those of Japan. In Japan, the prevalence of antibodies (1:80 as cut-off level) to some SF/MT antigens was noticeable in Japanese SF-endemic areas or a high-risk groups. In Tainan, Taiwan, SF antibodies were not so prevalent (3.5 to 4.4%), but MT antibodies were more prevalent (23.9%). In Chiang Rai in northern Thailand SF antibodies were markedly prevalent (9.0 to 21.3%); the reactivity with Thai tick 118 strain alone was 8.2%, but MT was less (2.5%). These results suggest that these rickettsioses may be latently distributed in various parts of Asia.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The prevalence of scrub typhus antibodies in residents of West Malaysia.

Based on the prevalence of antibody, an estimated 3% of the population of rural Malaysia is infected with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi each year, resulting in positive antibody rates in focal areas of 6 to 69%. Most of these infections do not appear to produce clinical scrub typhus. A wide range of seropositivity rates was found in areas otherwise resembling each other in predominant occupation, terrain, and nearby habitat. The prevalence rates however were significantly higher in people who worked in forested areas and significantly lower in people with urban occupations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Murine typhus in Thailand: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.

One hundred and thirty-seven patients with murine typhus were reviewed. A history of direct contact with rats was rare, and none gave a history of flea bite. No seasonal trend was observed. Clinical presentations included fever (100%), hepatomegaly (24%), rash (20%) and non-specific signs. Complications were uncommon but included jaundice, pneumonia, renal insufficiency and meningitis. Only two patients died. A single 200 mg dose of doxycycline significantly shortened the duration of fever: 79% were afebrile in 48 h, compared to 15% of the untreated group.

Adolescent↗