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PubMed2026

Prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tonsils of domestic pigs and wild boars in Sweden.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) causes erysipelas in multiple animal species and may persist in the environment or be carried asymptomatically. It is estimated that 30-50% of apparently healthy or convalescent pigs harbour ER in their tonsils and other lymphoid tissues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ER in the tonsils of healthy Swedish fattening pigs and wild boars. Tonsils were collected from 200 fattening pigs at slaughter from ten abattoirs across Sweden in 2017, with one pig per herd sampled. Wild boars (n = 180) were sampled during hunting, primarily in Östergötland County, in 2018. Cultures were performed using selective media and isolates were confirmed as ER by MALDI-TOF MS. ER was recovered from 6/200 pig tonsils (3.0%), all originating from three abattoirs in southern Sweden. ER was isolated from 76/167 (45.5%) of wild boar tonsils. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high genetic diversity among the isolates with no dominant clones. Overall, these results indicate that Swedish pig husbandry, characterized by indoor rearing of fattening pigs, age-segregated rearing, sow vaccination, enhanced biosecurity, and restricted straw access largely prevents tonsillar colonization by ER aligning with the low occurrence of clinically diagnosed erysipelas in such herds. For wild boars, the high isolation rate suggests that wild boar could act as a reservoir and potential source of infection for domestic pigs. The potential zoonotic risk should also be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of the phenotypes of Streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from tonsils of healthy horses and specimens obtained from foals and donkeys with pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether streptococcal pneumonia is caused by strains of Streptococcus zooepidemicus similar to those obtained from the tonsils of healthy horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: 5 tonsils from healthy horses, 8 tracheal washes and 6 lung specimens from foals with pneumonia, and 5 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from donkeys with acute bronchopneumonia. PROCEDURE: Variable M-like protectively immunogenic SzP proteins of 5 isolates of S. zooepidemicus from each tonsil and clinical specimen were compared, using immunoblots. The SzP gene of 13 isolates representative of various SzP immunoblot phenotypes from 1 healthy horse and 9 horses and donkeys with pneumonia were sequenced and compared. Cell-associated hyaluronic acid concentration and resistance to phagocytosis of some isolates were measured. RESULTS: Tonsils of each healthy horse were colonized by several SzP phenotypes similar to those of foals or donkeys with pneumonia. In contrast, multiple isolates from animals with pneumonia had the same SzP phenotype, indicating infection by a single strain or clone. Analysis of the SzP sequence confirmed that differences in immunoblot phenotype were associated with sequence differences and that several SzP genotypes were in healthy horses and animals with pneumonia. Isolates with high concentrations of cell-associated hyaluronic acid were more resistant to phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An SzP-specific immunoblot is a useful, sensitive measure of diversity among strains of S. zooepidemicus. Single strains with SzP phenotypes similar to those found in tonsils of healthy horses cause pneumonia. Because of the diversity of SzP phenotype and genotype among isolates from animals with pneumonia, SzP phenotype is not an important determinant of invasiveness or epizootic capabilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Influence of IL-6 on proliferation and differentiation of tonsillar lymphocytes and detection of IL-6 producing cells in tonsil.

When tonsillar B cells were cultured in the presence of exogenous interleukin-6 (IL-6), a small portion of them differentiated into plasma cells which seemed to have IL-6 receptors on their surfaces. The number of plasma cells tended to be greater in the tonsils of children than in the tonsils of adults. When tonsillar cells collected by Ficoll-Conray's method were cultured in medium containing IL-6, T cells differentiated and the number of activated T cells increased. Of the four subsets of T cells, this effect of IL-6 was strongest on cytotoxic T cells. IL-6-mediated proliferation and activation of cytotoxic T cells tended to be greater in the tonsils of children than in those of adults. IL-6 is produced in some tonsillar macrophages. The number of macrophages producing IL-6 was very different in different subjects. However, the number of macrophages producing IL-6 in tonsils of children tended to be greater than the number in tonsils of adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The diagnostic value of symptoms and signs in acute tonsillitis in children over the age of 10 and in adults.

267 outpatients with acute tonsillitis were studied with regard to clinical signs and symptoms and presence of beta-hemolytic streptococci. Beta-hemolytic streptococci were found in 169 patients (63%), compared to 6/64 healthy controls (9%). Of the tonsillitis patients with beta-hemolytic streptococci, 80% harboured group A and 20% groups C and G. Five out of 6 controls had group C and G streptococci. Eight clinical signs and symptoms of acute tonsillitis were rated on a 10-point scale. A correlation was found between redness in the oropharynx and on the tonsils and positive culture for beta-hemolytic streptococci group A. The total WBC count, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and ratio of polymorphonuclear to mononuclear leucocytes were strongly correlated to a positive culture for streptococci group A. Groups C and G did not show these correlations. The study stresses the importance of quantitative culture technique and the value of this for diagnosis in the acute ill patient with tonsillitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[A study on the tonsil with focal infections--with special reference to the newly devised tonsillar cryptscope and the architecture of vessels in crypts].

It is well known that inflamed human palatine tonsils have many surface crypts showing characteristic lymphoepithelial symbiosis, which play an important role in immune response. The cryptepithelia are rich in blood vessels. This proliferation of blood vessels is said to be the initiation of various kinds of immune responses. We devised a tonsillar cryptscope in order to observe the tonsillar crypt. Scopy with the cryptscope confirmed seven characteristic types of capillary vessels. The cryptscopic figures showed different patterns in tonsillar diseases such as hypertrophic tonsil, recurrent tonsillitis and tonsil with focal infection (palmoplantar pustulosis and psoriasis vulgaris). In this study the significances of tonsillar cryptscopic figures were investigated through the study of three dimensional structures of blood vessels and immuno-histology. In order to understand the structure of capillary vessels in details, human palatine tonsils were studied using corrosion casting techniques with a scanning electron microscope. Horseshoe type capillary vessels corresponded to the curved capillary vessels in the epithelium. This type of capillary vessel was observed in the epithelia covering the interfollicular area. The tonsillar blood vessels, along with closely related substances in the epithelium and the parenchyma, were immuno-histologically examined. Where the lymphocytes had densely infiltrated the epithelium, the basement membrane became thickened and often disrupted; the endothelial cells were also enlarged. Adrian et al reported that lymphocytes invaded from the capillary vessels within the epithelia. Thus it was suggested that the horseshoe type was related to lymphocyte invasion of the epithelia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Morpho-functional status of the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils in children with regional lymphadenitis].

The authors give clinicomorphological analysis of 100 cases of chronic tonsillitis in young children who had marked regional lymphadenitis in the absence of clinical manifestations of tonsillitis. General and local immunity were examined in these children. Lifetime assessment was made of functional tonsil condition by cytological and microbiological examination of the content of deep lacune parts. Removed palatine tonsils were examined histologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Uncommon location of the upper tonsillar pole impairs drainage function of the lacunes, attenuation of lymphoepithelial symbiosis, functional activity of the affected part of the tonsils which give rise to pathological processes in the regional lymph nodes. Impairment of lymph nodes becomes leading in clinical course of the disease.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2000

Tonsillectomy and tonsillitis in Cape Town--age and sex of patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the sex and age of patients undergoing tonsillectomy in the Cape Town metropolitan area. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective audit was conducted from 1991 to 1995 comparing the sex and age of patients undergoing tonsillectomy with patients admitted to hospital for acute tonsillitis and the general population. RESULTS: A total of 7,250 tonsillectomies were performed for recurrent tonsillitis, and 111 adult patients were admitted with acute tonsillitis. When the data for the adult tonsillectomy patients were isolated, the female/male ratio was 3.22:1, which is highly significant when compared with the data for the general population (Cornfield's 95% confidence limit: 2.82, 3.68) and for patients with acute tonsillitis (Cornfield's 95% confidence limit: 1.14, 2.65). CONCLUSION: Recurrent tonsillitis requiring tonsillectomy occurs more commonly in female than male patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Histopathological and immunological analysis of hyperplastic palatine tonsils and adenoids in children with coexisting atopic dermatitis].

Allergic sensitisation of the airways occurs in the mucosa of the shock organ, or in the lymphatic stations draining these structures. The lymphatic structure closest to the nasal mucosa in humans is the adenoid and tonsils. Research done in respect to Waldeyer's ring on people dealing at the same time with allergy, is seldom the subject of dissertation in polish as well as world wide medical literature. In the enclosed dissertation, writers present the results of histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of hyperplastic tonsils and adenoid, taken from children with coexisting atopy. The authors describe an immunohistochemical analyses of the hyperplastic human palatine tonsil. They present the expression of antigen CD3, CD20, CD45, CD68, EMA, SMA, Vimentin, Desmin, S-100, von Willebrand Factor, p35, Bcl-2, melanin, cytokeratin, estrogen receptor, progesteron receptor, kolagen IV and NSE in every region of pallatine tonsil. It is worthwhile to remark, that many of these cases, the presence of eosinophilia and subepithelial oedema was observed. Our immunohistochemical findings support the hypothesis that allergic sensitization takes place in the adenoid and tonsils. Furthermore, this study confirms that dendritic cells ad macrophages are involved and important in allergic disease.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2003

Cartilagenous choristoma of palatine tonsil--a case report.

Choristoma is defined as a histologically normal tissue proliferation or nodule of a tissue type not normally found in anatomic site of proliferation. Here a case of chronic tonsillitis is being reported where mature cartilage was found embedded in the tonsil, making the surgical removal of the tonsil difficult. Cartilaginous choristoma of the tonsil appears to be a developmental anomaly in the second pharyngeal arch and could be one of the causes of recurrent tonsillitis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Tongue tonsil hypertrophy: 172 cases report and pathological analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To improve the clinical recognition and attention of tongue tonsil hypertrophy. METHOD: To all patients, after forceps-excision of hypertrophic tongue tonsil under direct larynscope guidance, the remains was treated with microwave. RESULT: After treatment of forceps-excision combined with microwave treating, 80.81% cases were cure, 15.12% cases were effective recovered, 4.07% cases didn't recover. Lymphadenia was the main pathological change, 76 cases of follicular hyperplasia (44.19%), 55 cases of diffuse hyperplasia (31.98%), 33 cases of mixed hyperplasia (19.19%), 5 cases of granulational hyperplasia (2.91%) and 3 cases of actinomycetic abscess (1.74%). One hundred and thirteen cases accompanied infiltration or destruction of epithelial lymphocyte, 22 cases accompanied erosion, 91 cases accompanied expanding of follicular cavities, inflammatory exude or forming of cysts. Above all, 57 cases accompanied infection of actinomycete or other germs. CONCLUSION: Tongue tonsil hypertrophy is the result of local lymph tissue's reactive hyperplasia to pathogenicity and the lesion of epithelium. Clinical attention should be paid to tongue tonsil hypertrophy for its the main cause of obstinate abnormal sensation of throat. Forceps-excision combines with microwave treating is an effectual treatment of tongue tonsil hypertrophy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Antigen-presenting cells in the hypertrophic pharyngeal tonsils: a histochemical, immunuhistochemical and ultrastructural study.

The antigen presenting cells (APCs) with special interest to dendritic cells (DC), were investigated in 28 hypertrophic and 10 control pharyngeal tonsils of children by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In this study, we are trying to clarify the function and classification of APC in pharyngeal tonsils using morphologic criteria, Human Leukocyte Antigen Monoclonal Antibody (HLA-DR MoAb), which is specific for APCs, and acid phosphatase (APh) reacting with both phagosomes and lysosomes. The surface epithelium of the patient group examined by light microscopy, heavy infiltration of lymphocytes, degenerated columnar cells and a few HLA-DR MoAb (+) columnar cells was observed. Additionally, a significant number of APCs which were Langerhans cells (LCs), interdigitating dendritic cell (IDC), follicular dendritic cell (FDC) and macrophages were stained with both HLA-DR MoAb and APh in the epithelial, interfollicular-subepithelial and follicular areas. Ultrastructural examinations revealed that lymphocytes, macrophages, LC and M cells were found among the surface columnar epithelial cells of the patient group. The interactions between M cells and LC suggested that M cells probably passed antigens from surface to LC. In the interfollicular-subepithelial areas of the hypertrophic pharyngeal tonsil, IDCs were in close contact with lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. Seven types of FDCs (FDC-1 - FDC-7) were recognised according to their ultrastructural appearances. Differentiated FDCs (FDC-4) were also in close contact with each active subtype of FDCs in follicular areas besides lymphocytes. These findings supported the idea that although the pharyngeal tonsils contained several types of active APCs, only DC were in close contact with immunocompetent cells and the other APC's. Therefore, these morphologic appearances of DC could be a sign of function to initiate the immune response of the pharyngeal tonsil.

Antigen-Presenting Cells↗
PubMed2005

[Allergic tonsillitis: myth or reality].

The tonsils are part of Waldeyer's ring, the basic function of which is antibody formation; they react later against a wide variety of antigens. Allergic sensitization of the airways occurs not only in the mucosa of the afflicted organ, but also in the lymphatic stations draining these structures. The lymphatic structures closest to the nasal mucosa in humans are the adenoids and tonsils. Adenoidal, nasal, and middle ear diseases are frequent health problems in young children. Pediatric adenoidal obstruction of the nasal airway is associated with significant morbidity and is also a frequent indication for surgery. Research done with respect to Waldeyer's ring in people dealing concurrently with allergy is a seldom subject in medical literature, both Polish and world wide. The study shows that allergy and sensitivity to different kinds of allergens are risk factors for adenoid hypertrophy (AH) in children. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies confirms that tonsil dendritic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells are involved in and are important in allergic tonsillitis. Ig synthesis and switching also occur in the adenoid and tonsils. Early treatment of allergic diseases may help reduce the occurrence of AH. Properly administered nasal steroids and antihistamines can reduce adenoidal hypertrophy and nasal airway obstructive symptoms in atopic children.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of the size of tonsil on uvulopalatopharyngoplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how the size of tonsil affects the curative effect of patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) treated with Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). METHOD: Fifty-four cases with OSAHS treated with UPPP in our department were analyzed retrospectively. The polysomnography (PSG) was examined again one years or longer after operation. RESULT: There was no statistical difference between different tonsil size groups in age, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), body mass index (BMI) and the lowest Pulse Oxygen Saturation (lowest SpO2) before operation. But there was a statistical difference in curative effect after operation between groups. The lowest SpO2 raised obviously in groups with bigger tonsils. In serious OSAHS group, there was a statistical difference in the composing of tonsil size grade in different curative effect groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with bigger size of tonsil will receive a better result after UPPP while the lowest SpO2 will be improved more prominent. To serious OSAHS, we should treat them individually.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The role of Toxoplasma gondii in the etiology of chronic tonsillitis in children].

Toxoplasma gondii is know to have an affinity to lymphatic tissue. The authors studied whether after infection of the child's body T. gondii does or does not determine the chronic course of tonsillitis. In 712 children with chronic tonsillitis serological examinations for toxoplasmosis were carried out by means of RVK, NIR and ELISA. Low titers of toxoplasme antibodies were found in 8.0% of the children examined. In light of the following findings the authors conclude that toxoplasme tonsillitis did not occur in their series: toxoplasma antibodies failed to be increased; their titers in seropositive children were low; toxoplasma was not isolated from tonsillar tissue; no direct microscopic evidence of the parasite could be established in smears of cell aspirate from lymph nodes regional to the palatine tonsils; the same smears failed to present the cytopathologic picture characteristic of nodal toxoplasmosis. In our ecologic conditions T. gondii is presumably not involved in the etiology of chronic tonsillitis, or it may be involved but to an epidemiologically not appreciable extent. (Tab. 10, Ref. 18).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cause-effect interdependence in the pathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis as an infectious allergic process].

Clinical and immunological examinations of 360 patients with chronic tonsillitis and 286 patients suffering from systemic complications of chronic tonsillitis at various post-tonsillectomy stages demonstrated that the major immunopathological factor in the case of chronic compensated tonsillitis was microbial allergy and in the case of chronic decompensated tonsillitis, autoimmune disorders. The high titer of autoantibodies to tonsillar antigen that persisted at various post-tonsillectomy stages made it necessary to use systemic immune correction as part of therapy of chronic tonsillitis.

Autoimmunity↗
PubMed1990

Management of tonsillitis by the general practitioner.

Seventy-eight of 107 general practitioners completed a questionnaire to assess the management of recurrent acute tonsillitis by the primary care physician. Penicillin was the antibiotic of choice in acute tonsillitis, used by 74 (95%) respondents. Of these, 45% recommended ampicillin/amoxycillin. In the case of penicillin allergy, 67 (86%) chose erythromycin. For the treatment of tonsillitis unresponsive to initial therapy, a wide variety of agents were quoted; the most common being erythromycin (27 cases, 35%) and co-trimoxazole (16 cases, 20%). There were 17 separate indications for surgical referral given, the most common being recurrent tonsillitis (68 cases, 87%). Two or more reasons for surgical referral were stated by 55 (71%) GPs. These findings are discussed with particular reference to recent reports of penicillinase producing bacteria in association with recurrent acute tonsillitis.

Erythromycin↗
PubMed1983

[Morphological characteristics of the function of the tonsil as an organ of immunogenesis].

The review deals with the problem of the necessity to evaluate the immunological state of palatine tonsils in various pathologic conditions on the basis of morphological studies. The methods of investigation allowing the intensity of cellular and humoral immunity to be assessed are described. It is emphasized that a combined approach including morphological examinations of the palatine tonsils together with immunological methods used clinically is optimal for the evaluation of the immunological state of palatine tonsils. Investigation of the immunomorphological condition of palatine tonsils is important both for the evaluation of changes in the tonsils themselves and for characterization of the entire system of immunogenesis organs.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1994

[High endothelial venule and lymphocyte homing of the musk shrew palatine tonsil].

Homing of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs is essential for an adequate immune response in vivo. Adherence of the lymphocytes to the high endothelial venule (HEV) is the crucial step of the homing. In contrast to lymph nodes and Peyer's patch, study of lymphocyte homing to the palatine tonsil has been hampered by the lack of useful laboratory animals that possess the tonsil. Herein, we examined the preferential adhesion of lymphocytes to the tonsillar HEV using the musk shrew; a new laboratory animal which has a pair of immunocompetent palatine tonsils. The palatine tonsils of the musk shrew had the morphologically detectable HEV in the parafollicular region. Immunofluorescent staining showed that more B cells were located in the lumen of the tonsillar HEV rather than T cells. The in vitro lymphocyte-HEV binding assay indicated some preferential adhesion of the lymphocytes to the tonsillar HEV. First, adhesion of B cells to the tonsillar HEV was more preferential than that of T cells, which was consistent with the result in the assay of Peyer's patch. Second, adhesion of the lymphocytes from axillar and inguinal lymph nodes was similar to that of the lymphocytes from the mesenteric lymph nodes, that differed from the result in the assay of Peyer's patch. These findings suggest that, in the musk shrew, the regulation of lymphocyte homing through the HEV has differences between tonsil and Peyer's patch, at least in part. This may be related to the role of the lymphoid organs in each local immune response.

Animals↗