Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Sucking Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Etiology of oral habits.

The pedodontic admission histories of 1600 Mexican children were analyzed, to determine general epidemiologic factors or oral habits, as well as their relationship with identifiable biopsychosociologic factors. Fifty-six percent of the children gave evidence of an oral habit, with significant predisposition among female patients, single children, subjects in poor physical health (particularly from allergies), as well as children with histories of chronic health problems. Oral habits should be considered a major health hazard because of their high incidence. Successful treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach to the basic cause of the problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: involvement of mu and kappa opioid systems in the conditioned response.

When the Embryonic Day 20 (E20) rat fetus is given a conditioning trial involving a paired presentation of an artificial nipple (the conditioned stimulus; CS) with an intraoral infusion of milk (the unconditioned stimulus; US), it shows evidence of classical conditioning when again exposed to the CS during a test trial. Specifically, the fetus shows fewer oral grasp responses (the conditioned response; CR) when continuously presented with the artificial nipple. The present study further investigated this classically conditioned reduction in oral grasping. Separate experiments (a) examined the time course of the reduction in oral grasping (Experiment 1), (b) characterized the time course of mu opioid (Experiment 2) and kappa opioid (Experiment 3) involvement in the CR, and (c) described changes in fetal behavior (Experiment 4) associated with mu and kappa opioid effects on responding to the artificial nipple. The results are discussed in terms of opioid involvement in establishing and maintaining early suckling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

NGF and cholinergic control of behavior: anticipation and enhancement of scopolamine effects in neonatal mice.

Male mouse pups of the Swiss-CD1 strain received on postnatal days 2 and 4 either an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 30 micrograms murine nerve growth factor (NGF) or cytochrome c. Pups were then tested for suckling behavior on their anesthetized multiparous dam on day 5, following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of either the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (2 mg/kg) or saline solution (0.9%). Scopolamine produced a significant increase in latency time to suckle, while reducing the time pups spent attached to the nipple. NGF exposure enhanced scopolamine effects on latency to suckle as well as on time spent attached to the nipple. More striking, NGF pups showed a marked hyperactivity after scopolamine, an effect which normally appears only around weaning time. These results support the hypothesis that NGF plays a crucial role in the functional maturation of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in the control of behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Differential effects of upper gastrointestinal fill on milk ingestion and nipple attachment in the suckling rat.

Milk intake and nipple attachment behaviors were studied in the natural suckling situation after gastrointestinal preloading. Rat pups, deprived of their dam for 9 hr at 1, 10, or 20 days of age, were preloaded by gavage with volumes ranging from 2 to 16% of their body weight and returned to suckle. Preloads of artificial bitch's milk decreased the intake of mother's milk in a volume-related manner at all ages. At 1 and 10 days 4% preloads decreased milk intake without affecting attachment behaviors; larger preloads of 8 and 16% decreased intake and reduced the incidence of attachment. At 20 days of age small and large preloads decreased both incidence of attachment and milk intake. Preloads up to 8% of body weight had no effect on latency to attach at any age. Complete subdiaphragmatic bilateral vagotomy increased milk intake of 7-9 day-old pups fed automatically through an anterior mouth cannula in a nonsuckling situation. Vagotomy combined with spinal cordotomy (T2-T3) resulted in a synergistic hyperphagia and massive distension of the upper GI tract. The results indicate that suckling rats can control their intake of mother's milk while remaining attached to a nipple as early as 1 day of age. The suppression of ingestion in response to GI filling appears to be mediated by visceral afferent activity. Conversely, attachment behaviors are less affected by GI fill. This suggests that ingestive behaviors and attachment behaviors have different controls during the 1st 10 days of postnatal development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Variability in general activity and the expression of complex behavior in the fetal rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Rat fetuses exhibit intrinsic fluctuations in general motor activity and respond to an artificial nipple (AN) with mouthing and oral grasping behavior. The present study examined the relation between the organization of general activity and the expression of these specific responses to an AN on Embryonic Day 21. In Experiment 1, continuous exposure to the AN resulted in nonspecific behavioral activation characterized by an increase in amplitude and high-frequency variability. In Experiment 2, increased amplitude and variability in general activity preceding discrete presentations of the AN resulted in more mouthing and oral grasping responses to the AN. These results suggest that presentation of the AN triggers behavioral reorganization in which the level and variability of overall activity may facilitate expression of well-defined action patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Postpartum behavior in the mouse: the contribution of suckling stimulation to water intake, food intake and body weight regulation.

Rockland-Swiss (R-S) Albino female mice that receive suckling stimulation from young consume significantly more water and food and gain significantly more weight than dams without young. Excision of nipples (thelectomy) prevents postpartum increases in these consummatory behaviors and in body weight gain even in dams with extensive prior suckling exposure. Thus, both the initiation and maintenance of postpartum ingestive behaviors depend primarily upon suckling stimulation from young.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neonatal triethyl lead neurotoxicity in rat pups: initial behavioral observations and quantification.

Although alterations in development due to inorganic lead poisoning have been intensely investigated, little is known about the early toxicity of organic lead compounds. Assessment of developmental consequences due to triethyl lead (TEL) intoxication presently included (1) determination of the acute LD50 as 13 +/- 1 mg/kg, and (2) detailed examination of early neurobehavioral sequelae. The offspring of 12 Fischer-344 dams were administered on postpartum day 5 either a sham-injection, 15% ethanol, 3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg TEL vis SC injection (20 microliters). Small, but significant, weight reductions of 6% and 13% for the 3- and 6- mg/kg TEL-dosed pups, respectively, were observed (days 14-30). Early sensory deficits of TEL pups as indicated by impaired olfactory discrimination on day 7 and decreased incidence of nipple attachment on day 9 were accompanied by the presence of fine whole body tremor (day 10). While these initial effects were transitory in nature, activity evaluations demonstrated persistent hypoactivity in high dose TEL males (days 15, 22, 24, 26, and 29). Passive avoidance acquisition was not affected by TEL treatment (day 18). However, 72 and 144 hr tests of passive avoidance retention (days 21 and 25) suggested alterations in affective behavior, i.e., hypoactivity in high dose TEL males and hyperactivity in low dose TEL females. A reduction in number, but not magnitude, of startle responses also occurred as a function of TEL exposure. The single postnatal day 5 injection of TEL thus produced transitory effects possibly reflecting direct TEL pharmacological activity, as well as apparent long-term effects suggesting potential permanent alterations in behavioral function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caffeine: effects of acute and chronic exposure on the behavior of neonatal rats.

The behavioral responses of 1- and 10-day-old rats to caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, were determined using several behaviors readily exhibited by the neonatal rat. In pups of both ages activity as well as attachment latencies in the on-nipple suckling test increased, while weight gain and attachment frequencies in on-mother and on-nipple suckling tests decreased. In addition, the home orientation of 10-day-old rats was disrupted. Similar effects were found in 1-day-old pups exposed to theophylline. Long term exposure to caffeine during gestation (1-day-old pups) or on days 1--9 of lactation (10-day-old pups) increased the pups' activity levels and altered the activity increase observed following an acute caffeine challenge. The absence of a differential response to theophylline indicated these changes were specific to caffeine. These results indicate that biologically relevant behaviors can be used to assess behavioral alterations in the neonate which arise from prenatal or early postnatal exposure to toxic substances.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Suckling behavior in neonatal rats: psychopharmacological investigations.

The effects of various neurotransmitter antagonists on suckling behavior of 3- and 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were examined. Peripheral administration of three serotonergic antagonist, scopolamine, were observed to markedly reduce suckling behavior of neonatal rat pups. These effects appear to be centrally mediated since intracisternal administration of small doses of all of these drugs was observed to suppress suckling. The reduction in suckling induced by these antagonists did not appear to be a result of a debilitating effect of the drugs or to be due to any alteration in body temperature. In contrast, the opiate antagonist naloxone, the dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol, the alpha-noradrenergic antagonist phentolamine, and the beta-noradrenergi antagonist propranolol did not consistently produce any alteration in suckling behavior. These results suggest that the serotonergic and cholinergic systems may be functioning much earlier in ontogeny than previously suggested and may be involved in modulating suckling behavior in the early neonatal period.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Rapid and robust olfactory conditioning with milk before suckling experience: promotion of nipple attachment in the newborn rat.

An olfactory conditioning paradigm tested the hypothesis that newborn rats are able to learn about events associated with their first experience with milk as early as 3-5 hr after birth. Exposure to lemon odor (conditioned stimulus, [CS]) paired with intraoral milk infusions (unconditioned stimulus, [US]) resulted in strong conditioning: In the presence of the CS, sustained attachment occurred to an empty nipple as if it provided milk, whereas pups in control conditions showed little attachment. A single CS-US pairing was sufficient for strong conditioning, which was evident with a trace interval as long as 60 s. Conditioning was robust enough to promote attachment to a nipple providing saline, which is aversive to the newborn rat, and comparably strong conditioning occurred with sucrose or saccharin as the US. These findings suggest that olfactory conditioning has the potential to modify suckling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Endogenous opioids and the first suckling episode in the rat.

Endogenous activity at opioid receptors affects the appetitive behavior of Caesarean-delivered rat pups during presentation of a surrogate nipple that provides milk. Blockade of opioid receptors by peripheral injection of naloxone has no effect on responses evoked by the surrogate nipple. Similarly, blockade of caudal brain opioid receptors by injection of naloxone into the cisterna magna has no effect on the pup's behavior in response to the surrogate nipple. However, blockade of rostral opioid receptors by injection of naloxone into the cerebral ventricles increases the latency to the first oral grasp response, decreases total time on the nipple, and virtually eliminates ingestion of milk from the surrogate nipple (Experiment 1). Blockade of endogenous opioid activity does not affect responses to a nipple that provides distilled water (Experiment 2) or to an empty surrogate nipple (Experiment 3). These data indicate that during the initial suckling episode endogenous opioids in rostral brain regions affect the pup's behavioral responses to the nipple. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that milk engages opioid systems during the first suckling and that endogenous opioids play a role in early suckling.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Steps to successfully breastfeed the premature infant.

The birth of a premature infant causes emotional upheaval for parents. They often wonder what they can do to help their infant during the critical newborn period. Providing breast milk is one of the most important physiologic benefits a mother can give her premature infant. The advantages of breast milk are numerous. It is the responsibility of those who care for premature infants and their families to provide parents with the support they need to supply the best possible nutrition for their infant. Breastfeeding a premature infant can challenge both the mother and her health care team, however. Infants should be assessed individually for readiness to proceed through the steps leading to successftil breastfeeding. From establishing a milk supply to putting the baby to the breast, parents rely on the nurse for information, instruction, and encouragement. This article identifies obstacles to breastfeeding the premature infant and offers a step-by-step approach for promoting successful breastfeeding in the NICU.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Activation and odor conditioning of suckling behavior in 3-day-old albino rats.

The circumstances under which a novel odor could elicit nipple attachment behavior in 3-day-old albino rats were investigated. In Experiment 1, rats suckled washed nipples scented with citral (a lemon odor) only if they either had received tactile stimulation (by stroking with a soft artist's brush) or had been administered amphetamine in the presence of citral prior to the suckling test. Pups stimulated in citral's absence or simply exposed to citral without stimulation failed to suckle such nipples. In Experiment 2, rats stimulated in a benzaldehyde (an almond odor) ambience suckled washed nipples scented with benzaldehyde but not those with citral scent. The opposite held for rats stimulated in a citral-rich environment. The stimulus conditions that support this conditioning were investigated in Experiment 3. Simultaneously increasing citral concentration and raising ambient temperature markedly attenuated the phenomenon. Experiment 4 demonstrated that not all classes of stimulation produced conditioning. Caffeine, in a wide range of doses, did not allow citral to elicit suckling on washed nipples. These findings are discussed within a framework of higher order conditioning. They may provide a mechanism by which naturally occurring stimuli come to elicit the species- and age-typical behavior of suckling.

Animals↗