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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Respiratory symptoms and spirometry in experienced coal miners: effects of both distant and recent coal mine dust exposures.

The goal of this study was to determine whether respiratory symptoms were associated with the lower concentrations of respirable coal mine dust that were required by the U.S. Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (CMHSA) of 1969. The subjects were 1,866 male miners who had participated in the National Study of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis (NSCWP) and been tested at least twice, initially in either Round 1 (R1) (1969-71) or Round 2 (R2) (1972-75) and then finally in Round 4 (R4) (1985-88). Self-reported information elicited with a standardized questionnaire was used to determine the presence at the final round (i.e., R4) of chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath, and wheeze. Cumulative coal mine dust exposure was characterized for both the pre- and post-CMHSA periods. Controlling for age and other potential confounders, increased risks for the symptoms were associated with higher levels of both measurements of exposure. Moreover, the adverse effects of the lower, post-CMHSA exposure were evident for shortness of breath and wheeze especially among subjects who had little pre-CMHSA coal mining experience. These findings provide additional evidence of the limitations of the current 2.0 mg/m3 coal mine dust standard to prevent respiratory disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Measurement of 13C-glucose oxidation rate using mass spectrometric determination of the CO2: Ar ratio and spirometry.

A new method was developed and validated for measuring the CO2 concentration in the breath by mass spectrometric analysis. Argon, an inert gas that is present in air in a constant concentration of 0.923%, was used as an internal standard. By determining the ratio of CO2 (mass 44) to Ar (mass 40) in a breath sample, it was possible to read the CO2 concentration from a standard curve, relating CO2 concentration to CO2: Ar ratio. By combining mass spectrometric determination of CO2 concentration in breath with spirometric measurement of expired volumes, the CO2 production was determined in 67 subjects at rest. The mean value was 8.86 mmol kg-1 h-1, but there was considerable interindividual variation. This new method was applied to glucose oxidation studies in 10 normal subjects, 10 post-gastrectomy patients and 7 obese type II diabetic subjects. Measurement of the 13CO2 exhalation with quantitative determination of CO2 production allowed more accurate determination of the CO2 excretion rate in relation to blood levels of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids than assuming the constant CO2 production of 300 mmol unit body surface -1 h-1 or 9 mmol kg-1 h-1. It also resulted in a better discrimination between normal subjects and diabetics.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Spirometry in children aged 3 to 5 years: reliability of forced expiratory maneuvers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of forced expiratory maneuvers during standard spirometric evaluation in preschool children. Among 570 young children attending our laboratory, we retrospectively selected 355 patients (14% 3-4-year-olds, 48% 4-5-year-olds, and 38% 5-6-year-olds) who carried out spirometric tests for the first time. The indications for such tests were history of asthma (70%), followed by chronic cough (20%) and other miscellaneous conditions (10%). Eighty-eight, 175, and 92 children performed one, two, and three acceptable tests respectively. Forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity (FVC) did not differ significantly between attempts in children performing either two or three attempts. Forced expiratory time (FET), i.e., the total time required for the forced expiratory maneuver, was 1.7 +/- 0.1 sec (mean +/- SEM), and was no greater than 1 sec in 21.3% of all tested children. Consequently, FEV(1) does not appear to be well-suited to this age group. Forced expiratory volume in 0.50 and 0.75 sec (FEV(0.5), FEV(0.75)) were thus measured in the group of children performing three attempts (n = 92), and there was no statistical difference between attempts. In 267 children performing two or three tests, the ATS criteria of reproducing FEV(1) and FVC within <or= 0.1 L seemed to be preferable in this young population. Indeed, more than 70% of the tested children presented their two best efforts (FVC and FEV(1)) not varying by more than 0.1 L. Individual coefficients of variation (CV = SD/mean x 100%) over three tests for FEV(1) and FVC were 6.71 +/- 0.53% and 6.35 +/- 0.41% (mean +/- SEM), respectively. These results show that forced expiratory tests are not always feasible in young children, but that 55% (196/355) of our selected population performed reliable maneuvers (at least two FVC and FEV(1) reproducible within 0.1 L), provided that they were supervised by a carefully trained pediatric medical staff.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of spirometry in children from Mexico City.

A study was conducted in two elementary schools in Mexico City to determine values for pulmonary function tests in school-aged residents of Mexico City. The schools were located in Xalostoc, a highly industrialized area of Mexico City, and San Lorenzo, a suburban area of the city. Although data regarding atmospheric pollution were not available, there is an acknowledged higher level of macroenvironmental air pollution in Xalostoc. Pulmonary function tests were performed on 468 children in San Lorenzo and 405 children in Xalostoc. No differences between residents of the two communities for acute or chronic respiratory conditions were detected by questionnaire. The pulmonary function data demonstrate that boys have larger forced vital capacities (FVC) and forced expiratory flows over the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75) than girls. Slopes of regression lines for FVC but not for FEF25-75 are greater in boys and girls from Xalostoc than in boys and girls from San Lorenzo. This suggests that young children from Xalostoc may experience ill effects of air pollution but develop catch-up growth later. There were no important community or gender effects on slopes of regression lines for height and weight on age. In general, the regression lines for FVC and FEF25-75 were below regression lines reported for children of Mexican ancestry living at sea level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A novel sensor for routine continuous spirometry of intubated patients.

Measurement of gas flow and airway pressure at the Y-piece of an endotracheal tube provides valuable information about airway integrity and basic pulmonary function. We describe the working principle and design of the D-lite sensor (Datex Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland), which, in a single, lightweight adapter piece, encloses flow, airway pressure, and sidestream gas measurement. The main emphasis in the design of this instrument was on reliable and accurate operation during continuous monitoring with exposure to humidity and mucus. Therefore, a robust flow-restrictor element with a pick-off arrangement resembling a Pitot tube was employed. This arrangement has nonlinear characteristics with potential difficulties in the measurement of small flows. However, these inherent drawbacks, together with compensations required because of varying gas fractions and pressure, can be handled by sophisticated computer algorithms at the host-monitor end (Capnomac Ultima [Datex Division, Instrumentarium Corporation, Helsinki, Finland]). Validation methods with main results and a brief review of applications are given.

Airway Resistance↗