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PubMed1977

Glycolysis of red cells suspended in solutions of impermeable solutes. Intracellular pH and glycolysis.

The glycolytic rate human red cells suspended in a sucrose medium of low or physiological pH was higher than that of the cells suspended in Ringer's medium of the same. pH. The medium pHP-glycolytic rate curve of red cells suspended in soucrose media shifted to the acidic side by about one unit compared with that of cells suspended in Ringer's medium. Similarly, the pattern of glycolytic intermediates in red cells suspended in a sucrose medium resembled that in cells suspended in Ringer's solution of about one unit higher pH. These phenomena could be ascribed to the change of intracellular pH, which was measured by the 5,5'-dimethyl-oxazolidine-2,4-dione method. A similar stimulation of glycolysis was observed when sodium citrate was added to red cells suspended in Ringer's solution at constant pH. These observations indicate that membrane-impermeable non-electrolytes or anions stimulate glycolysis of red cells by elevation ofthe intracellular pH. Red cell glycolysis is influenced mainly by the intracellular pH rather than by the pH of the suspending medium.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1983

Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes.

Published and additional data for polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG), formerly PEG 6000, solution water potentials (Psi) are compared. Actual bars Psi over the concentration range of 0 to 0.8 gram PEG per gram H(2)O and temperature (T) range of 5 to 40 degrees C are best predicted (probably within +/- 5%) by this equation: Psi = 1.29[PEG](2)T - 140[PEG](2) - 4.0[PEG]. Although transformable through division by [PEG] to virial equation form, results indicate that the coefficients are not virial. Mannitol (MAN) interacts with PEG to produce Psi significantly lower than additive. Vapor pressure osmometer (VPO) data for MAN-PEG synergism compared favorably with those from thermocouple hygrometry; and VPO data showing the interactions between PEG and four salts are presented. The synergism of MAN-PEG and of NaCl-PEG are related linearly to the concentration of solute added with PEG.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

1.6 A structure of semisynthetic ribonuclease crystallized from aqueous ethanol. Comparison with crystals from salt solutions and with ribonuclease A from aqueous alcohol solutions.

The non-covalent combination of residues 1-118 of RNase A with a synthetic 14-residue peptide containing residues 111-124 of the molecule forms a highly active semisynthetic enzyme, RNase 1-118:111-124. With this enzyme, the roles played by the six C-terminal residues in generating the catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity of RNase can be studied using chemically synthesized analogs. The structure of RNase 1-118:111-124 from 43% aqueous ethanol has been determined using molecular-replacement methods and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 0.166 for all observed reflections in the range 7.0-1.6 A (Protein Data Bank file ISSC). The structure is compared with the 2.0 A structure of RNase A from 43% aqueous 2-methyl-2-propanol and with the 1.8 A structure of the semisynthetic enzyme obtained from crystals grown in concentrated salt solution. The structure of RNase 1-118:111-124 from aqueous ethanol is virtually identical to that of RNase A from aqueous 2-methyl-2-propanol. Half of the crystallographically bound water molecules are not coincident, however. The structure is somewhat less similar to that of RNase 1-118:111-124 from salt solutions, with a major difference being the positioning of active-site residue His119.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

In vitro effects of gelatin solutions on platelet function: a comparison with hydroxyethyl starch solutions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch solutions on platelet reactivity. Citrated whole blood was obtained from 20 healthy volunteers. Expression of glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa and p-selectin were determined using whole blood flow cytometry on both resting and agonist-activated platelets before and after in vitro haemodilution (20% and 40%) using oxypolygelatin, modified gelatin, urea-linked gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130 (mean molecular weight in kDa), HES 200, HES 450 and HES 550. High degrees of haemodilution using oxypolygelatin had no significant effect, similar to HES 130, whereas modified gelatin inhibited GP IIb-IIIa expression, similar to HES 200 and HES 450. Urea-linked gelatin significantly increased the expression of GP IIb-IIIa, similar to HES 550. p-selectin expression remained unchanged in all samples. The present in vitro study indicates that chemical characteristics of colloidal solutions modulate their influence on platelet reactivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene on to asbestos and manmade mineral fibres in an aqueous solution and in a biological model solution.

The adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on to three types of asbestos (chrysotile antophyllite, and amosite) and three types of manmade mineral fibres (MMMF) (rock wool, slag wool, and glass wool) in a physiological water solution was studied. Adsorption was determined from the decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP on the addition of the solid material. Results show that all the fibres weakly adsorb BaP, approximately within the same order of magnitude. The combined adsorption of BaP and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on to chrysotile and amosite asbestos and on to rock wool in aqueous solution was also studied. PC, one of the major constituents in lung surfactant, forms a separate lipid phase in water consisting of micellar liposomes or lipid bilayers. A decrease in the liquid concentration of PC was found when any of the three materials was added, indicating adsorption of the lipid phase on to the fibres. A coincident decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP was also found indicating that BaP is readily solubilised in PC and will accompany the adsorption of this compound on to the fibres. Owing to the high lipid aqueous partition coefficient of BaP, it is concluded that the direct adsorption of BaP on to the fibres will be negligible when PC is present in the system even at low concentrations. Phospholipid adsorption by the fibres and not their direct adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons should therefore be the crucial parameter for this indirect interaction between fibres and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2006

Combined low volume polyethylene glycol solution plus stimulant laxatives versus standard volume polyethylene glycol solution: a prospective, randomized study of colon cleansing before colonoscopy.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG) for colon cleansing is often limited by the inability of patients to drink adequate portions of the 4 L solution. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a reduced volume of PEG combined with stimulant laxatives would be better tolerated and as or more effective than the standard dose. METHODS: Patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either low-volume PEG plus sennosides (120 mg oral sennosides syrup followed by 2 L PEG) or the standard volume preparation (4 L PEG). The subjects rated the tolerability of the preparations and their symptoms. Colonoscopists were blind to the colonic cleansing preparation and graded the cleansing efficacy using a validated tool (the Ottawa scale). RESULTS: The low-volume PEG plus sennosides preparation was significantly better tolerated than the standard large volume PEG (P<0.001) but was less efficacious (P=0.03). Thirty-eight per cent of patients in the large volume PEG group were unable to finish the preparation, compared with only 6% in the reduced volume group. There were no adverse events reported. CONCLUSIONS: Although the low-volume PEG plus sennosides preparation was better tolerated, it was not as effective as standard large-volume PEG. However, in view of the significant difference in tolerance, further research investigating possible improvements in the reduced-volume regimen seems warranted.

Anthraquinones↗

PubMed1979

When a solution is not a solution: Medicaid and Health Maintenance Organizations.

Health Maintenance Organization (HMOs) are repeatedly described as a general solution to the health care crisis and a specific solution to the problems confronting Medicare and Medicaid. The potential incorporation of HMOs into Medicaid has promised to improve the states' ability to accurately budget program expenditures, simplify management, eliminate abusive practices directly linked to fee-for-service (e.g., billing for undelivered services for providing unnecessary care) and, most important, contain costs. At the same time it has promised to increase access to mainstream medicine. Experience has shown, however, that the promise has often been severely compromised by unethical HMO marketing practices, inadequacy of services and excessive administrative costs. This article examines some of the reasons: the political process which created HMOs, the rhetorical claims which exaggerated the strengths of prepaid group practice and distorted the formulation of policy, and the peculiar characteristics of the Medicaid program which have caused Medicaid HMOs to deviate considerably from theoretical expectations.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of Consupren solution and Sandimmun Neoral solution, 50 ml in stable heart transplant patients.

Cyclosporine A (CyA) is a standard component of immunosuppressive regimen after heart transplantation in most centres. The widespread clinical use of cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens since 1983 has led to significant improvements in the survival of cardiac allograft recipients due to decreased mortality from infections and rejections. (1-3) CyA has been shown to be safe and effective. Owing to its success when used after the heart transplantation the number of patients has also risen. This caused growing financial demands on health insurance companies in the Czech Republic where the immunosuppressive drugs are fully reimbursed. A prospective randomized study in 11 stable heart transplant patients was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of Consupren (IVAX-CR) a Sandimmun Neoral (Novartis) solution based immunosuppressive regimen. The results suggest that Consupren solution can be used as an alternative treatment to Sandimmun Neoral in CyA based regimen.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Labour induction at term--a randomised trial comparing Foley catheter plus titrated oral misoprostol solution, titrated oral misoprostol solution alone, and dinoprostone.

OBJECTIVES: To compare three methods of labour induction. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Academic hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa. SUBJECTS: Women with intact membranes due for induction of labour. METHOD: Randomised, sealed opaque envelopes were used to allocate women to labour induction with extra-amniotic Foley catheter/titrated oral misoprostol solution (N = 174), titrated oral misoprostol solution alone (N = 176), or vaginal dinoprostone (N = 176). Misoprostol was dissolved in water and 20-40 g was given 2-hourly. OUTCOME MEASURES: These were failure to deliver vaginally within 24 hours, additional measures for induction or augmentation of labour, analgesia, and maternal and fetal complications. RESULTS: In the Foley catheter group, misoprostol was required in all but 1 case. Failure to deliver vaginally within 24 hours was similar for the three groups (79/174 v. 70/176 v. 70/176 respectively). Labour augmentation, caesarean section and instrumental delivery were used somewhat more frequently in the Foley/misoprostol group than in the misoprostol alone group, but these differences were not statistically significant. More analgesia was used in the Foley catheter/misoprostol group than in the misoprostol group (64/172 v. 46/175). Side-effects and neonatal complications were similar for the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Use of extra-amniotic Foley catheter placement showed no measurable benefits over the use of oral misoprostol alone, or vaginal dinoprostone.

Administration, Intravaginal↗

PubMed2000

[Study of polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) aqueous solutions visible spectra: the relationship among their absorbance at 460 nm, basicities and total Fe(III) concentration of PAFC solutions].

The visible spectra of forty-five synthesized polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) aqueous solutions with different [OH]/[Al + Fe] (B) and nAl/nFe(molar ratio) were investigated. The results showed that their absorbances A of shoulder at 460 nm are all linear interrelationship with their B. We made the curve of absorbance A of PAFC with same B vs. nAl/nFe, there was a turning point. All of these points just located at the places of pH value rising higher in pH- nAl/nFe diagrams. For these reason, we thought that these points stand for the dynamic equilibrium of OH- between the polynucleus hydroxyl Fe(III) and Al(III). These points made certain relationship among the absorbance A at 460 nm, basicities and total Fe(III) concentration of PAFC solutions.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1990

The nursing shortage: dynamics and solutions. Solutions in a pluralistic environment.

America's education and health care environments have been intensely pluralistic since the founding of the republic. Monolithic national solutions to health problems therefore do not occur in the United States, unlike most European countries. As a result, America does not have a national health policy. The current cycle of the shortage of nurses is also complicated by deep differences of opinion among nurses, physicians, and hospitals regarding the origin of, and therefore the solution to, the problem. Despite this, I predict that by the characteristic American version of "muddling through" in health policy, the nursing shortage will be "solved," or at least resolved, by 1993.

Education↗

PubMed1975

[Further improvement of the ACD-AG protective solution for blood. II. Behavior of the oxygen affinity of preserved blood in ACD-AG medium and in a protective solution with addition of pyruvate and xylitol and elevated Ph values].

The present paper deals with the behaviour of the oxygen transport function as well as the 2.3 DPG and ATP levels of erythrocytes during the storage in an ACD-AG solution. In the ACD-AG blood in P 50 fell from 20mm of Hg to values of 12 mm of Hg within 4 weeks of storage. The 2.3 DPG content had already fallen to values below 10% within a fortnight. Additions of xylitol (10 mM in the blood) and pyruvate (0.3 mM in the blood) will delay the decrease of P 50 and the 2.3 DPG content. Concerning the ATP behaviour there was no significant difference between ACD-AG blood and that with additions of xylitol and pyruvate. Up to a storage of a fortnight stored blood in the ACD-AG solution of xylitol and pyruvate will be equal to ACD-AG fresh blood as far as the parameter of oxygen transport function is concerned.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1983

Effects of treatment with erythromycin 1.5 percent topical solution or clindamycin phosphate 1.0 percent topical solution on P. acnes counts and free fatty acid levels.

Twenty healthy subjects (7 men and 13 women) with average baseline P. acnes counts equal to or greater than 1.0 x 10(5) were treated twice a day for eleven days in a randomized, double-blind study with either erythromycin 1.5 percent topical solution or clindamycin phosphate 1.0 percent topical solution. P. acnes counts and free fatty acid (FFA) measurements were performed before treatment, and on Days 4 and 11 of treatment. Statistically significant reductions in P. acnes counts were produced in both groups over the course of the study. There were no statistically significant changes in FFA, free fatty acid/fatty ester (FFA/FE) ratios or triglyceride levels. With erythromycin there were greater reductions in FFA and FFA/FE ratios and greater increases in triglycerides than with the clindamycin group, but the differences between the treatment groups were not significant. No adverse reactions were reported.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Nuclear magnetic resonance study of the conformation of nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and their analogs in solution. IV. Syn--anti-equilibrium in aqueous solutions of 2'-deoxynucleosides and nucleotides].

The method of determination of syn-anti-equilibrium constants by experimental measuring of spin-lattice relaxation rates of the H (1') atom of the carbohydrate ring recently elaborated by us for the ribonucleosides and nucleotides was applied to deoxy compounds. For calculation of the contribution of the H (2') and H (2") nuclei rapid relaxation to the relaxation rate of H (1'), the emprical expression was proposed. Conformation situation in aqueous solution of 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphates and pyrimidine 2'-deoxynucleosides was demonstrated to be characterized by the substantial preponderance of the anti-state. In the solution of dGuo and dAdo the relative weight of the anti-population was decreased to 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. The time average values of glycosidictorsional angle chi in the anti-state was calculated.

Deoxyadenine Nucleotides↗

PubMed1996

Experimental investigations on hair fibers as diffusion bridges and opiates as solutes in solution.

Diffusion experiments were performed using clipped hair fibers as diffusion bridges and aqueous solutions of morphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine. Natural as well as predamaged hair fibers were investigated. The test series were conducted at ambient temperature and at high humidity. After 312 or 372 hours the middle segments of the strands were clipped, washed and analyzed by GC/MS. Only when virgin hair samples were used the solutes passed along the fiber at full length resulting in a positive immunological finding at the end of the diffusion bridge. Most of the washing fluids were positive for opiates. All centerpieces had a high opiate content. The opiate concentration in damaged hair was significantly higher. Radial swelling of the hair fiber with radial diffusion was the first and main process to appear when hair was exposed to water. The diffusion process in hair could not be placed in a simple mathematical treatment.

Asian People↗

PubMed2003

Boundary element solution of the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation and a multipole method for the rapid calculation of forces on macromolecules in solution.

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is widely used to describe the electrostatic potential of molecules in an ionic solution that is treated as a continuous dielectric medium. The linearized form of this equation, applicable to many biologic macromolecules, may be solved using the boundary element method. A single-layer formulation of the boundary element method, which yields simpler integral equations than the direct formulations previously discussed in the literature, is given. It is shown that the electrostatic force and torque on a molecule may be calculated using its boundary element representation and also the polarization charge for two rigid molecules may be rapidly calculated using a noniterative scheme. An algorithm based on a fast adaptive multipole method is introduced to further increase the speed of the calculation. This method is particularly suited for Brownian dynamics or molecular dynamics simulations of large molecules, in which the electrostatic forces must be calculated for many different relative positions and orientations of the molecules. It has been implemented as a set of programs in C++, which are used to study the accuracy and speed of this method for two actin monomers.

Actins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Solution dynamics of the oligosaccharide moiety of ganglioside GM1: comparison of solution conformations with the bound state conformation in association with cholera toxin B-pentamer.

The solution dynamics of the oligosaccharide moiety of ganglioside GM1 have been determined by use of a combination of 1H rotating frame Overhauser effect measurements and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the Galbeta1-3 and NeuNAc moieties which are primarily recognized by cholera toxin both exhibit considerable torsional flexibility about their respective glycosidic linkages. A comparison with the bound state conformation of the ganglioside in association with cholera toxin B-pentamer, shows that a low energy conformation of the oligosaccharide, which closely approximates the global minimum, is selected upon binding.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Thermodynamic quantities of surface formation of aqueous electrolyte solutions. V. Aqueous solutions of aliphatic amino acids.

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, and L-leucine has been observed using the drop volume method as a function of temperature and concentration. The L-leucine molecules form an adsorbed film, while glycine affects the water surface in accordance with simple salts which dissociate into cations and anions completely. The surface tension data have been analyzed in view of K. Motomura's thermodynamic treatment (J. Colloid Interface Sci.64, 348 (1978)), and the thermodynamic quantities relevant to the surface have been shown systematically.

Adsorption↗