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PubMed2005

The limits of social capital: Durkheim, suicide, and social cohesion.

Recent applications of social capital theories to population health often draw on classic sociological theories for validation of the protective features of social cohesion and social integration. Durkheim's work on suicide has been cited as evidence that modern life disrupts social cohesion and results in a greater risk of morbidity and mortality-including self-destructive behaviors and suicide. We argue that a close reading of Durkheim's evidence supports the opposite conclusion and that the incidence of self-destructive behaviors such as suicide is often greatest among those with high levels of social integration. A reexamination of Durkheim's data on female suicide and suicide in the military suggests that we should be skeptical about recent studies connecting improved population health to social capital.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Development's 'downside': social and psychological pathology in countries undergoing social change.

Emphasis on the decline in mortality related to infectious disease, the improvement in child survival and the extension in longevity creates an optimistic view of the effects on health of social change. In contrast, attention to behavioural and social problems apparently stemming from current global social transformations leads to a more negative assessment. Specific historical processes shape local worlds of experience so as to yield complex patterns of social change with multiple outcomes. Study should be directed at the specific mediating social and moral processes that yield negative mental-health outcomes in order to develop international mental-health policy to guide prevention, and to control the dangerously destructive effects of specific social transformations, planned as well as unplanned.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bizoń's method of social network and social support assessment: description of the method and its application].

The development of the social network and social support assessment method designed by Bizoń is concisely outlined. The final version of the measurement method is described and all its components are presented in the appendix. It consists of the Interview Questionnaire, including Social Support Inventory, the Map of Social Network, the List of Social Network, Table of the data coding and Questionnaire of Demographic Data. The main studies with this instrument are reviewed. They indicate that Bizoń's method is a helpful diagnostic tool and has some advantages in comparison with similar methods applied in the studies of social support.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Order No. 51/MSP/AS laying down the functions of the Secretary of State for Public Health and Social Affairs, responsible for social affairs and the status of women, 8 April 1988.

This Order provides that the objective of the Secretary of State for Public Health and Social Affairs, responsible for social affairs and the status of women, is to contribute to the formulation and implementation of a national policy with respect to social affairs, family planning (FP), and the status of women. Among the functions of the Secretary are the following: 1) to accelerate the formulation and implementation of a Family Code for Niger and legislation relating to social affairs, FP, and the status of women, in collaboration with concerned ministries; 2) to accelerate the integration of women into the process of economic, social, and cultural development of the country; 3) to promote research in FP; 4) to promote the organization and mobilization of women with a view of their full participation in the realization of activities and programs that work towards their full physical and social development, in collaboration with women's institutions, movements, and associations; 5) to identify and oversee all development projects carried out in essence by women, in collaboration with the concerned ministries; 6) to coordinate activities oriented towards women by different women's movements, associations, and institutions; 7) to ensure the supervision and monitoring of women's movements, associations, and institutions.

Africa↗
PubMed1989

A critical theory of medical discourse: ideology, social control, and the processing of social context in medical encounters.

The personal troubles that patients bring to doctors often have roots in social issues beyond medicine. While medical encounters involve "micro-level" interactions between individuals, these interpersonal processes occur in a social context shaped by "macro-level" structures in society. Examining prior theories pertinent to medical discourse leads to the propositions: (a) that medical encounters tend to convey ideologic messages supportive of the current social order; (b) that these encounters have repercussions for social control; and (c) that medical language generally excludes a critical appraisal of the social context. The technical structure of the medical encounter, as traditionally seen by health professionals, masks a deeper structure that may have little to do with the conscious thoughts of professionals about what they are saying and doing. Similar patterns may appear in encounters between clients and members of other "helping" professions. Expressed marginally or conveyed by absence of criticism about contextual issues, ideology and social control in medical discourse remain largely unintentional mechanisms for achieving consent.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Social reinforcement and the naturally occurring social responses of severely and profoundly retarded adolescents.

This study was designed to determine if the deficits in social behavior of retarded persons might be due, in part, to the failure of their environment to maintain that behavior. Using an ABAB design, we systematically ignored severely and profoundly retarded, institutionalized adolescents and gave them social reinforcement for appropriate social behavior. Social behavior decreased during nonreinforcement conditions and increased during reinforcement conditions. The data suggest that deficits in social behavior of retarded persons may be due to failure of their environment to maintain such behavior. Implications of these findings for staff behavior and the utility of the present procedure for increasing social behavior of institutionalized retarded persons were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The challenge of the 21st century: innovating and adapting Social Security systems to economic, social, and demographic changes in the English-speaking Americans.

The Social Security Programs in the United States are complex and have evolved over a long span of years. However, it is possible to categorize much of this experience into two different eras in which Social Security functioned in a distinctive environment, and a third era that is now beginning. The middle third of this century was an "age of invention," in which the programs grew rapidly under favorable social and economic conditions. Since then, the programs have experienced an "age of accommodation," in which growing financial constraints have permitted only limited changes in the program. We can look forward to an "age of maturation" in the decades to come, as most persons reaching retirement will have been covered by Social Security during their entire working careers. The declining ratio of workers to beneficiaries and a wide range of demographic and social changes will present significant challenges. The Social Security programs must change considerably to respond to the demands of a new era, and vigorous efforts to do so are underway.

Cost Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The contribution of social work to psychosomatic rehabilitation in social insurance].

Psychosomatic rehabilitation conducted by the social insurance system aims at improvement or restitution of the patient's impaired competence of leading a regular social life and in particular of taking part in the working process. Psychoanalytically based in-patient psychotherapy is focussed on the patient's psychosocial conflict constellations and tries to enable him to cope with his daily social tasks in a satisfying and self-reliant way. In the process of psychosomatic treatment the social worker has an important function in the comprehensive treatment plan due to his expert knowledge and counselling competence. In coordination with the treatment team the social worker makes a genuine contribution in examining and diagnosing the patient, motivating him/her, working out a treatment scheme, realising the treatment process, completing the treatment and arranging for further social and psychotherapeutic care.

Aftercare↗
PubMed1985

Social experimentation self-process or social role.

The present article uses Lifton's protean man concept to describe a pattern of social experimentation with new religious, cultic and self-growth groups in contemporary American society. However, proteanism or social experimentation is understood herein to signify a positive search by some for meaning, identity and community, and to describe more aptly a new social role, rather than a new form of self-process. We delineate the social experimenter role and its various support systems within society (i.e., the cultic/self-growth subculture, the entrepreneurs of experience, and the cominant culture itself). In conclusion, we discuss the popularity of social experimentation in contemporary American society in relation to: the human need to explore and grow; the opportunities afforded by modern society; and the conflicts between various interest groups in society.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2002

Justice and the regulation of social relations: when and why do group members deny claims to social goods?

When do group members withhold monetary resources, abandon procedural protections, and deny fair and respectful treatment to potential claimants? Two experiments investigated the conditions that influence judgments about others' entitlement to these three social goods. Past research suggests that exchange concerns underlie entitlement judgments such that an instrumentally beneficial relationship will promote greater support for claims to social goods. Drawing from group-value theory (Lind & Tyler, 1988), an alternative hypothesis is proposed which suggests that entitlement judgments are motivated by concerns about preserving the core norms and values that comprise the group's identity. The findings support the group-value hypothesis that discrimination in entitlement judgments is motivated by social identity concerns. Furthermore, this tendency to discriminate against those who challenge the group's core norms and values is moderated by the nature of the social good. The effect is strongest with regard to judgments about economic goods (money) and is attenuated with regard to judgments about procedural goods (procedural protection) and especially relational goods (fair and respectful treatment). It is suggested that the level of discrimination exhibited in the domain of procedural and relational goods is kept in check by culturally rooted beliefs that these social goods should be distributed according to egalitarian principles.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Neighborhood deterioration, social skills, and social relationships in late life.

This study is designed to test two hypotheses. The first specifies that older adults who live in dilapidated neighborhoods will receive less social support and encounter more negative interaction with family and friends. The second hypothesis proposes that the relationship between deteriorated neighborhood conditions and social relationships will depend upon whether older study participants have strong social skills. Data from a recent nationwide survey of older adults suggest that living in run-down neighborhoods is associated with more negative interaction; however, residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods is not related to the amount of support older people receive from significant others. But perhaps more important, the findings further reveal that the effects of living in run-down neighborhoods on social support and negative interaction are completely offset for older individuals who possess strong social skills.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

Psychometric validation of a monitoring-blunting measure for social anxiety disorder: the coping styles questionnaire for social situations (CSQSS).

The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a psychometric validation of the Coping Styles Questionnaire for Social Situations (CSQSS). The CSQSS was developed to measure monitoring and blunting coping styles in social situations based on Miller's conceptualization of how individuals cope with threat-related information. Study 1 evaluated the content validity of the CSQSS monitoring and blunting items. Study 2 examined factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the CSQSS in a sample of 443 college students. Evidence supported the content and face validity of the CSQSS. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution consistent with the monitoring and blunting constructs. Both monitoring and blunting scores were positively correlated with measures of social anxiety, with blunting having a stronger relationship. Moreover, individuals with high social anxiety engaged in a significantly higher degree of monitoring and blunting than did individuals with low social anxiety. Taken together, these results provide support for the reliability and validity of the CSQSS. The CSQSS may serve as a useful measure for further examination of monitoring and blunting coping styles in a social anxiety disorder sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

[Data on the community health education of social workers at the Ecole d'études sociales et pédagogiques].

Social workers may be an essential link between health professionals and patients. Their possibilities of action in health education and prevention could be used more systematically. From this viewpoint, the various functions they carry out are an absolute advantage. They are confronted with countless relevant matters of social and preventive medicine and often resort to "original" intervention models. This article presents a programme of training in social and preventive health developed in the Social and Educational School of Lausanne for future social workers and health promoters. The critical analysis of this programme shows the numerous difficulties which are linked to this training, but also the necessity of such a training for the social workers who are more and more involved in interventions where health problems are in the front rank.

Health Education↗
PubMed2006

Development of social anxiety: social interaction predictors of implicit and explicit fear of negative evaluation.

Little is known about how to predict which individuals with known temperament vulnerabilities will go on to develop social anxiety problems. Adolescents (N = 185) were followed from age 13 to 18 to evaluate psychosocial, prospective predictors of social anxiety symptoms and fears of negative evaluation (FNE), after accounting for pre-existing social withdrawal symptoms. Results from structural equation modeling suggest that lack of perceived social acceptance predicts subsequent explicit social anxiety and FNE, whereas the emotional intensity of close peer interactions predicts subsequent implicit FNE. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of peer interaction in the development of social anxiety, and the value of measuring both implicit and explicit FNE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Developing partnerships for health and social science research: the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) social science component.

A decade after its inception, the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) adopted a social science component. Health social science concepts were added to a physician training curriculum encompassing epidemiology, biostatistics and clinical economics, and a position was created for qualified social scientists at 26 clinical epidemiology units in developing country medical schools. This paper describes the INCLEN model for strengthening partnerships among clinical epidemiologists and social scientists. The rationale for interdisciplinary training is presented along with the difficulties inherent in attracting social scientists to a new career path. These include problems of recruitment, training curricula, re-entry, and career sustainability. The need is identified for collaborative international efforts to promote an infrastructure for professional growth and sustainable careers in health social science.

Biometry↗
PubMed1995

Psychological distress, social support and social support seeking: a prospective study among primary mental health care patients.

This study addresses the time ordering of both quantitative and qualitative social support variables, social support seeking and psychological distress. Number of contacts, perceived understanding, satisfaction, severity of network conflicts, social support seeking and symptomatology were assessed at two points in time: at the start of a short term behavioural therapy (T1) and six months later (T2). Severity of symptomatology at T2 was best predicted by the severity of symptomatology at referral and by the change in interpersonal problems. Social support-seeking was at both measurements unrelated to symptomatology. The number of contacts, satisfaction, understanding and social support seeking demonstrated high temporal stability, in contrast to symptomatology and interpersonal problems. A more fine-grained analysis demonstrated that of all social support variables, interpersonal conflicts were most strongly related to symptomatology, especially to interpersonal sensitivity and depression. It is concluded that interventions aimed in particular at relieving interpersonal sensitivity and interpersonal stress and at fostering interpersonal effectiveness may prove to be critical in breaking vicious circles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Coping with employment discrimination against diabetics: trends in social medicine and social psychology.

In many European countries, social-medical aspects in the management of diabetes mellitus are not satisfactorily respected. Our contribution reports a study addressing the impact of diabetes on the patient's career and daily work, in order to determine the extent to which diabetics are being discriminated against at work. Type I diabetics were questioned about their experience, and not on the objective burden. A questionnaire was developed to evaluate patients' social and employment problems. Few elements of an education program for Type I diabetes optimizing social skills (social competence) are demonstrated. In a group of 6-8 patients, assertive behavior in the work place is modelled (e.g., for hypoglycaemia, social phobia) by applying psychological methods (behavior modification role-playing). These methods can help diabetic patients to master their discrimination. They learn assertive behavior in social situations with superiors and colleagues and develop self-confidence (self-efficacy). This special education program supports Type I diabetics in coping with employment discrimination.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Social support and the transtheoretical model: Relationship of social support to smoking cessation stage, decisional balance, process use, and temptation.

This study investigated the relationship between social support and the transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs for smoking cessation. A sample of 190 adult smokers in a Veteran's Administration smoking cessation clinic completed measures of demographics, social support, smoking cessation stage of change, decisional balance, process use, and self-efficacy. Regression analyses revealed that social support was positively associated with both experiential and behavioral processes of change. A trend for higher social support with advancing stage was also detected. Social support was not related to temptation or decisional balance. When looking at specific sources of social support, family and peer support emerged as significant predictors, while significant-other support did not.

Aged↗