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PubMed1992

Specific skills and social competence in schizophrenia.

Generalization of skills is a major problem in social skills training for schizophrenic patients. Assessment of skills is mostly not based on objective indices of specific skill deficits. The results of this study show that global competence of schizophrenics can be differentiated from specific competence. Global competence was found to be related to symptoms, whereas specific competence was not. No support was found for the assumption that social dysfunctions are caused by negative symptoms. Social perception and positive symptoms did explain a substantial part of the variance of global competence. It is therefore concluded that neither global incompetence nor negative symptoms should be used as an indication for social skills training.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perception of the social support for adolescents who undergo corrective back surgery for scoliosis.

The objective of this study is to compare the perception of social support upon admission and 6 weeks postoperation of adolescents aged 13 to 19 years (M = 14.7 years), who underwent corrective back surgery for scoliosis. Twenty-two French-speaking participants were found from three different hospital centers located in two large cities in the Quebec province. Data were collected using the French version of Interpersonal Relationships Inventory (IPRI). No significant difference was observed between the results obtained on admission and those obtained 6 weeks later for the global measures of social support available. Nevertheless, analysis of data at the two time points showed a significant difference with regard to intimacy of adolescents. Adolescents reported feeling more invaded in the postoperative period (6 weeks after the surgery) than on admission at the hospital. These results serve to point out the nursing care involvement as well as the surgical techniques and ambulatory care that reduce hospitalization time. The results raise questions about the nurse's role in the adequate support for adolescents as well as the impact of reduced length of hospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Representation of medical drugs and factors involved in their consumption in the elderly].

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a research on the relationship that an aging person establishes with medical drugs. From data on the social perception of elderly people about health and medication, we have constructed a questionnaire which has been submitted to a sample of 94 elderly persons aged from 64 to 89 years. The factorial analysis brought into perspective five dimensions related to medication: social, dependency, normative, coping, feelings of security. Crossing these dimensions with the socio-demographic and medical variables allowed to identify some decisive factors for medical drug consumption. The results of the research show the complexity of medical drug consumption which is influenced by multiple variables. Furthermore the perception of medical drugs remains somewhat ambiguous; it is sometimes perceived as remedy and sometimes as poison. It is no longer considered a decisive factor for good health while aging.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Ageism in science: fair-play between generations.

This paper discusses the role of age in scientific practice from an ethical perspective. In social perception, people tend to categorise others rather automatically along three major dimensions: race, sex, and age. Much empirical and theoretical attention has been devoted to the study of racism and sexism, but comparatively little research in the social and behavioural sciences has been directed at understanding what some refer to as the third '-ism': ageism. For a serious understanding of the implications of ageism in science, it is necessary to discuss, first, the conflicting relationships between classical and modern concepts of time and calendar age, and thereafter the concept of ageism.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Factors associated with suicide ideation in adults.

The study considers numerous factors potentially related to suicide ideation in adults, including life stress, stress perceptions, social support, personality, alcohol use, chronic conditions, distress symptoms and sociodemographic background. Using data from a health survey of 825 adult residents in the urban Reykjavik area of Iceland, the study finds that financial hardship, legal stress, family difficulties, stress perceptions and low material support are significantly related to thoughts of committing suicide. Multiple chronic conditions, frequent alcohol use and various forms of distress (e.g. depression, anxiety, hopelessness, pain) are also related to suicide ideation. Furthermore, low self-esteem and external locus of control (low sense of mastery) are both associated with suicidal thoughts. No significant relationships were found between sociodemographic background and suicide ideation. The meaning of the results, and their implications for continued theoretical and clinical work in this area, are discussed. Suicide research has primarily focused on completed suicides (e.g. Durkheim [1897] 1951; Fisher et al. 1993; Henry and Short 1954; Lester 1974; Pritchard 1996) or suicide attempts (e.g. Diekstra 1982; Maris 1981; Slap et al. 1989; Smith and Crawford 1986; Stack and Wasserman 1995). Relatively few studies have focused on thoughts of own death or suicide, or suicide planning. Nevertheless, there is a growing understanding that ideation and planning are important steps in a process of suicide, characterised by a stepwise hierarchy of actions with an underlying gradient of severity (Beck 1986; Bonner and Rich 1987; Diekstra 1993; Smith and Crawford 1986). Ideation precedes planning, which may result in an attempt leading to death. If nonfatal, the attempt may increase the likelihood of subsequent ideation, planning and attempt (see paths a-e in Fig. 1). It should therefore be of theoretical as well as clinical value to consider the risk factors associated with suicide ideation and planning.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Treatments and perceptions of epilepsy in Kashmir and the United States: a cross-cultural analysis.

Treatments and perceptions of epilepsy have been found to vary across cultures. This study draws on a comparison of two patient samples, one from the United States (n=28), the other from Kashmir (n=29), to gauge the similarities and differences in social perceptions of epilepsy, attitudes toward conventional and alternative treatments, practice of conventional and alternative treatments, and selected quality-of-life issues. While both the Kashmiri and American patients interviewed were prescribed a similar regimen of traditional antiepileptic drugs, a wider range of drugs and treatments were available to and used by the latter. The use of adjunctive spiritual therapies was more prevalent in the Kashmiri sample, and the use of alternative, nonpharmacological therapies was more prevalent in the American sample. Quality of life for the Kashmiri patients sampled was found to be poorer in terms of educational and occupational opportunities, feelings of stigmatization, and openness with others about the illness. Although the two patient populations interviewed differed in their access to resources and approaches to the disorder, both samples were found to be similar overall in many attitudes and practices relating to epilepsy and its treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Attending holistically versus analytically: comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans.

Much research indicates that East Asians, more than Americans, explain events with reference to the context. The authors examined whether East Asians also attend to the context more than Americans do. In Study 1, Japanese and Americans watched animated vignettes of underwater scenes and reported the contents. In a subsequent recognition test, they were shown previously seen objects as well as new objects, either in their original setting or in novel settings, and then were asked to judge whether they had seen the objects. Study 2 replicated the recognition task using photographs of wildlife. The results showed that the Japanese (a) made more statements about contextual information and relationships than Americans did and (b) recognized previously seen objects more accurately when they saw them in their original settings rather than in the novel settings, whereas this manipulation had relatively little effect on Americans.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

Antecedents of state goals in age-group swimmers: an interactionist perspective.

A theoretical tenet of 'goal perspective' theory that has received little research attention has been the nature of the relationship between the person and the environment with respect to predicting task and ego involvement in sport. This study therefore integrated both dispositional and situational criteria in order to examine their relative ability to predict 'state' goals of task and ego involvement in a sample of age-group swimmers (n = 214). The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and several single-item assessments of goal orientation represented the dispositional measures, and these were completed away from the race environment. The situational antecedents of task and ego involvement were assessed by the 11-item Race Context Questionnaire (RCQ), which was administered to the swimmers within 1 h of their main event at their county championships. The RCQ also assessed the extent to which the performer had set task and ego goals for the upcoming race (i.e. 'state' goals). Factor analysis of the RCQ revealed four factors which cumulatively accounted for 65.3% of the variance: social/personal perceptions of ability; perceived state goal preference of significant others; race outcome value; and perceived readiness. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses revealed separate main effects as well as significant interactions between the dispositional and situational predictors of the different goal types. Specifically, social perceptions and race-specific criteria were the major predictors of ego involvement, whereas the level of task orientation combined with the above situational factors seemed to exert greater influence in determining the intensity of task involvement in age-group swimmers. These findings alert researchers to the importance of applying an interactionist perspective to the examination of 'state' goals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Classroom racial proportion: influence on self-concept and social competence in Zimbabwean adolescents.

The authors measured self-concept and social competence relationships in 372 Zimbabwean adolescents (41% Black, 59% White) who attended classrooms in which they were either a racial minority or a racial majority (M age = 12.95 years, SD = 1.47). The authors used self-, peer-, and teacher-rating scale sociometric measures of social competence and a multidimensional measure of self-concept. The regression analysis predicted self-concept from social competence measures. Teacher-rated social competence predicted physical appearance self-concept in the Black adolescents and reading self-concept in White adolescents in White-majority classrooms. Self-rated social competence and peer-rated social competence predicted school self-concept in Black adolescents attending Black-majority classrooms. The authors concluded that classroom racial proportions influence aspects of social perception of Black and White adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

When strangers pass: processing of mutual and averted social gaze in the superior temporal sulcus.

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated brain activity evoked by mutual and averted gaze in a compelling and commonly experienced social encounter. Through virtual-reality goggles, subjects viewed a man who walked toward them and shifted his neutral gaze either toward (mutual gaze) or away (averted gaze) from them. Robust activity was evoked in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and fusiform gyrus (FFG). For both conditions, STS activity was strongly right lateralized. Mutual gaze evoked greater activity in the STS than did averted gaze, whereas the FFG responded equivalently to mutual and averted gaze. Thus, we show that the STS is involved in processing social information conveyed by shifts in gaze within an overtly social context. This study extends understanding of the role of the STS in social cognition and social perception by demonstrating that it is highly sensitive to the context in which a human action occurs.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stress and social support in relation to psychological distress in community-residing elderly persons in Montreal].

Our aim was to quantify the degree of association that selected psycho-social and health variables have with psychological distress in the elderly. In order to estimate the level of association, data previously obtained from the "Enquêre Santé Québec" (1987) were entered into a multiple regression analysis with psychological distress as the dependent variable. The independent variables retained were: age, sex, language, physical health, functional health, health status perception, social integration, perceived social support and stress. The scores contained in the data bank were from a representative sample of subjects (n = 361, age = 72.7 +/- 6.3) living in the Montreal area. The results of the regression analysis indicated that psychological distress is significantly related (adjusted R2 = 0.256; p = .000) to the following variables: the interaction "stress events X perceived social support", physical health, functional health and sex. The results of the present study consequently support previous reports relating psychological distress to physical health, social support, stress and sex with a predominant effect on women. Finally, the results give further support to the "buffering effect" of social support on stress.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Measuring communication and social skills in a high security forensic setting using the behavioural status index.

Assessing patient functioning in the areas of communication and social skills is a core area of practice within psychiatric nursing. Difficulties within these areas can often represent the root of a number of presenting problems. Objective assessment can be difficult without a validated assessment schema. The Behavioural Status Index (BSI) offers such a system of baseline assessment and longitudinal monitoring as a basis for treatment, further specialised assessment, or measurement of outcome during and after interventions. This paper introduces some basic theory and describes the function and purpose of the BSI. This is followed by data analysis for the BSI communications and social skills sub-scale. Data were collected, using a repeated measures method by primary nurses, from a sample of 503 individual patients in two high security mental health hospitals. Results are reported for descriptive statistics, and factor analysis; and differences between the independent groups of Mental Health Act 1983 classification, ward dependency and gender. Data trends are indicative of clinically interesting relationships. A distinct factorial structure emerged suggesting groupings of assertive-interpersonal, non-verbal, social-perceptive and para-linguistic behaviours. Results are reported to be underpinning current European studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

A scaled-projective measure of interpersonal values.

A projective instrument entitled the "Kilmann Insight Test" (KIT) was devised to measure the Interpersonal Value Constructs (IVCs) of individuals, defined as; the mental categories through which an individual perceives and interprets the desirable and undesirable features of interpersonal behavior. The KIT requires an individual to differentiate on a seven-point scal, 18 IVCs according to how relevant they are to a series of six ambiguous pictures of interpersonal situations. A factor analysis of the KIT's values resulted in two personal Restraint versus Boldness. Comparing the KIT with a self-report instrument containing the same value items as the KIT, seems to be tapping a different concept of values than the self-report assessment.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2006

The "ripple effect": cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events.

Previous research has demonstrated that people from East Asian cultural backgrounds make broader, more complex causal attributions than do people from Western cultural backgrounds. In the current research, the authors hypothesized that East Asians also would be aware of a broader, more complex distribution of consequences of events. Four studies assessed cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of (a) a shot in a game of pool, (b) an area being converted into a national park, (c) a chief executive officer firing employees, and (d) a car accident. Across all four studies, compared to participants from Western cultural backgrounds, participants from East Asian cultural backgrounds were more aware of the indirect, distal consequences of events. This pattern occurred on a variety of measures, including spontaneously generated consequences, estimations of an event's impact on subsequent events, perceived responsibility, and predicted affective reactions. Implications for our understanding of cross-cultural psychology and social perception are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia.

Expressed emotion (EE) has substantial scientific support as a predictor of relapse of positive symptoms. The median relapse rate in a high-EE environment is 48%, compared with 21% in a low-EE environment. This effect does not seem to be due to confounding with other variables, but it is subject to limitations in its scope of application. EE probably determines relapse through its effect on emotions and symptom control. A stress-vulnerability model of relapse is advanced that incorporates biological factors as well as cycles of mutual influence between symptomatic behaviour, life events, and EE. Aversive types of behaviour in patients and their relatives are seen as understandable reactions to stress that are moderated by social perceptions and coping skills. Families have made positive achievements, including the provision of non-invasive support.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Citizen Involvement in Waste Management: An Application of The STOPER Model via an Informed Consensus Approach.

/ Waste management planning and implementation is not only a technological issue, but a social and political one as well. In this paper, we discuss a proposal to rethink certain aspects about waste management planning and implementation. Specifically, we present a framework whereby the ordinary citizen can proactively and constructively participate in the decision-making process. After briefly discussing the STOPER research team and certain limits inherent in current waste-management practices, we propose a mode of consultation known as the informed consensus approach. We assert that this approach incorporates social perceptions of key intervenors such as experts, decision makers, interest groups, and ordinary citizens and that this can enrich the decision-making process concerning complex environmental issues such as waste management. We focus our presentation on the results of the application of an informed consensus approach to waste management strategies in the municipality of Sherbrooke (Québec, Canada). KEY WORDS: Informed consensus; Public participation; Decision-making process; Social acceptability; Waste management

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Disability and a sense of community belonging. A study among tetraplegic spinal-cord-injured persons in France.

This article presents a study of the identity of persons with motor impairments with regard to the community of disabled persons. The authors used the Tetrafigap survey on the long-term outcome of Tetraplegic Spinal-cord-injured (TSCI) persons, in France, to study the sense of belonging to the community of disabled persons among 1356 TSCI persons in relation to factors of social participation (both sociological and disability-related) and subjective factors (subjective well-being, social perception of disability, perceived disability). The results show that 44% of TSCI persons felt that disabled persons do not constitute a community (the "no-community" group). Of those who recognised the existence of such a community, 34% said they belonged to it (the "in-community" group) and 22% declared they did not (the "out-community" group). People in the "no-community" group tended to be more socially integrated, whilst those in the "in-community" group tended to have greater social and clinical difficulties. The "out-community" group was more diverse, being made up of both autonomous persons and dependent persons suffering from complications. Factors related to the sense of community belonging were identified using bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. Subjective well-being appeared to be independent of any sense of community belonging. However, the authors found a gender difference: women in the "in-community" group described themselves as having a poorer level of well-being than women in the other two groups. The results are discussed in terms of two views on the social treatment of disabilities: universalism and assimilation vs. particularism and positive identity and the growth of the disability movement.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

Social confirmation of dysphoria: shared and private reactions to depression.

Social responses to dysphoria were investigated. Subjects conversed for 15 minutes with persons selected on the basis of the presence or absence of depressed mood. Following the conversations, mood measures were administered along with social perception questionnaires that were described as either being confidential or to be shared with the other person. Subjects who interacted with depressed persons were anxious, depressed, and hostile, and the subjects rejected them. Contrary to predictions, subjects were willing to share their negative responses with the depressed persons. The depressed persons correctly anticipated rejection and reciprocated. The authors argue that cognitive models of depression need to be integrated with a conception of the social environment as being active and responsive. Judgments of cognitive distortion cannot be made without an understanding of the feedback typically available from the social environment.

Adolescent↗