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Blood-engorged black flies were captured by 2 methods: early morning application of a quick knock down insecticide (resmethrin) into tree canopies, and late afternoon to early evening truck trapping. More engorged flies were captured per man-hour with the tree spraying method than with the truck trap. The percentages of females captured by the spraying and truck trap methods that were engorged were 18 and 1.3, respectively. The most commonly engorged species captured were Prosimulium magnum and P. mixtum/fuscum, and Simulium jenningsi and S. venustum (70% of total). Blood sources of 12 black fly species were identified. Mammals comprised 95% of the blood sources identified. The most common hosts were equines (31%), bovines (25%) and raccoons (19%). Seven percent of all meals identified were from mixed sources, of which 43% involved both mammals and birds.
The recent discovery that Simulium damnosum in Africa is not a single species but a complex of sibling species has important implications for the epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis. This paper sets out the current situation with regard to classification within the S. damnosum complex and the smaller S. neavei group. The nomenclature of the S. damnosum complex and current morphological and enzyme electrophoretic methods of differentiating among sibling species are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on priorities for future research.
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Cnephia mutata was successfully induced to complete two entire generations in the laboratory. Owing to its triploid condition, this simuliid is parthenogenetic and mature eggs may be dissected from the ovaries, thus eliminating both mating and oviposition. C. mutata in Newfoundland is also autogenous, making blood-feeding unnecessary. Progress towards colonization of this species is reviewed.
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Seven flowable concentrate formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14), Teknar wdc, auto-dispersible Teknar, Teknar 2X aqueous concentrate, Teknar 2X oil base concentrate, Vectobac AS, Bactimos FC and Skeetal F, were evaluated in small streams against Simulium vittatum. There was no significant difference in efficacy among the formulations with the exception of the Teknar 2X aqueous concentrate, which required considerably less formulation (5 mg/liter/1 min) than the others to produce 95% mortality in penultimate instars of S. vittatum. The field determined LC-95 for the other formulations ranged from 10.6 to 15.9 mg/liter/1 min. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of excessively diluted and undiluted formulations.
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