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PubMed2003

Triple diagnosis: dual diagnosis and HIV disease, Part 1.

Substance use disorders and psychiatric illness commonly co-occur in what is known as dual diagnosis. With the spread of HIV infection in persons with dual diagnoses, the triple diagnosis has emerged as a clinically challenging condition for primary care physicians, addiction medicine specialists, and psychiatrists. Existing data support the high prevalence of triple-diagnosis patients in psychiatric, substance abuse, and HIV treatment settings. This review highlights the features of substance abuse-psychiatric illness and its association with changes in antiretroviral therapy use, adherence, and HIV treatment outcomes. An integrated and interdisciplinary approach addressing substance abuse and mental health issues should be a primary element of comprehensive HIV care. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions and understanding the complex interactions among the components of the triple diagnosis are areas for future research. Service delivery and intervention models based on "1-stop shopping" should be developed and put into practice in order to optimize clinical outcomes.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1992

Beyond the one-room schoolhouse.

Technology is only one solution to a complex problem. Speech-language pathologists need to evaluate and apply existing service delivery systems carefully. We also need to develop innovative and creative alternatives. Rather than continuing to fit our clients into the existing systems, we need to promote systems that more adequately meet their needs, regardless of barriers. Given the diversity of rural America, no single model or strategy is enough. A model that may work in one remote/rural island or desert area may not work in a rural farm community. At times a combination model may be the most efficient and effective means for serving our clients. The problems in service delivery to the underserved populations in remote/rural areas can be solved. The solutions require flexibility and adaptability of traditional, alternate, and innovative service delivery models, depending on the unique characteristics of the community.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

Professionalism in emergency medicine.

At its root, medical professionalism is service delivered according to patient's interest. It is essential to reinforce this notion because financial pressures threaten the integrity of the patient-physician relationship. Excessive commercialism directly contrasts the ideals of medical professionalism. This fact necessitates re-examination and reaffirmation of professional behavior. If historical standards of professionalism give way to market-driven incentives, the provision of medical care will become a commodity and the practitioners will be only agents of service delivery. Such a model not only threatens the the physician's identity, but also threatens the patient's interests. Medicine can never succeed as a transaction; it can only succeed as a partnership, a trusting exchange with patients, which is the hallmark of professionalism.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Move from patient-focused care model to point-of-care testing: transitioning of laboratory services.

During the past several years, the Clinical Laboratories of the Lee Memorial Health System (LMHS) have been involved extensively in adjusting the delivery systems for the provision of clinical laboratory services as the industry, competitive market, and health system moved through periods of rapid transition. This environment has allowed the opportunities for laboratory services to be provided through a variety of delivery models: central laboratory, point-of-service testing, and point-of-care testing. The Orthopedic Center at Lee Memorial Hospital was designed as a patient-focused care center and operated as a "mini hospital," housing most of the services required to care for the System's orthopedic patients, including a point-of-service (decentralized) laboratory. LMHS decided to conduct a trial of hand-held chemistry analyzers in the Orthopedic Center. The analyzer's test cost and ease of operation were as expected; however, it was found that the analyzers were not appropriate for continued use in the Orthopedic Center. Responsibility for testing for the Orthopedic Center was returned to the Central Laboratory. With the exception of certain traditional point-of-care procedures, the Central Laboratories now provide laboratory services for all of the facilities' patient care areas.

Florida↗
PubMed2006

The implementation of managed behavioral healthcare in Colorado and the effects on older Medicaid beneficiaries.

BACKGROUND: One of five persons over the age of 65 experiences a diagnosable form of mental illness. Yet their access to and use of specialty services are the lowest among all age groups. It is unclear how managed behavioral healthcare has affected this problematic situation. The Colorado Medicaid Mental Health Capitation Pilot Program, implemented in 1995, provided an opportunity to investigate the impact of managed behavioral healthcare on older Medicaid beneficiaries. STUDY AIMS: This study compared two capitated administrative models of Medicaid mental health service delivery to a traditional fee-for-service model, and specifically focused on how these models shaped service use and expenditure patterns for Medicaid beneficiaries over the age of 65. METHODS: This study employed a quasi-experimental, pre-post design with a non-equivalent comparison group that reflects the implementation of capitation financing in some parts of Colorado and not others. A difference in difference specification was used to identify the effects of capitation under two administrative models relative to areas remaining under fee-for-service reimbursement. Logistic and Ordinary Least Squares regression were used to estimate service use and (logged) expenditures per repeat and total number of service users. Generalized corrections for heteroskedasticity and repeated observations were applied. Probabilities and average user expenditures were derived from regression results with a fixed case-mix and compared to actuals. RESULTS: The analyses indicated that one of the capitated administrative models increased the total number of older beneficiaries who used services while the total number of service users decreased in the other capitated models. Both capitated models reduced repeat use and expenditures for specialty mental health services relative to the traditional FFS model. DISCUSSION: Capitation had the expected effect of reducing the duration and intensity of treatment. Clear differences between the two capitated administrative models emerged that appeared consistent with their management philosophies. Measured effects were limited to services covered by capitation and may have been influenced by the observational design. Overall results were somewhat different from those pertaining to younger populations studied in Colorado. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE: While capitation clearly reduced total expenditures for older beneficiaries, its influence on specific treatment process measures such as user expenditures, repeat users and total users may vary considerably across treatment systems. Notably, capitation may result in increases or decreases in total users within a specific sub-population such as elders. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES: This analysis provides critical information for those state mental health and Medicaid agencies that are expanding the application of managed behavioral healthcare within a demographic environment where the population of older adults with mental illnesses is increasing. Financing, organization and their impact on specific treatment populations need to be considered in developing and applying managed behavioral health care. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: The differential effects on elders by administrative models needs further explication and should be measured against clinical and social outcomes as well as the effect of other sources of financing and service substitution.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Still the doctor - by a country mile! Preferences for health services in two country towns in north-west New South Wales.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether rural consumer preferences for health services have changed over time or vary across communities with different models of health service delivery. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey replicating a 1989 study, with ranking of seven different healthcare services. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Adult occupants from a 20% sample of private residences, in towns and on farms, in the rural shires of Bogan and Warren in north-west New South Wales. The survey was conducted in September 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rank order of preferences for different healthcare services; preference structure intervals showing relative "distance" between preferences. RESULTS: Response rates were 68% (Nyngan town), 78% (Nyngan farms) and 59% (Warren town). The doctor was the most valued health service in rural communities, followed by the hospital. These preferences occurred regardless of age, sex or place of residence, persisted over time, and were similar for residents of towns with different models of healthcare service provision. CONCLUSIONS: Rural people, both in towns and on farms, rate acute primary healthcare services provided by the doctor and hospital as the two most important services. These preferences have not changed substantially after a decade of restructuring rural health services and reorienting them towards a primary healthcare approach. The stability of rural consumer preferences may reflect a bias towards the status quo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Community mental health and the elderly: service and training approaches.

There is a growing gap between needed and available mental health services for older adults. This article discusses the training needs, personnel shortages, and lack of effective service programs and proposes some strategies for dealing with the problems. There is a lack of adequate methods for identifying and referring frail elderly persons in need of mental health services. Services that are currently available to the elderly are identified along with factors that may influence their use by older adults and other service personnel. There are shortages of mental health professionals with special training and experience in gerontology and geriatrics, and clinical geropsychologists. An innovative and practical service model that was developed to coordinate and integrate the identification and treatment of frail, community-dwelling elderly is presented. Various aspects of the program that include outreach and case management approaches, the integration of student volunteer activities with those of special volunteer corps within public housing and specially trained paraprofessionals, telephone reassurance programs, and a system of layered supervision are described. Comparisons are made between this Coordinated Agency Resources for Elderly Services (CARES) model and existing service delivery programs. A three-tiered approach to training and coordinating the activities of trained mental health personnel: (a) paraprofessionals and volunteers, (b) middle-level professionals and (c) supervisory professionals within an integrated system is proposed. Specific roles and functions of personnel at each level are described. The summary discusses the potential of the proposed strategies for dealing with the problems created by the shortage of personnel and services. It suggests some time frames within which the strategies could be operationalized.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Recruitment to a university alcohol program: evaluation of social marketing theory and stepped approach model.

BACKGROUND: This study was a first initiative to evaluate the application of social marketing theory (SMT) to increase attendance at an alcohol abuse education program for university residence hall students and to ascertain whether aggressive recruitment strategies are necessary as part of the stepped approach model (SAM) of service delivery. METHOD: SMT and public health strategies that include focus groups, in-depth interviews, and intercept interviews were used to develop recruitment materials in a Test Hall. These new recruitment materials were introduced to the residents in the Treatment Hall (N = 727) and were compared to the Usual Care, Control Hall (N = 706) which received the recruitment materials normally provided to residents as well as to three Historical Halls separately and combined which had used the Usual Care recruitment materials in the past. RESULTS: The Treatment Hall percentage attendance was significantly superior (0.001 < p < 0.05) in all comparisons. The percentage attendance did not differ significantly from marketing literature expectations. The projections for campus-wide attendance for residence hall students were between 207 and 243 participants and for nationwide attendance, 36,900 +/- 8,185. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the SMT and public health methods used are helpful in developing recruitment strategies and are an important initial step of the SAM and that a "minimal intervention" recruitment strategy is a cost-effective approach that can have a dramatic impact.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sedentarization and children's health: changing discourses in the northeast Badia of Jordan.

The significance of the socioeconomic and cultural contexts of individuals' accounts of health and illness is recognized in studies of lay discourses of health and illness. However, many studies of health care utilization argue that social and cultural contexts in non-industrialized countries reinforce the use of traditional medicines and constitute barriers to the effective use of biomedical services, reflecting the rooting of such studies in discourses of modernization and development. Based on interviews with 181 parents, this article illustrates the influence of development on changing discourses of children's health and illness among sedentarizing Bedu communities of the northeast Badia of Jordan. The accounts of sedentarized and semi-nomadic families are contrasted. It is suggested that Bedu social values have precipitated rather than inhibited changes. The article highlights the importance of understanding historical, socioeconomic and cultural contexts in formulating appropriate models of health service delivery.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Users' perceptions of health care reforms: quality of care and patient rights in four regions in the Russian Federation.

In the early 1990s, the government of the Russian Federation (RF) decided to depart from the centralised and integrated model of health service delivery and financing in favour of mandatory social health insurance (MHI). The rationale for introducing social health insurance in Russia in the early 1990s was primarily to secure a reliable source of funding but also to improve the quality of care and introduce user entitlements known as patient rights. This paper discusses findings of a survey carried out in 1999-2000 to explore users' perceptions of reforms, changes in quality of care and their satisfaction with patient rights in Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Moscow Region and Moscow City, using a structured questionnaire and metric scales. Nearly half of the respondents thought that the quality of services had not changed significantly since the introduction of the MHI, although the majority accepted the necessity for reforms. Many reported having little or no information about health insurance or patient rights. While there were many similarities among the regions studied, a number of considerable differences existed which could be linked to different ways of implementing the insurance scheme and different levels of funding health care.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Health-service costs of pediatric cochlear implantation: multi-center analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric cochlear implantation (CI) entails surgery followed by lifetime maintenance, and hence incurs both initial and ongoing costs. Previous assessments of these costs were either undertaken early in the evolution of services, or were based on single hospitals, or estimated costs largely from hospital charges. The aim was to overcome these limitations by conducting a multi-center evaluation of the costs of providing unilateral CI to children in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: Annual numbers of implantations in all UK pediatric CI programs were monitored prospectively from 1991. Resource use was measured in 12 programs in 1998/1999 and retrospectively back to the year of inception of each program. The profile of outpatient and outreach visits was assessed in the 12 programs. Together these variables were used to estimate health-service costs for four phases of management: pre-operative assessment, implantation, tuning, and subsequent maintenance, using economic micro-costing methods. Costs were subsequently estimated for all children implanted in 1998/1999 (N=199) and were aggregated over 1, 15, and 73 years following implantation. To assess the robustness of cost estimates, parameter values were varied over plausible ranges and costs re-estimated. Total UK health-service costs were also estimated. All costs are presented in euros (1=US dollars 0.98= pound 0.65, 1st July 2002), inflated to 2000/2001 financial-year levels, and discounted at 6% per annum. RESULTS: Per-child average costs were 42972 (1-year), 73763 (15-years), and 95034 (73-years). Cost estimates were not overly sensitive to the value of any one cost component nor to the relative cost of outpatient and outreach visits. When these parameters were varied, costs ranged between 30000 and 47000 (1-year), 61000 and 83000 (15-years), and 82000 and 108000 (73-years). The total UK health-service cost of unilateral pediatric CI was estimated to be 14 million in 2000/2001 and is predicted to rise to 23 million in 2015/2016, if the present model of service-delivery continues. The cost of maintaining implanted children was estimated to account for 22% of the total in 2000/2001 and is predicted to rise to 63% by 2015/2016. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing costs of maintaining implanted children and their implant systems are significant and should be factored into resource-allocation decisions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Behavioral change trajectories of partial hospitalization children.

Forecasting treatment outcomes is essential to improving service delivery. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to construct behavioral change trajectories and help predict treatment responsiveness for 97 partial hospitalization children. Overall, children evidenced statistically significant improvement in psychiatric symptomatology. Younger age, female gender, number of previous out-of-home placements, and lower IQ scores were associated with increased psychopathology and poorer treatment response. Properly configured day treatment can provide an effective organizing platform for implementing complex treatment regimes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Specialist adult physicians in the top end of the Northern Territory: an analysis of their number and roles.

The optimal way of delivering specialist services to rural and remote Australia, and particularly to remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, is a matter of keen debate at present, and is being considered by the Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee. This paper contributes to that debate by considering one specialist medical group, namely adult physicians, and discusses both their role and optimal number in the Top End of the Northern Territory, in light of the general workforce literature and recent changes to the organisation of physician services in the Northern Territory. Models of specialist service delivery need to be explicit, and organisational methods transparent, if the service is to be equitable, flexible and accountable to primary care practitioners.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

AAC and community partnerships: the participation path to community inclusion.

The Life Needs Model (LNM) of service delivery emphasizes the importance of community participation in children's development and quality of life. This article is a case illustration of two community partnership programs based on the LNM. StoryTime and Dress Up and Drama provide participation opportunities in the community for children who use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). The authors describe the development and implementation of both programs. Regardless of level of functioning, each child who participated in the programs did so by communicating, interacting socially, and controlling the environment. Multiple benefits for children, parents/caregivers, community partners, and AAC clinicians are highlighted. The authors hope that this article will assist others in developing partnerships and implementing inclusive practices within their communities.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Accuracy of self-reported body weight: Stepped Approach Model component assessment.

This study was conducted to investigate innovative solutions to a measurement problem pertaining to self-reported body weight data as a key component of the Stepped Approach Model (SAM) of service delivery. Subjects (n = 223) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Informed Group (of self-report and weight measurement) + six body weighing habit items (IG, n = 113) and Uninformed Group (of self-report and weight measurement) + one body weight item (UG, n = 110). A t-test indicated that IG subjects reported significantly more accurately, t(194) = 2.99, P = 0.002, and with significantly less variability than UG subjects, F(109,112) = 1.95, P < 0.0005. A multiple regression of absolute difference weight (observed--self-reported weight) on observed weight revealed consistent accuracy across the weight range for IG subjects, whereas UG subjects' accuracy decreased as body weight increased. The slope of the IG did not significantly differ from 0, t(218) = 1.44, P = 0.150, but did significantly differ from the slope of the UG, t(218) = 2.78, P = 0.006. The following conclusions are noted when IG conditions are used: (1) a three-component strategy designed for maximum effect size results in accurate reporting across the entire weight range, (2) self-reported body weights under prescribed conditions can be used as valid 'proxies' for observed measurements, and (3) SAM proponents can rely on the validity of self-report body weight as a credible basis for decisions about changing intervention steps and evaluating intervention efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Quantum mechanics and the future of healthcare leadership.

It is a new age for healthcare. No longer can the past roles and behaviors of leadership be applied to the emerging models of health service delivery, the elements of the quantum age will change forever the leadership characteristics and roles necessary to thrive in the emerging age.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infrastructure for reaching disadvantaged consumers: telecommunications in rural and remote nursing in Australia.

Both consumers and health service providers need access to up-to-date information, including patient and practice guidelines, that allows them to make decisions in partnership about individual and public health in line with the primary health care model of health service delivery. Only then is it possible for patient preferences to be considered while the health of the general population is improved. The Commonwealth Government of Australia has allocated $250 million over five years, starting July 1, 1997, to support activities and projects designed to meet a range of telecommunication needs in regional, rural, and remote Australia. This paper defines rural and remote communities, then reviews rural and remote health services, information, and telecommunication technology infrastructures and their use in Australia to establish the current state of access to information tools by rural and remote communities and rural health workers in Australia today. It is argued that a suitable telecommunication infrastructure is needed to reach disadvantaged persons in extremely remote areas and that intersectoral support is essential to build this infrastructure. In addition, education will make its utilization possible.

Australia↗
PubMed1996

Interest in a stepped approach model (SAM): identification of recruitment strategies for university alcohol programs.

This study evaluates interest in a stepped approach model (SAM) of service delivery and identifies variables to enhance recruitment to alcohol programs. Subjects were 2,443 college student drinkers (1,420 men and 1,023 women) at a large midwestern university (selected by stratified systematic sampling) who completed a questionnaire on drinking behavior and interest in five intervention steps. Results indicated that there was more interest in interventions that required less time, which supports predictions of SAM. Overall lack of interest peaked at 67% for men and 65% for women and did not change significantly across the last three steps of SAM, which included traditional interventions of group and individual counseling. The data suggest that the stepped approach is more viable than conventional approaches, recruitment is unquestionably an exigent research priority because of the overwhelming lack of interest in alcohol programs, and specific variables that were identified may be important for recruiting particular subgroups.

Adolescent↗