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PubMed2006

The Personal Acquaintance Measure: a tool for appraising one's acquaintance with any person.

The authors developed and evaluated the psychometric properties of the 18-item Personal Acquaintance Measure (PAM) and investigated how the PAM relates to self- other agreement in personality ratings. Results support that 6 factors represent the PAM (Duration, Frequency of Interaction, Knowledge of Goals, Physical Intimacy, Self-Disclosure, Social Network Familiarity), which showed evidence of internal consistency, test-retest reliability over 3 weeks, sensitivity to known group differences, discriminant validity from socially desirable responding, and convergent validity with other relationship inventories. Results also show that the PAM positively predicted self-other agreement. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the PAM and research in person perception, although this measure may also be used in other research areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Psychiatric interviewing techniques. VI. Experimental study: eliciting feelings.

Four experimental interview styles, designed to differ in the extent of their use of active fact-oriented and active feeling-oriented techniques, were compared in relation to their use in the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric clinic. All four styles proved to be effective in eliciting emotions and feelings, but the findings suggested that each was effective for different reasons. It appeared that emotional expression could be encouraged by the interviewer's response to emotional cues, by a reflective style with little factual cross-questioning, by the use of direct requests for self-disclosures, by the optimal (but not necessarily maximal) use of interpretations. and expressions of sympathy, and by direct requests for feelings.

Emotions↗
PubMed2006

Synaesthesia: the prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences.

Sensory and cognitive mechanisms allow stimuli to be perceived with properties relating to sight, sound, touch, etc, and ensure, for example, that visual properties are perceived as visual experiences, rather than sounds, tastes, smells, etc. Theories of normal development can be informed by cases where this modularity breaks down, in a condition known as synaesthesia. Conventional wisdom has held that this occurs extremely rarely (0.05% of births) and affects women more than men. Here we present the first test of synaesthesia prevalence with sampling that does not rely on self-referral, and which uses objective tests to establish genuineness. We show that (a) the prevalence of synaesthesia is 88 times higher than previously assumed, (b) the most common variant is coloured days, (c) the most studied variant (grapheme-colour synaesthesia)--previously believed most common--is prevalent at 1%, and (d) there is no strong asymmetry in the distribution of synaesthesia across the sexes. Hence, we suggest that female biases reported earlier likely arose from (or were exaggerated by) sex differences in self-disclosure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Controversial hypotheses on the relationship between researcher and informant in qualitative research.

This paper addresses methodological issues that emerged unexpectedly during a qualitative study set up to explore nurses' descriptions of difficult, challenging and satisfying experiences at work. The purpose of the study had been to look for critical factors influencing nurses' perceptions of their performance in specific situations, and their labelling of each event. Ten nurses were asked to describe in detail three events; a difficult situation in which they had coped well, a difficult situation in which they would like to have coped better, and a satisfying or rewarding situation. The critical incident technique was used. Rich descriptions were obtained, tape recorded, transcribed verbatum, and analysed by constant comparative analysis, following the principles of grounded theory. Some suprising hypotheses emerged regarding the methodology of the informal interview in qualitative research. This paper addresses these hypotheses, which focus on the interaction between the researcher and informant, the role conflict facing the nurse researcher, the effect of the researcher's past experience on the interaction, the use of counselling strategies and the principle of self-disclosure. These hypotheses were incidental to the original area of study and were more exciting in their emergence because of this.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

The vision in supervision: transference-countertransference dynamics and disclosure in the supervision relationship.

The centrality of the supervision experience in the development of the supervisee's personal and professional capacities is addressed. The supervision relationship and process are explored in light of the potential effects of transference-countertransference configurations of supervisor and supervisee. Parallels between supervision and treatment are highlighted. The importance of developing and utilizing the capacity for reflectivity is reviewed, as is the impact of supervisee nondisclosure to supervisor. The direct use of countertransference experiences in the context of supervision is explored, and the centrality of self-disclosure is highlighted. It is recommended that supervisor and supervisee remain receptive to exploring these experiences in the service of developing a shared subjective sense of the patient, of increasing the supervisee's capacity to treat his or her patient, and of providing the supervisee with a novel, growth-enhancing relationship.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A longitudinal study of the effects of premarital communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem on sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage.

This study examined select premarital factors from the ecosystemic perspective hypothesized to influence marital sexual satisfaction in the first year of marriage. A sample of 70 couples was administered by the Preparation of Marriage Questionnaire (PREP-M) a few months prior to marriage to measure premarital levels of empathy, self-disclosure, open communication, relationship stability, and self-esteem. At 1 year of marriage, their sexual satisfaction was assessed using the Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS). Using multiple regression analyses it was found that the best premarital predictors of husband's marital sexual satisfaction were wives' self-esteem, wives' open communication, and wives' relationship stability. The best predictors for wives' marital sexual satisfaction were wives' self-esteem, wives' open communication, and husbands' empathic communication. Conclusions and implications for premarital counselling and family life education are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A concept analysis of intimacy.

This concept analysis examines how the concept of intimacy has been defined in the scholarly literature in order to determine what characteristics or necessary conditions exist that differentiate this phenomenon from all other phenomena. The objective of this concept analysis is to derive a theoretical definition of intimacy that can then be used to operationalize the concept for research. Intimacy is of significance to psychiatric nursing theory because (a) intimacy has been identified as being important to the psychosocial development of adults; (b) intimacy plays a developmental role in identity formation, through the consensual validation of personal worth by providing individuals with the opportunity to feel understood and accepted as they are, within the relationship; (c) research indicates that married couples reporting a deficiency or an absence of intimacy have a significantly higher proportion of symptoms of a nonpsychotic emotional illness; (d) failure to develop intimacy in relationships has been identified as one of the most common factors for seeking outpatient psychotherapy; and (e) intimacy has been identified as a key component in individuals' satisfaction with their social support. The theoretical definition for intimacy is this: a quality of a relationship in which the individuals must have reciprocal feelings of trust and emotional closeness toward each other and are able to openly communicate thoughts and feelings with each other. The conditions that must be met for intimacy to occur include reciprocity of trust, emotional closeness, and self-disclosure. As the literature does not uniformly incorporate physical intimacy as a necessary condition for the concept of intimacy, physical closeness was not incorporated into the definition.

Communication↗
PubMed1980

Evaluation of a training program for certified alcoholism counselors.

Evaluation of a training program for alcoholism counselors indicated that such training resulted in significant gains in knowledge, changes in attitude, greater ego strength and capacity for self-disclosure, as well as higher ratings of trainees on scales of effectiveness of counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Sex differences in subclinical depression: administration of the Beck Depression Inventory in public and private disclosure situations.

To test the idea that the preponderance of women depressives is due to a masculine tendency to avoid negative social consequences by reporting fewer depressive symptoms, two studies were conducted in which the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to both sexes under conditions of public and private disclosure. It was hypothesized that men would score lower on the BDI than women in the public disclosure condition but not in the private disclosure condition. Despite procedural differences in the two experiments, the results of both studies failed to support the experimental hypothesis. However, in each case, analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between sex of subject and sex of examiner (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of a willingness to admit more symptoms to a same-sex person due to fear of rejection by the opposite sex and in terms of gender-specific patterns of self-disclosure in first-encounter heterosexual situations. Results of both studies also suggest BDI scores of college students can be interpreted without regard to type of administration.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Perceptions of the researcher: in-depth interviewing in the home.

In this paper we explore the home as a setting to collect qualitative data. The text is drawn from a collaborative research initiative that sought to interview people with cardiac disease. The literature pays little attention to the home as a venue for in-depth data gathering and yet from our experience it is very different to other settings. We argue the need for extra consideration to aspects such as trust, self-disclosure and safety, and draw these conclusion from the data gathered in the field.

House Calls↗
PubMed1980

Perceptions by patients and therapists of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy.

The comparative value of possible therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy was studied by submitting questionnaires regularly to patients and therapists of six long-term out-patient groups. Both patients and therapists attached most importance to self-understanding, self-disclosure and learning from interpersonal actions. They diverged, however, in their overall perception of which factors were important in therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Borderline personality disorder from the patient's perspective.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder were studied to learn how they experienced the disorder and its treatment. METHODS: Life history narratives were obtained from ten patients with borderline personality disorder in a series of 90-minute interviews held over the course of a year. The interviews had minimal structure; patients were simply asked to talk about themselves. RESULTS: The narratives revealed striking similarities in the patients' experience with borderline personality disorder. Reports of their experience differed markedly from clinical descriptions of the disorder. Common themes of estrangement, inadequacy, and despair were identified, as well as common coping strategies, primarily dissociation and avoidance of self-disclosure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' experiences with borderline personality disorder were highly consistent but differed markedly from clinical descriptions. The patient narratives provided information that could lead to more effective treatment of the disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

The triadic intersubjective matrix in supervision: the use of disclosure to work through painful affects.

The use of the psychoanalyst's subjective reactions as a tool to better understand his/her patient has been a central feature of clinical thinking in recent decades. While there has been much discussion and debate about the analyst's use of countertransference in individual psychoanalysis, including possible disclosure of his/her feelings to the patient, the literature on supervision has been slower to consider such matters. The attention to parallel processes in supervision has been helpful in appreciating the impact of affects arising in either the analyst/patient or the supervisor/analyst dyads upon the analytic treatment and its supervision. This contribution addresses the ways in which overlapping aspects of the personalities of the supervisor, analyst and patient may intersect and create resistances in the treatment. That three-way intersection, described here as the triadic intersubjective matrix, is considered inevitable in all supervised treatments. A clinical example from the termination phase of a supervised analysis of an adolescent is offered to illustrate these points. Finally, the question of self-disclosure as an aspect of the supervisory alliance is also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A contemporary psychoanalytic model of countertransference.

Over the last 100 years, countertransference has evolved from a narrow construct referring to the analyst's transference to the patient to a jointly created phenomenon that is ever-present in the psychotherapeutic situation. In recent years, a myriad of theoretical perspectives have begun to converge around the view that countertransference is partly determined by the therapist's preexisting internal object world and partly influenced by feelings induced by the patient. Countertransference is now regarded as inevitable, and minor enactments of countertransference may provide valuable information about what is being recreated in the therapist-patient dyad. Self-disclosure of countertransference may be useful in some situations, but the sharing of some feelings will overwhelm patients and burden them in a way that may be destructive to the therapeutic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Assessment interviewing in clinical psychology.

The relative specificity of the structure of psychological traits has presented the clinical psychologist with a very difficult problem; it means that generalized test procedures are of limited use. This paper suggests: (1) that the interview presents one way of beginning to solve this problem, and (2) that the findings of psychological research may provide the means of arriving at a distinctive style of valid interviewing for assessment purposes. This style has two main features: (1) it facilitates self-exploration and self-disclosure and (2) it maximizes the accuracy of the information obtained. An outline of some of the research findings is presented; some of the methodological problems are discussed; and a brief example is given.

Communication↗
PubMed1993

The round table in a community-based outpatient service.

The community-based outpatient service of Berne has used the round table for 8 years. It has become a strong element of the care of long-term outpatients. The aim of the present study is to examine how the round table is used and estimated by the patients: whether it only fulfils the function of a psychosocial contact facility to reduce social isolation or whether it has other helpful functions of social relationship. Further, we were interested to find out which of the therapeutic factors in group therapy are of importance. Four major factors could be elaborated by factor analysis: the functions and the importance of the caretakers at the round table, the acceptance and social integration of the patients and psychotherapeutic factors such as self-disclosure and vicarious learning. The round table is not only a social contact facility but also a new form of an informal, open, socio-therapeutic group.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Family practice residents' perspectives on Balint group training: in-depth interviews with frequent and infrequent attenders.

BACKGROUND: Balint groups are focused discussion groups that help students, residents, or physicians respond empathetically to their patients and recognize underlying psychosocial elements in patients' complaints. Approximately 40% to 60% of residents who start optional Balint group training show infrequent attendance. The primary objective of this study was to interview frequent and nonfrequent attenders to assess the value of Balint group training from the residents' perspective and to explain why many residents attend Balint group meetings infrequently or discontinue Balint training altogether. METHODS: Two methods were used to discern differences between frequent attenders and infrequent attenders: (1) evaluation of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) data collected at the beginning of the residency program, and (2) semi-structured personal interviews with both frequent and infrequent attenders. RESULTS: MBTI data showed frequent attenders to have higher scores than infrequent attenders in the intuitive dimension. Interviews with Balint group attenders showed strong perception about the value of this training. The majority felt Balint training had improved their effectiveness as family physicians, specifically when dealing with troubling patients. Infrequent attenders mentioned scheduling problems and a variety of emotional/personality factors as reasons for not attending Balint seminars. Frequent attenders attributed nonattendance in others to lack of interest in the psychodynamics of the doctor-patient relationship and differences in personality type. CONCLUSION: Residents who participated in Balint groups perceive this training as helpful in understanding themselves in relationships with their patients. However, the study results suggest that many residents choose not to attend optional Balint group seminars because of emotional or personality variables, such as anxiety about self-disclosure and introversion. While Balint groups are a valuable component of a family practice residency program, it is likely that not all residents will be motivated or capable of deriving benefits from this teaching approach.

Anxiety↗