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PubMed2005

Deficient production of hexadecenoic acid in the skin is associated in part with the vulnerability of atopic dermatitis patients to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As one of the major skin fatty acids, cis-6-hexadecenoic acid (C16:1Delta6) exhibits a specific antibacterial activity and might play a specific role in the defense mechanism against Staphylococcus aureus, in healthy subjects whereas S. aureus frequently colonizes the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS: Fatty acid composition of sebum at the recovery level was analyzed by gas chromatography and S. aureus colonizing the skin was assessed by the 'cup-scrub' method (9 patients and 10 healthy controls). To evaluate in vivo effect of C16:1Delta6 on colonization, C16:1Delta6 was applied for 2 weeks on the upper arm skin of another group of AD patients (11 patients). RESULTS: Analysis of sebum lipids revealed that there is a significant lower free C16:1Delta6 content in nonlesional skin from AD patients compared with healthy controls. This lower content is also accompanied by a significantly lower level of C16:1Delta6 in the total fatty acid composition of sebum (analyzed following hydrolysis). The lower level of free C16:1Delta6 correlated significantly (R(2) = 0.41, p < 0.01) with the numbers of S. aureus colonizing nonlesional skin. Topical application of free C16:1Delta6 on the skin of AD patients for 2 weeks abolished the markedly increased bacterial count in 6 out of the 8 AD patients tested. CONCLUSIONS: Free C16:1Delta6 may be involved in the defense mechanism against S. aureus in healthy skin and this deficit triggers the susceptibility of the skin to colonization by S. aureus in AD.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Retinoids and sebaceous gland activity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The marked efficacy of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne is undoubtedly due to its potential to inhibit sebaceous gland activity. The question arises if the anti-acne effect of new oral retinoids can be predicted by using the currently available experimental models. METHODS: We reviewed the effects of various oral retinoids on sebum excretion in humans and their efficacy in acne. The human data were compared to the results obtained from in vitro and animal models. RESULTS: Oral retinoids such as etretinate, acitretin and the so-called arotinoids were not able to inhibit the sebum production in humans and were ineffective against acne. In various animal models (i.e. sebum production in rats, flank organ size in hamsters, ear sebaceous gland size in hamster, most of these retinoids were shown to be effective. Furthermore, in addition to isotretinoin, some retinoids were able to suppress the proliferation of human sebocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The elucidation of the mechanism of action of isotretinoin on the sebocyte biology is critical for the search of more reliable models and for the discovery of new retinoids with anti-acne activity.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1975

Control of sebaceous gland function in the rat by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

The effect of alpha-MSH on sebum secretion and preputial gland weight was examined in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized male rats and in hypophysectomized rats receiving treatment with either testosterone propionate (TP) or progesterone. After treatment with alpha-MSH for 2 weeks, increases in sebum secretion occurred in intact, castrated and hypophysectomized rats, but larger responses were found in the hypophysectomized rats that had received treatment with either TP or progesterone, suggesting that alpha-MSH acts synergistically with TP and progesterone to stimulate sebum secretion. Alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone also increased preputial gland weight in intact rats, but there was no response after castration and only a small response after hypophysectomy. However, when the hypophysectomized rats received simultaneous treatment with either TP or progesterone, alpha-MSH increased preputial gland weight. It is suggested that alpha-MSH acts directly on the sebaceous glands to stimulate lipogenesis and, together with steroid hormones, may have an important role in controlling sebaceous glandd function in the rat and other hairy mammals. With the evolution of hair, certain of the MSH peptides may have lost their significance as pigmentary hormones and have developed a sebotrophic function. For this reason, it might be more appropriate to refer to these peptides as the 'sebotrophins'.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of hormonal replacement therapy on cutaneous biophysical properties of menopausal women].

PURPOSE: The aim of this analysis was to study the possible effect of hormonal replacement therapy on some biophysical properties of the skin of menopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A study was carried out on 106 menopausal, phototype I to IV women with clinically healthy skin. During the medical evaluation, the menopausal status, duration of the menopause, and, possible use of hormone replacement therapy and its duration were collected. A series of biophysical skin parameters in controlled environmental conditions was assessed on the face: sebum casual level, skin surface pH, skin colour, transepidermal water loss, capacitance, conductance, skin relief and temperature. The same parameters except for sebum were assessed on the forearm. Three sub-samples were defined according to the duration of the menopause and of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: The skin colour parameters revealed a greater red intensity value in menopausal women who had been treated for at least one year. In menopausal women who had been treated for at least 5 or 10 years, the biophysical measurements were significantly higher for the parameters evaluating hydration and sebum secretion, associated with higher values for the yellow intensity parameter and the skin relief parameters on the forehead. CONCLUSION: These results support the subjective impression and the clinical evaluation according to which hormonal replacement therapy could modify the development and the severity of some properties associated with skin ageing after the onset of menopause.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

The pathogenesis of acne.

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease of as yet incompletely elucidated etiology and pathogenesis. The following have been identified as the most significant factors: follicular hyperkeratosis, increased sebum secretion, Propionibacterium (P.) acnes, and inflammation. Increased sebum production and follicular hyperkeratosis result in the development of microcomedones, and changes in follicular milieu in intensive growth of P. acnes. P. acnes secretes several proinflammatory products, which play an important role in the development of inflammation. These include lipases, proteases, hyaluronidases, and chemotactic factors. Immune response to P. acnes includes humoral and cell-mediated immunity as well as complement activation. Recent results indicate that keratinocytes and sebocytes, as major components of pilosebaceous unit, may act as immune cells and may be activated by P. acnes via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CD14, and through CD1 molecules may recognize altered lipid content in sebum, followed by the production of inflammatory cytokines.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2006

The effect of a daily facial cleanser for normal to oily skin on the skin barrier of subjects with acne.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder that affects many people every year, especially the teenaged population. People with acne find the condition especially difficult to manage because of the disease's chronicity and variability in response to treatment. Acne is the result of pores clogged with shed skin cells combined with sebum in the hair follicle. Successful treatment of acne is important because acne has the potential to result in lasting physical and emotional scarring. For many years, physicians have agreed that although cleansing is not effective on its own, effective cleansing is an important part of any acne treatment regimen. However, patients have not been satisfied with the types of cleansers available. In addition to containing dyes and perfumes that can irritate and exacerbate acne, these cleansers often are too harsh and can result in excessive drying of the skin, which leads to overcompensation by the oil glands and ultimately to more oil on the surface of the skin. This study examined the use of a daily facial cleanser formulated for normal to oily skin in subjects with mild facial acne. The cleanser was studied for 2 weeks in the absence of additional treatments to eliminate the confounding effects of various treatments. Subjects were monitored for skin barrier function through transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and corneometry, sebum level, and lesion counts. The results of the study indicate that the facial cleanser is gentle and does not damage the skin barrier or result in sebum overcompensation; additionally, the cleanser is effective at deep-pore cleansing, which may help to manage some acne-associated symptoms.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1987

Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on the sebaceous gland in power athletes.

The effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on sebaceous gland activity and the composition of sebum was studied in power athletes. The subject self-administered large doses of androgenic and anabolic hormones during a 12-week-period of strength training. After 4 weeks of administration of hormones the sebum excretion rate increased significantly (p = 0.002) and it remained high throughout the period of exogenous steroid use. The amounts of cholesterol were significantly increased during that period. There were no differences in the amounts of the following lipid groups; free fatty acids, squalen, triglycerides, wax esters, diglycerides and paraffins. It was concluded that large doses of androgenic and anabolic steroids lead to an increase in sebum output in healthy young adult males.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of human skin function in a sealed room by a chromatographic method].

Gas-liquid chromatogrophy was used to study the skin and sebum cutaneum of 6 male test subjects (aged 45-55) before and after 30-day enclosure. The greatest changes were seen in the composition of free fatty acids of lipids of the facial skin (increase of palmito-oleic acid). The lipid composition of the sebum cutaneum of the healthy subjects differed from that of the acne-bearing subjects. It is recommended to use the ratio of palmitic acid to palmito-oleic acid as a measure of changes of fatty acids in the sebum cutaneum of healthy people in an unusual environment.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1988

[Physiopathological approach to seborrhea of the scalp].

Objective assessment of seborrhea of the scalp has seldom been reported in the literature. We have used a variant of the method described by Saint-Léger and Lévêque to measure the sebum excretion rate in normal scalp, male pattern alopecia, pityriasis amiantacea, pityriasis capitis and alopecia areata. The sebum excretion rate was significantly increased in male pattern alopecia, significantly decreased in pityriasis amiantacea and showed a trend towards reduction in alopecia areata. Pityriasis capitis was not associated with changes in the excretion of sebum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

13-cis-Retinoic acid in rosacea. Clinical and laboratory findings.

The paper presents clinical and laboratory data on 13-CIS-retinoic acid treatment in rosacea. Good-to-excellent results are reported for severe forms of rosacea. Side effects were tolerable and could easily be controlled. The role of sebaceous gland function was documented by both histological and skin sebum parameters. Diminution of sebaceous gland size and the decrease of skin sebum with alteration of single sebum fractions correspond with findings in acne. According to the findings the alteration of sebaceous gland function is one model of drug action in rosacea. Thus sebaceous gland dysfunction may play an important role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Skin lipids in 13-cis-retinoic acid therapy of acne].

The study presents clinical data and results of skin sebum (SER) determinations during 13-cis-retinoic acid treatment in 15 patients suffering from severe conglobate and cystic acne. The striking clinical improvement was mostly accompanied by decreased SER as well as changes in the composition of the skin surface lipids. While the sebaceous gland lipids were generally reduced, the epidermal lipids showed irregular tendencies. Despite of good therapy effects, 3 patients showed increased SER. This indicates that other mechanisms than those of sebum suppression may be responsible for the treatment success. Sebum suppression and modulation are important and valuable aspects for documentation as well as for elucidation of the working mechanism of 13-cis-retinoic acid.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1977

[The morphogenesis and functional control of sebaceous glands with reference to free sebaceous glands].

Not very much was known until now about the physiology of sebaceous glands--especially about the regulation of their function. The author divides primary stimuli for the function of sebaceous glands during lifetime from secondary stimuli for the common supply of sebum. Other primary stimuli are a hypophysial sebotropic factor and other hormones of the gonads and adrenal glands. Capillary attraction and the autonomous system (in a low degree) belong to the secondary stimuli. Following the opinion of renowned authors sebaceous glands and production of sebum are just a special secretoric function of the epidermis. The author voices the hypothesis that androgens can stimulate epidermal basal cells to form sebaceous glands and to produce sebum. This is only possible under certain circumstances, above all only in non-keratinised epidermis.

Androgens↗
PubMed1976

Sebaceous gland inhibition from combined glucocorticoid-estrogen treatment.

Sebum production in seven hirsute women was found to be markedly inhibited by low-dosage glucocorticoid therapy, usually 5 to 10 mg of prednisone daily, combined with the cyclic administration of ethinyl estradiol, either 80mug or 100mug daily, in the form of oral contraceptive medication. The average reduction of sebum secretion was 85.7%, from a pretreatment mean value of 3.07 mg of sebum to an average treatment level of 0.44 mg.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.

BACKGROUND: Hirsutism is the presence of excessive hair growth in women and is an important cosmetic condition often resulting in severe distress. Hirsutism is most often caused by increased production of male sex hormones also known as androgens. It is also affected by increased sensitivity to androgens in the hair follicles, and the secretory glands around the hair follicles, called sebaceous glands. Spironolactone is an antiandrogen and aldosterone antagonist used to treat hirsutism. Since 1978, many studies have been conducted to determine its effectiveness. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) in reducing excess hair growth and/or acne in women. SEARCH STRATEGY: All publications of randomised controlled trials of spironolactone versus placebo and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) were identified. Search strategy was developed by the Menstrual Disorder Group. All accessable electronic databases were searched. In addition, all reference lists of relevant trials were searched and drug companies contacted for details of unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled comparisons of spironolactone versus: placebo steroids (oral contraceptive pill included)) spironolactone of varying dosages or spironolactone and steroids versus steroids alone when used to reduce hair growth and acne in women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Four trials were included in the review, seven trials were excluded. Two other trials are awaiting assessment. All included trials were small (no more than 31 participants) randomised and controlled. Only one trial studied acne as an outcome, the remaining three were concerned with hirsutism. One trial investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; the remaining trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne. Major outcome measures include the following: - subjective observations - Ferriman and Gallwey hair scores - hormonal and biochemical parameters - side effects - sebum production measurement MAIN RESULTS: All sample populations were small and confidence intervals were wide. There was no significant difference between treatments for any of the observed outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of treatment for either acne vulgaris or hirsutism cannot be determined due to the small sample populations involved in the trials. Its value in clinical practice is difficult to assess from currently available research.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1983

Steroid inhibitors of androgen-potentiated actions on skin.

Antiandrogens, such as cyproterone acetate, and oestrogens both inhibit sebaceous secretion in rats and have a potentiality for the treatment of hirsutism and acne in the human female. However, they act at different points. In castrated rats treated with testosterone, 3 micrograms/day oestradiol produced a greater decrease in sebum secretion than a dose of cyproterone acetate over 1000 times larger; moreover the antiandrogen reduced the incidence of sebaceous mitoses whereas the oestradiol did not. In hirsute women, oral administration of 100 mg of cyproterone acetate daily caused a 40% reduction in sebum secretion within 10 days; a further 20% was subsequently produced by combined therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyloestradiol. Significant decreases in the diameter and rate of growth of thigh hairs were not established until around the fourth monthly cycle of treatment. The actions were believed to be mainly peripheral, though contributory factors could also have been the small but significant reductions in plasma androgens produced by the antiandrogen, and the marked rise in sex hormone binding globulin produced by the oestrogen. That it is theoretically possible for cyproterone acetate or oestradiol to act locally follows from an unequivocal demonstration that either compound produced a local depression of sebum secretion when applied topically to rats.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Wipe-test and patch-test for alcohol misuse based on the concentration ratio of fatty acid ethyl esters and squalene CFAEE/CSQ in skin surface lipids.

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are known to be formed in blood and almost all human tissues after alcohol consumption and to be incorporated from sebum into hair where they can be used as long-term markers for excessive alcohol consumption. In order to examine whether skin surface lipids which consist mainly of sebum are an equally useful matrix for measurement of FAEE as alcohol abuse markers, samples were collected by a wipe-test from the forehead of 13 teetotallers, 16 social drinkers, 10 death cases with known recent alcohol misuse and five death cases without indications of alcohol misuse. The samples were analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate and by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector for squalene, (SQ), as a natural reference substance which the FAEE concentrations were related to. The ratio mFAEE/mSQ ranged between 0.16 and 1.12 ng/microg (mean 0.34 ng/microg) for the teetotallers and between 0.08 and 0.94 ng/microg (mean 0.37 ng/microg) for the social drinkers with no significant difference between both groups. For the alcoholics 2.4-24.2 ng/microg (mean 13.1 ng/microg) were found. For two volunteers the course of mFAEE/mSQ 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after a single high alcohol dose was pursued by daily wipe tests. A strong increase of mFAEE/mSQ occurred between 7 and 12 days after the drinking event. This delay can be explained by the transition time of about 8 days between sebum production and its appearance on the skin surface known from literature. For seven social drinkers skin surface lipid samples were also collected using drug of abuse patches of the firm PharmCheck. The ratios mFAEE/mSQ in these samples were in the same range as from the wipe-test. The comparison with the self-reported ethanol amounts consumed the week before and during the test gave no good correlation (R2 = 0.42). It can be concluded from the results that FAEE in skin surface lipids can be used for medium-term retrospective detection of heavy drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Squalene in hair--a natural reference substance for the improved interpretation of fatty acid ethyl ester concentrations with respect to alcohol misuse.

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are incorporated into hair mainly from sebum. For this reason, the use of their concentration CFAEE as marker of excessive alcohol consumption is complicated by interindividual differences of the activity of the sebum glands and of elimination by hair care and hair cosmetics. Furthermore, an influence of the investigated hair length due to increasing accumulation from proximal to distal was found. Therefore, it was examined whether these sources of error can be avoided if in addition to CFAEE the relative FAEE concentrations CFAEE/CSQ related to squalene SQ as a natural reference compound were used for interpretation. Sebum contains about 10-20% SQ. A sensitive and reliable method for the determination of SQ in addition to FAEE from the same hair extracts by high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed. The concentrations of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl stearate and squalene were determined and CFAEE/CSQ was calculated for 13 teetotallers, 16 social drinkers, 12 fatalities with excessive alcohol abuse at life time and 9 cases with unclear alcohol anamnesis. CSQ ranged from 0.02 to 1.97 microg/mg (mean 0.67 microg/mg). From the results follows that squalene enables a control of the lipid content of hair and a correction of CFAEE in cases with deviations from the usual lipid content in a similar way as creatinine in urine. Preliminary values of CFAEE/CSQ were suggested for the upper limit for teetotallers (< 0.6 ng/microg) and the lower limit for excessive alcohol abuse (> 1.5 ng/microg). However, the relative concentration CFAEE/CSQ cannot completely replace the absolute concentration CFAEE, and both should regularly be used for an improved interpretation with respect to alcohol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The 1450-nm diode laser for facial inflammatory acne vulgaris: dose-response and 12-month follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The 1450-nm diode laser has been known to thermally alter sebaceous glands and has been found to be effective for the treatment of inflammatory facial acne. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the dose response of a 1450-nm diode laser for treatment of facial acne, sebum production, and acne scarring utilizing two laser fluences and to determine long-term remission after laser treatment. METHODS: Twenty patients (Fitzpatrick skin phototypes II-VI) received 3 treatments using the 1450 nm diode laser (3-4 week intervals). Split face comparisons were performed by randomizing patients to one of two fluences (14 or 16 J/cm(2)) on the right or left side of the face. Clinical photographs, lesion counts, and sebum measurements were obtained at baseline and after each treatment. Investigators' and patients' subjective evaluations of response to treatment were assessed. RESULTS: Percentage reductions in mean acne lesion counts from baseline were 42.9% (14 J/cm(2)) and 33.9% (16 J/cm(2)) after one treatment and 75.1% (14 J/cm(2)) and 70.6% (16 J/cm(2)) after 3 treatments. There was persistent reduction of 76.1% (14 J/cm(2)) and 70.5% (16 J/cm(2)) at the 12-month follow-up (P < .01). Both objective and subjective improvements in acne scarring and sebum production were noted. Treatment-related pain was well tolerated, and adverse effects were limited to transient erythema and edema at treatment sites. LIMITATIONS: This was a small study and comparison was limited to two laser fluences. CONCLUSION: The 1450-nm diode laser reduced inflammatory facial acne lesions even in Fitzpatrick skin phototypes IV-VI with minimal side effects. Significant improvement in acne lesion counts were noted after the first treatment and was maintained 12 months after the third treatment, indicating significant long-term clinical remission after laser treatment.

Acne Vulgaris↗