[A case of actinomycetes mycetoma in Burundi].
The authors report the first case in Burundi of mycetoma due to Nocardiae. The diagnosis was made by histopathology. There was a good efficiency of the sulfone-sulfamid treatment.
Adult↗
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[Effect of insulin on germination and ionic exchange in Raphanus sativus (author's transl)].
Hypoglycemic sulfamide BZ-55 activates or inhibits germination of Raphanus sativus, depending upon the dosis. Since this drug acts upon the glycemia by increasing the secretion and action of insulin, the influence of this hormone on germination and ionic changes (Na+-K+) between seeds and culture medium, were studied. Seeds were incubated during 72 h with different concentrations of insulin in 10 ml deionized water or in 10 ml 18 mM K+ (KCl) solutions at 37 degrees C in vapor saturated atmosphere. A solution of 0.125 IU insulin/ml in water increases the germination to 110% whereas 0.175 IU insulin/ml inhibits it to 40% against controls. Further increases in insulin concentration always inhibit germination. Similar results have been obtained with K+ containing media. Germination rate changes in a small concentration range suggest that insulin might affect an enzymatic activity in the seed.
Blood Glucose↗
[Sensitivity of Algerian Salmonella strains to antibiotics and sulfonamides].
Four hundred and fourty two Algerian strains of Salmonella, including 392 strains of S. typhi and 50 strains of S. wien were studied with respect to their sensitivity to 36 antibiotics, nitrofurans and sulfonamides. It was found that the hemocultures of Salmonella had a low sensitivity to penicillin and a markedly pronounced sensitivity to ampicillin and tetracyclines. The coprocultures were resistant to these antibiotics. The hemocultures were more sensitive to cephalosporins, streptomycin, levomycetin, sulfamide and aminoglycosides as compared to the coprocultures. All the Salmonella isolates were highly sensitive to bactrim, negram, gentamicin and tobramycin.
Algeria↗
ESCA studies on heparin-like materials used for extracorporeal shunts.
Amino-acids sulfamide substituted polystyrene surfaces exhibit an heparin-like activity. Similar treatments were achieved on small diameter tubings made of polystyrene grafted on polyethylene. Electron spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) appeared as the suitable method for a chemical characterization of the surface (approximately 50-100 A depth) to be in contact with circulating blood. These tubings were implanted as extracorporeal shunts on dogs. The variations of local concentrations of labelled platelets, red cells and fibrinogen were recorded in situ. Depending on the conditions of preparation and implantation, a slight adhesion of platelet was observed. By using such type of materials with an improved mechanical compliance, small diameter antithrombogenic tubings could be developed, provided the chlorosulfonation prior to amino-acid grafting is mild.
Animals↗
[Plague in Zaire].
Two endemic foci of plague have been discovered in Zaïre, the first in the Ituri in 1928, the other in North-Kivu in 1938. They are situated in the region of the great East-African Rift and are adjacent to the Ugandan focus, identified in 1877. A strict surveillance of these endemic foci makes it possible to state that, between 1928 and 1959, 632 cases of plague have been diagnosed in the Ituri, or 20 a year, and 190 in the N-Kivu, or 8 a year. Since then several flare ups have been notified. This situation is very remote from the "black death" concept. Yersinia pestis presents, besides its bipolar staining, many other characteristics such as the indispensable presence of iron to produce virulence, or the fermentation of glycerine and reduction of nitrates as parameters for the identification of 3 biovars, corresponding with a specific geographic distribution: antiqua, medievalis, orientalis or maritima. The antigenic structure has been discussed and also the role of plasmids. Plague is a disease of rats, a variegated gathering of rodents with different degrees of tolerance and sensitiveness to Y.pestis, living in a frail equilibrium. The multimammate houserat was in the Ituri the principal agent until the black rat Rattus rattus invaded the region and a new balance came into being. The frequent changes in taxonomy of Mastomys caused uncertainties. The transmission is due to fleas subject to a blocking of their ventriculum by Y.pestis. Fleas play an active part in the process. Man is only a casual intruder. The pathogenicity is related to its invasiveness and its intracellular localization in macrophages and other R.E. cells, in which Y.pestis can survive. The bubo is characteristic of the disease. In Zaïre a septicaemic tendency has been observed, with a possible involvement of the C.N.S. and of the lungs. The latter may produce among the surrounding relatives primary pneumonic plague. The clinical diagnosis ought to be confirmed by bacteriologic investigation of the puncture fluid of the bubo, the blood, and when necessary the C.S.F. or the sputum by culture and/or animal inoculation. The treatment became very efficient since the availability of sulfamides and later antibiotics: aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines. A timely administration ensures practically recovery. As soon as Y.pestis was identified vaccination was put into practice and in the first place by killed germs (Haffkine's lymph) to day with formalized F1, for mass vaccination live attenuated strains were used: Tjiwidej (Otten), E.V. (Girard), K120 (Grasset).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Characteristics of the antibiotic resistance plasmid in Salmonella typhi isolated in Tunis in 1990.
A multiresistant Salmonella typhi (S typhi, strain 302) was isolated from a blood culture of a patient in the Infectious Diseases department of Rabta Hospital in Tunis. The following tests were carried out: antibiotic susceptibility testing by the agar diffusion method; determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration against four beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, imipenem), chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and amikacin by the agar dilution method; conjugation with E coli K12 for study of transferability of resistance markers; and electrophoresis of plasmid DNA extracts on agarose gel. S typhi 302 was resistant to amoxicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamide-trimethoprim, and this resistance was transferable in toto with a frequency of 10(-4). The MICs of amoxicillin and chloramphenicol were, respectively, 1024 (due to the production of TEM-1 beta-lactamase) and 256 mg/l. These resistance markers were carried by a plasmid of about 40 kb, similar to the Salmonella wien plasmid. The easy acquisition of a multiresistance plasmid by S typhi suggests that epidemiological monitoring of this serovar should be carried out.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Characteristics of non-tuberculous Mycobacterium -- pathogens of diseases in man].
The paper characterizes nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTMB) by their species, shows the structure of mycobacteriasis pathogens, drug sensibility in NTMB and the degree of their virulence for laboratory animals. The specific proportion of NTMB is Mycobacterium avium (50.8%). A total of 136 cases of mycobacterium infection were examined. As high as 20.7% of isolates from mycobacteriasis patients have been found to have a high natural resistance to most antibacterial drugs. A combination of kanamycin, ethionamide, and ethambutol is the most effective in the treatment, additionally aminoglucosides--amikacin, gentamicin, sulfamides, such as biseptol, sulfadimethoxin, as well as the quinolones ciptobay and tarivid.
Adolescent↗
[Pharmacokinetic study of antibiotics in otitis].
Antibiotic concentrations in middle ear fluid can be determined in the purulent effusions of acute otitis media or in chronic effusions at the time of myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion. Measurements are usually made using microbiological methods. The concentration of betalactamines in middle ear fluid is 20 to 40% serum concentrations. Therefore, in the treatment of otitis media, it is necessary to use high doses of antibiotics, so that the concentration in the middle ear fluid is higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the most frequent infecting organisms. Sulfamides penetrate well into the middle ear. On the other hand, the concentration of macrolides is not significant until two or three doses have been delivered and a steady state is reached. While direct measurements of the antibiotic concentrations in middle ear fluid can provide information concerning the effectiveness of the antibiotic relative to the MIC, they do not replace clinical trials in confirming the indications of new antibiotic molecules in the treatment of otitis media. In addition, direct measurements are delicate and show great interindividual variations.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Bacteriological aspects of cholera in Benin (epidemic of 1991)].
This study showed that the strains of Vibrio cholerae El Tor, Ogawa serotype, isolated during the last cholera outbreak in Benin (1991) are widely sensitive to tetracyclin (84%), sulfamid (96%), ampicillin (98%).
Ampicillin↗
Bacteriological study of Neisseria strains isolated in Romania 1971-1992.
1496 Neisseria strains isolated from patients and carriers from 24 counties in Romania and Bucharest in 1971-1992 were studied. Serogroup A identified in 84.5% in 1987 shows a remarkable decrease in pre- and post-epidemic periods when serogroups B and C reach rates varying from 0 to 66.6% in 1975 for B and 38.8% in 1974 for C. Non-groupable strains were more frequently isolated in inter-epidemic periods, especially in carriers. Sensitivity to antibiotics of the meningococcal strains revealed a law rate of resistant strains, the most active antibiotics in decreasing order being: penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, rifampicin and erythromycin. Serogroup A was the most resistant to sulfamides as compared to the other serogroups, its resistance rate rising from 18.1% strains resistant to sulfathiazole in 1980-1985 to 60.7% in 1987 and to 83.3% in 1988.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[A study on anti-infective agent self-medication in 2 pharmacy offices].
OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the demand for unprescribed drugs against infections in two pharmacy departments, as a first step towards constructing closer cooperation between primary care physicians, chemists from the pharmacy service and chemists from a pharmacy department. DESIGN: A descriptive and prospective study based on observation. SITE. This study was carried out at two pharmacy departments: the Embajadores Health Centre and the pharmacy service of the hospital to which patients were referred from Embajadores. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: The target population were all those patients who requested a drug to combat infection in the pharmacy departments during the six months of the study (July to December, 1991). MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A total of 186 requests without a prescription for drugs to combat infection was recorded. The profile of those so requesting was of an almost equal number for men and women between 31 and 50 years old. The main reasons behind the requests were throat, dental and urinary-genital infections. The consumption of drug per category of illness was, from greater to lesser, penicillin, sulfamides, urinary chemotherapies, tetracyclines, macrolides and cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS: Although there appears to be consistency between the drug infection requested and the reason for requesting it, some health education activities aimed at the general population need to be organised, in order to raise awareness of the use and abuse of antibiotics.
Adolescent↗
[Malaria in Vietnam in 1996: brief synthesis of epidemiological data].
Vietnam is in a tropical region where malaria is considered as a public health problem. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for 72% of cases of malaria and Plasmodium vivax for 28%. Analysis of available data shows that the situation is complex. The overall incidence of malaria is low, i.e. approximately 8.5: 1000 in 1995 but the disease is unevenly distributed over the country which has a variety of terrain and climates. Hilly and mountainous areas are the most affected especially in the center of the country where the annual incidence can exceed 10%. In most provinces, the majority of people are not immunized and malaria is unstable. Emergence of chemoresistant parasites is a major problem. Resistance rates of Plasmodium falciparum ranges from 40.78% to 61.67% for chloroquine and from 25.80% to 47.40% for sulfamides. Locally produced artemisinin derivatives are being more and more widely used in order to cope with this problem local. Given the great epidemiological variability of malaria in Vietnam, careful analysis needed before attempting any type of group and individual prophylaxis.
Cause of Death↗
[Study of natural mutiple drug resistance in actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyes].
Natural strains of actinomycetes belonging to 3 systematic groups of the Streptomyces genera, i.e. blue, gray and globisporine were characterized for their resistance to antibiotics and sulfamids. The majority of the strains were shown to have stable inherited multiple resistence to a wide variety of antibiotics. Linkage analysis for resistance determinants in pairs showed random distribution of most of the determinants among the members of the blue and grey groups of the actinomycetes. Non-random distribution of the resistance determinants to Tc, Cm and Rm in TcCm, TcRm conbinations for the blue group actinomycetes and to Om, Rm, Fa, Lm, Em, Rm and Tc in OmRm, FaLm, EmPm, TcOm combinations among the members of the grey group of actinomycetes was found.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
[Inc J plasmids identified for the first time in Vibrio cholerae El Tor].
Two epidemic outbreaks of cholera occurred in eastern Algeria in 1994. Sixteen strains of Vibrio cholerae El Tor were isolated from stools and contaminated water. Studies to determine antibiotic sensitivity documented multiresistance in these strains. Minimal inhibiting concentrations ranged from 6 to 32 micrograms/ml for chloramphenicol, from 8 to 24 micrograms/ml for tetracycline except minocycline, and from 15 to 32 micrograms/ml for furanes. Higher values were found for other antibiotics such as trimethoprime (1,500 micrograms/ml), streptomycine (128 micrograms/ml) and sulfamides (128 micrograms/ml). High-grade resistance of Vibrio cholerae El Tor to streptomycine and trimethoprime in association with resistance to 0:129 suggests that transposon is the underlying genetic factor. All resistance markers were located on a single structure that can be transferred to a Escherichia coli receptor and belongs to an Inc J incompatibility group. The fact that plasmid DNA could not be visualized on agarose gel after extraction is also evidence for a transferable transposon.
Algeria↗
[Interactions between biospecific polymers and MCF7 cells: modulation of cellular proliferation and expression of estrogen receptors].
Numerous studies on interactions between insoluble polymers and cell membrane receptors indicated modulation of cellular proliferation and cell phenotype by these polymers considered as biospecific. We synthesized several biospecific polymers in order to investigate the interactions between polymers and intracellular receptors as estrogen receptors considered as tumoral indicator of breast cancer. Biospecific polymers were obtained by random substitutions of crosslinked polystyrene beads with suitable chemical groups (sulfonate and amino acid sulfamides). These polymers were used as microcarriers for culture of MCF7 cells, a cellular model of human breast cancer. Quantification of MCF7 cell estrogen receptors was determined by radioligand binding assay for different days of cellular proliferation. The data obtained with MCF7 cells cultured on biospecific polymers show an inverse relationship between polymer induced inhibition of cell proliferation and polymer induced increase of estrogen receptors. Similar inverse relationship was obtained with MCF7 cell cultured on standard polystyrene tissue culture plates. The various interaction between insoluble polymers and MCF7 cells could be related to the proportion and the nature of the substitutive chemical groups. These biospecific polymers could presents sites of interaction with cell membrane receptors leading to modulation of cell biological activity. The different insoluble polymers were used as preliminary models: a practical application could be a methodology of cellular selection using soluble biospecific polymers (for example chemically modified dextrans).
Binding, Competitive↗
[The use of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus in secondary sulfanilamide resistance].
Efficacy was studied of acarbose in patients with type II diabetes mellitus during the development of secondary sulfamide resistance. 63 patients were evaluated. Studies were made involving glycemia on an empty stomach, postprandial glycemia and 24-h glucosuria in order that we might learn about the above drug's efficacy. High confidence level decrease in postprandial glycemia was recorded as was significant reduction in diurnal glucosuria.
Acarbose↗
[Spectrofluorometric determination of furosemide in biological fluids. Application to pharmaco- and biokinetic studies].
The present report describes spectrofluorimetric methods for evaluation of furosemide (a sulfamide diuretic derived from anthranilic acid) in plasma or urine. The availability of these methods is discussed. These methods can be used for pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies and sometimes resolution of therapeutic problems.
Body Fluids↗
[Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus with sulfasalazine: 11 cases].
INTRODUCTION: Antimalaria agents and thalidomide are two reference drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. In non-responders or after secondary resistance or contraindications, there are a number of alternative therapeutics which are less effective and more toxic. We therefore conducted an open study in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus treated with sulfasalazine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven men and four women (mean age 40 years) with severe discoid lupus erythematosus (mean duration of disease 14 years) were treated with sulfasalazine (2 g/d). This treatment was initiated after a previous failure or contraindication of antimalarial drugs or thalidomide. The acetylation phenotype was predicted in all patients with N-acetyltransferase 2 genotyping. Genome DNA was tested for mutations causing an N-acetyltransferase deficiency. Homozygous individuals or those with heterozygous composites for the tested mutations were predicted slow acetylators and those with a homozygous or heterozygous genotype for an allele carrying a normal sequence at the mutation sites were predicted rapid acetylators. RESULTS: We had 7 complete responses, 1 partial response and 3 failures. Mean delay to efficacy was 7 weeks, longer for lesions involving the scalp (4 to 5 months). Six of the 8 responders were given sulfasalazine exclusively. The effect was suspensive and dose-dependent; the minimal effective dose was 1.5 g/d. Excepting light sensitization requiring discontinuation, there were no clinically significant side effects. Neutropenia occurred in one patient and moderate and transient live enzyme movements did not require treatment withdrawal. The only immunoallergic side effect (light sensitization) observed occurred in a slow acetylator. All responders except one were rapid acetylators. DISCUSSION: Salazosulfapyridine, or sulfasalazine, is composed of a derivative of 5-aminosalicylic acid and a sulfamide fraction, sulfapyridine. It is only marginally used in dermatology except for psoriasis. Its efficacy in chronic lupus erythematosus has been reported in one case. We confirmed the role of this compound in the treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus. The rare observations of induced lupus and development of antinuclear antibodies are not a contraindication, but require close regular clinical and biological surveillance. The potential risk is that possible hypersensitivity could lead to reserving sulfasalazine for severe resistant chronic lupus erythematosus after failure with antimalarials and thalidomide. Nevertheless, our study demonstrates that the slow acetylator phenotype predicts immunoallergic events, as observed by other authors, and would be a factor predicting nonresponse. If these results are confirmed by other studies, it would be possible to propose sulfasalazine as a treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus in rapid acetylators.
Acetylation↗