Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SPACE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reduced floor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-to-finish production system.

The effect of reduced pig growth rate postweaning as a result of restricted floor space and feeder trough space on subsequent growth to slaughter was investigated in a wean-to-finish system. Crossbred pigs (n = 1,728) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) floor space (high [0.630 m2/pig] vs. low floor space [0.315 m2/pig]), 2) feeder trough space (unrestricted [4 cm/pig] vs. restricted feeder trough space [2 cm/pig]), and 3) period of imposing floor- and feeder-trough-space treatments (12 vs. 14 wk postweaning). Growth performance was measured from weaning (5.5 +/- 0.01 kg of BW; 17 d of age) to slaughter (the end of wk 25 postweaning). From the end of the treatment period to the end of wk 25, pigs on all treatments had the same floor and feeder trough space. Pigs with low floor space had lower (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio than those with high floor space, and were therefore lighter (P < 0.05) at the end of the postweaning treatment period. Pigs given the restricted feeder trough space had lower (P < 0.05) ADFI, similar (P > 0.05) ADG, and higher (P < 0.01) gain:feed ratio than those with unrestricted feeder trough space during the treatment period. Pigs in the 14-wk treatment period had higher (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI, but lower gain:feed than those in the 12-wk treatment during that period. In the subsequent period, from the end of treatment to wk 25, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between floor space and treatment period; the difference in ADG and gain:feed for pigs on low vs. high floor space was greater for the 14-wk than the 12-wk treatment period. However, low-floor-space pigs tended (P = 0.06) to be lighter than high-floor-space pigs at the end of wk 25 postweaning. Neither feeder trough space nor treatment period affected pig growth performance during the period from the end of treatment to wk 25. Carcass backfat and longissimus depths at the end of wk 25 were not influenced (P > 0.05) by treatment. In summary, pigs with restricted growth due to low floor space until either 12 or 14 wk postweaning had increased growth and feed efficiency in the subsequent period to wk 25 postweaning, with only a slight effect on BW and no effect on carcass measures.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

EVA 2000: a European/Russian space suit concept.

For the European manned space activities an EVA space suit system was being developed in the frame of the Hermes Space Vehicle Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The space suit was to serve the needs for all relevant extravehicular activities for the Hermes Columbus operations planned to begin in 2004. For the present Russian manned space programme the relevant EVAs are performed by the Orlan-DMA semi-rigid space suit. The origin of its development reaches back to the 1970s and has since been adapted to cover the needs for extravehicular activities on Salyut and MIR until today. The latest modification of the space suit, which guaranteed its completely self-contained operation, was made in 1988. However, Russian specialists considered it necessary to start developing an EVA space suit of a new generation, which would have improved performance and would cover the needs by the turn of the century and into the beginning of the next century. Potentially these two suit developments could have a lot in common based on similarities in present concepts. As future manned space activities become more and more an international effort, a safe and reliable interoperability of the different space suit systems is required. Based on the results of the Munich Minister Conference in 1991, the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency agreed to initiate a requirements analysis and conceptual design study to determine the feasibility of a joint space suit development, EVA 2000. The design philosophy for the EVA 2000 study was oriented on a space suit system design of: space suit commonality and interoperability; increased crew productivity and safety; increase in useful life and reduced maintainability; reduced development and production cost. The EVA 2000 feasibility study was performed in 1992, and with the positive conclusions for EVA 2000, this approach became the new joint European Russian EVA Suit 2000 Development Programme. This paper gives an overview of the results of the feasibility study and presents the joint requirements and the proposed design concept of a jointly developed European Russian space suit.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1969

The iodide space in rabbit brain.

1. The iodide space in rabbit brain varies greatly depending on the conditions under which it is determined.2. When (131)I(-) only is used the iodide space 4 hr after administration of the marker is of the order of 2%. The iodide content of the cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.) is about 1% of that of the serum.3. Depression of the active iodide transport by perchlorate increases the space to 8.2% and the iodide content of the c.s.f. to 26% of that of the serum.4. The active iodide transport can also be depressed by saturation with unlabelled iodide. Up to a serum iodide concentration of 5 mM the space determined after 5 hr remained constant at 2.7%. The iodide space grew when the serum iodide content was enhanced from 5 to 20 mM, to become constant at a value of 10.6% on further increase of the serum iodide (up to 50 mM). The iodide content of the c.s.f. increased in a similar manner as the space with the iodide concentration of the serum to about 1/3 of the serum concentration. The iodide space of the muscle was independent of the plasma iodide content.5. From 4 to 8 hr after administration of (131)I(-) alone or with unlabelled iodide (to a serum concentration of 15 mM) the iodide space remained relatively constant.6. When (131)I(-) was administered in the fluid with which the ventricles were perfused an iodide space of about 7% was attained after about 5 hr.7. In experiments in which (131)I(-) was administered intravenously and the sink action of the c.s.f. was eliminated by perfusion of the ventricles with a perfusate containing as much (131)I(-) as the plasma, the iodide space was 10.2%. When in addition active iodide transport was depressed by perchlorate the space increased to 16.8%.8. Intravenous administration of labelled and unlabelled iodide (to a serum concentration of 20-40 mM) and ventricle perfusion with the same concentration of (131)I(-) and unlabelled iodide as in the plasma yielded an iodide space of 20.8%. In similar experiments the iodide concentration of the perfusate was so adjusted that after 5 hr perfusion its iodide content hardly changed during the passage through the ventricles. Under these conditions the iodide concentration of the extracellular and perfusion fluids can be considered to be near equal. The iodide space computed on the basis of the iodide content of the outflowing fluid was 22.5%.9. The large iodide space could be equated with the extracellular space if the iodide remained extracellular. This seems to be the case in the muscle where the iodide space is similar to the inulin space.10. The large effects on the iodide space of perchlorate and saturation with unlabelled iodide in experiments in which the marker was administered intravenously and in the perfusate (7 and 8) suggests the presence of an active iodide transport from the brain extracellular fluid into the blood over the blood-brain barrier.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interdental spacing and caries in the primary dentition.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the relationship between interdental spacing patterns and caries experience in the primary dentition. METHODS: Caries examinations were conducted amoung 356 children 4 to 6 years of age. At the time of the examinations, alginate impressions were obtained and poured in yellow stone. From the stone casts, each interdental area was categorized as: (1) space > 1 mm, (2) space < 1 mm, (3) no space, teeth in contact, or (4) no space, teeth overlapped. These categories were collapsed into presence or absence of space for each interdental site, and counted for each individual. Analyses assessed the relationships between interdental spacing and caries experience with separate analyses for anterior spacing, posterior spacing and total spacing. RESULTS: Children with more total interdental spaces had less decay experience and less untreated decay than children with fewer interdental spaces, and children with more molar spacing had less molar decay experience; however, these relationships were weak. Correlation analyses demonstrated significant relationships between number of decayed surfaces and total number of interdental spaces (r=-0.11, P=.04) and number of molar sites with interdental spaces (r=-0.13, P=.02). Multivariate analyses revealed the total number of interproximal spaces to be weakly associated with interproximal caries experience, but that fluoride exposure was a much stronger predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Absence of interdental spaces is weakly associated with greater decay experience in the primary dentition.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1981

The inulin space of the lamprey spinal cord.

The distribution of [14C]inulin was measured in isolated spinal cords of larval and feeding stage adult forms of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and expressed in per cent of total cord wet weight. In larval cord the apparent inulin space reached a plateau value of 32--33% within 2.5. min. This correlates well with electrophysiological experiments in which 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin added to the perfusion fluid blocked the responses of giant interneurons to both intracellular and rostral cord stimulation in 1 to 2 min. Thus the plateau level of inulin space probably represents the extracellular space. [14C]Mannitol did not reach a steady distribution space even after 30 min of incubation. Therefore, mannitol is not an accurate extracellular space indicator in the isolated lamprey spinal cord. The inulin space increased with increasing temperature of incubation. Average inulin spaces for larval spinal cords incubated at 5, 10 and 22 degrees C were approximately 26%, 33% and 42% respectively. The inulin space of isolated adult lamprey spinal cords was about 18--19%. Since in larvae the inulin space did not vary consistently with the sizes (and therefore presumably the ages) of the animals, it is likely that the reduction in inulin space during maturation does not occur gradually during the larval phase, but probably occurs during transformation. The difference between the inulin spaces of isolated larval and adult spinal cords is reflected qualitatively in the electron microscopic appearance of the extracellular space. We conclude that the inulin space in the lamprey spinal cord behaves similarly to the picture of the mammalian brain extracellular space which has emerged in recent years. Because of the rapidity of inulin diffusion in the lamprey cord and the unambiguous time-dependent behavior of the inulin space of the isolated lamprey cord, the latter would seem to be useful model for the extracellular space of the vertebrate central nervous system.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

When far becomes near: remapping of space by tool use.

Far (extrapersonal) and near (peripersonal) spaces are behaviorally defined as the space outside the hand-reaching distance and the space within the hand-reaching distance. Animal and human studies have confirmed this distinction, showing that space is not homogeneously represented in the brain. In this paper we demonstrate that the coding of space as "far" and "near" is not only determined by the hand-reaching distance, but it is also dependent on how the brain represents the extension of the body space. We will show that when the cerebral representation of body space is extended to include objects or tools used by the subject, space previously mapped as far can be remapped as near. Patient P.P., after a right hemisphere stroke, showed a dissociation between near and far spaces in the manifestation of neglect. Indeed, in a line bisection task, neglect was apparent in near space, but not in far space when bisection in the far space was performed with a projection lightpen. However, when in the far space bisection was performed with a stick, used by the patient to reach the line, neglect appeared and was as severe as neglect in the near space. An artificial extension of the patient's body (the stick) caused a remapping of far space as near space.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

A new concept for the surgical anatomy of posterior deep complex fistulas: the posterior deep space and the septum of the ischiorectal fossa.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the pathophysiology of posterior complex fistula with reference to pelvic anatomy. METHODS: Three hundred twenty posterior complex fistula patients, operated on between 1995 and 2004, were examined. Thirty patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. We also conducted two cadaver dissections. Posterior complex fistulas were classified by the extension forms of secondary ducts. RESULTS: The septum of the ischiorectal fossa, which comprises membranes between Alcock's canal and the anal canal, was newly identified intraoperatively and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and dissection. The ischiorectal fossa was separated by the septum of the ischiorectal fossa; the upper portion was the inferior levator space, and the lower was the clinical ischiorectal space. Primary lesions were found mainly in the posterior deep space (the anterior border was the internal sphincter, the superior border was the inferior surface of the puborectalis, the inferior and lateral borders were the anterior surfaces of the external sphincter; 97 percent). The primary opening was located in a posterior anal crypt (96 percent). The prevalence of posterior complex fistula limited to the posterior deep space, extending to the inferior levator space, the clinical ischiorectal space, or both, were 21, 14, 53, and 12 percent, respectively. The primary duct from a crypt proceeds diagonally into the internal sphincter to the posterior deep space. The posterior deep space is adjacent to the clinical ischiorectal space and the inferior levator space bordering on the external sphincter. If an abscess penetrates the sphincter from the posterior deep space, it can reach the clinical ischiorectal space and/or the inferior levator space. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of the posterior deep space, the septum of the ischiorectal fossa, the inferior levator space, and the clinical ischiorectal space may be crucial for effective surgical management of posterior complex fistula.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Anatomic communications between the three retroperitoneal spaces: determination by CT-guided injections of contrast material in cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: A variety of retroperitoneal diseases such as pancreatitis, infection, and trauma may cause fluid collections in the three major retroperitoneal spaces. The purpose of our study was to elucidate flow patterns of fluid between the various compartments to assist the clinical-radiologic assessment and treatment of various retroperitoneal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In eight cadavers, CT guidance was used to selectively inject 35-1000 ml of contrast medium by hand or power injector into five perirenal, two posterior pararenal, and two anterior pararenal spaces. After the injections, CT of the entire abdomen and pelvis was done with 10-mm-thick sections at intervals of 10-40 mm. All images were reviewed in detail by a group of experienced body imagers to assess the pathways of flow of contrast material between the three major retroperitoneal spaces. RESULTS: The caudal cone of perirenal fascia was uniformly patent. A narrow channel connected the two perirenal spaces in the midline; the posterior border of this channel abutted the anterior margins of the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava. The perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces all communicated with the infrarenal space, which in turn connected with the extraperitoneal spaces in the pelvis. When large quantities of contrast medium are injected in the perirenal or pararenal spaces and the infrarenal space is filled, the infrarenal space may then serve as a conduit across the midline of the abdomen. The anterior pararenal space crossed the midline and had a distinct retrorenal extension but no intraperitoneal connection. The slender posterior pararenal space had an anterolateral extension en route to the prevesical space. CONCLUSION: Our findings show pathways and extensions of the perirenal, anterior pararenal, and posterior pararenal spaces that should be considered when assessing a variety of retroperitoneal diseases. Perinephric collections, such as hematomas and urinomas, have at least a potential conduit across the midline or into the pelvis. Our study explains how blood from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm may enter either perinephric space. Anterior pararenal processes, such as pancreatitis or appendicitis, can extend into the pelvis or cross the midline, and posterior pararenal blood from trauma can also flow into the pelvis.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1992

Study of the effect of birth spacing on maternal health.

This study aims at identifying the effect of birth spacing on maternal health. The study was carried out on a representative sample of 324 married women at the fertile age period and having at least two children. The result of this study revealed that women practicing birth spacing were 33.3% of the studied sample. The mean age was 34.4 +/- 5.3 years and 31.3 +/- 5.7 years for improper and proper birth spacing respectively. Improper birth spacing women constituted 70.2% of low social class. Out of the total number of improper birth spaced women, 41.7% were overweight, 25.9% were hypertensive, 57.4% had varicose veins, and 18.1% had low limb oedema. Concerning Gynecological findings; vaginal discharge and cervical erosion were 70.4% and 19.4% of improper birth spacing women respectively, laboratory investigations revealed that anaemia and glucosuria were 88.4% and 12.5% of improper birth spacing women respectively. Good knowledge and favorable attitude were 88% and 100% of properly birth spaced women. The mean number of gravidity, number of abortions and number of infant deaths were 6.6 +/- 2.8; 0.9 +/- 1.3 and 1.36 +/- 1.63 of improperly birth spaced women respectively and 4.2 +/- 1.7; 0.6 +/- 1.1 and 0.41 +/- 0.81 of properly birth spaced women respectively. It could be concluded that young women were practicing birth spacing more properly. Rural origin women are less practicing birth spacing. Medical and Gynecological disorders were more among improper birth spacing women. Pregnancy wastage are more among improper birth spacing. It is to be recommended that more efforts should be done among low social class. Encouraging young women to practice pre-natal care. Emphasizing on the practice of proper birth spacing and small family size.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Isotope dilution spaces of mice injected simultaneously with deuterium, tritium and oxygen-18.

The isotope dilution technique for measuring total body water (TBW), and the doubly labelled water (DLW) method for measuring energy expenditure, are both sensitive to small variations in the ratio of the hydrogen to oxygen-18 dilution space. Since the dilution space ratio varies between individuals, there has been much recent debate over what causes this variability (i.e. physiological differences between individuals or analytical error in the isotope determinations), and thus which values (individual or a population mean dilution space ratio) should be employed for TBW and DLW calculations. To distinguish between physiological and analytical variability, we injected 15 non-reproductive and 12 lactating mice (Mus musculus, outbred MF1) simultaneously with deuterium, tritium and oxygen-18. The two hydrogen labels were administered and analysed independently, therefore we expected a strong correlation between dilution space ratios based on deuterium and tritium if most of the variation in dilution spaces was physiological, but only a weak correlation if most of the variation was analytical. Dilution spaces were significantly influenced by reproductive status. Dilution spaces expressed as a percentage of body mass averaged 15.7 % greater in lactating mice than in non-reproductive mice. In addition, the hydrogen tracer employed had a significant effect (deuterium spaces were 2.0 % larger than tritium spaces). Deuterium and tritium dilution spaces, expressed as a percentage of body mass, were highly correlated. Dilution space ratios ranged from 0.952 to 1. 146 when using deuterium, and from 0.930 to 1.103 when using tritium. Dilution space ratios based on deuterium and tritium were also highly correlated. Comparison of standard deviations of the dilution space ratio based on deuterium in vivo and in vitro indicated that only 4.5 % of the variation in the dilution space ratios observed in the mice could be accounted for by analytical variation in the deuterium and oxygen-18 analyses. Although our results include data which were outside the limits previously regarded as biologically possible, the correlations that we detected strongly suggest that variation in the observed dilution space ratio was mostly physiological rather than analytical.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[A study on interdental spaces of the deciduous dental arch in Indian sample].

The primate spaces are described as a genetic characteristic of all primate dentitions. In homo sapiens, they are limited to the deciduous dentition. We have now investigated the prevalence of primate spaces and interdental spaces in the deciduous dentition by sex and arch in samples from Indian children and the relationship between these spaces and other morphological characteristics of the deciduous dental arches. The samples were taken from 55 school children, 26 males and 29 females aged 5-7 years, belonging to the middle class of socio-economic status and living in New Delhi. The samples were taken during January of 1988. All were free of dental malformations, extractions or caries and a certain children had erupted permanent first molars. The result were as follows: 1. There was a wide variation in the pattern of the interdental spacing. The most common areas of spacing were mesial to the maxillary primary canine (primate spaces) and mesial to the mandibular primary canine (developmental spaces) for all ages. The mandibular primate spaces were considerably less frequent than the maxillary ones. The prevalence of primate spaces and developmental spaces were higher in the maxillary deciduous arch than in the mandibular deciduous arch. 2. Frequent distribution of the occlusal termination type were found to be more variable. The bilateral vertical terminal plane was found in about 50% at ages 5 to 6 of both sexes. The vertical terminal occlusal pattern existed even in the deciduous arches in which the first permanent molars had erupted. 3. The mesiodistal crown diameters of each deciduous tooth were greater in males than in females. The sex differences in mesiodistal crown diameters were significant for mandibular second deciduous molars. The sum of mesiodistal crown diameter in the closed deciduous arches was larger than in the spaced deciduous arches. 4. The dental arch increased slightly in width but decreased a little in length with changes in age during the deciduous dentition period. The deciduous arch diameters in the spaced arches were larger than in the closed arches. Statistically significant differences were found between the spaced arches and the closed arches for the mandibular anterior or posterior arch lengths and the anterior arch width for both arches. Generally, spacing of the deciduous arches was significantly related to the mesiodistal crown diameter, intercanine width and intermolar width, but there was no significant relationship to the eruption of the permanent first molars.

Child↗