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PubMed1998

[The relationship between different serological types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain in lower respiratory tract and its clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between different serological types of pseudomonas aeruginose (PA) in sputum and its clinical significance. METHOD: PA was detected by Vitek-Ams GNI card and its sensitivity to 12 kinds of antibiotics was measured with GNS-GA, its different serological types were assayed with standard diagnostic serum of type 20. RESULT: 14 different serological types were isolated from 101 strains of PA in sputum (with the typed rate 84.2%). Among them, type 6, type 1, and type 3 were higher with 23.7%, 13.9% and 10.9% respectively. But another 15.8% of strains couldn't be differentiated, so called untyped PA group, among them 10 strains with mucoid-like colony (63% of this untyped group). Patients suffered with this group were older and were very seriously infected with higher mortality (13%). They often suffered from serious COPD and bronchiectasis. The sensitivities of all PA strains to antibiotics in vitro as follows: tobramycin 92.0%, ceftazidine 89.1%, ciprofloxacin 87.1%, ticarcillin 82.2%, and gentamycin 76.2%. Among 12 PA strains tested with imipenem sensitive test, only one strain of mucoid-like colony had been found resistant. CONCLUSION: Identification of serological type of PA can be used as an important method to make out if the infection comes from the same source, and for surveillance of hospital infection, and to show the main types of PA in some district. But the sensitivity of antibiotics in vitro is no definitive correlation with PA serological types. The disease infected with untyped PA strains have its clinically special characteristics and must be kept attention.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Serologic detection of Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae infections.

Swine dysentery (SD) caused by the intestinal spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an economically important disease in pig-producing countries throughout the world. To date, no specific serologic assay is commercially available for the diagnosis of pigs with SD. Several serologic techniques have been identified in the past; however, these tests have all used either whole-cell proteins or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the antigen. Whole-cell antigens are plagued with false-positive reactions due to cross-reactivity with common proteins shared with other spirochetes. LPS antigens produce fewer false-positives; however, false-negatives may result due to LPS components being serogroup-specific. Generally, these techniques are useful for detecting infected herds, but are unreliable for the detection of individual infected pigs. In order to develop improved serologic tests it will be necessary to identify suitable diagnostic antigens, in particular immunogenic cell-surface structures which are specific to B. hyodysenteriae but common amongst different strains of the species. Recently, we identified and cloned a 30-kDa outer membrane lipoprotein (BmpB) which is specific to B. hyodysenteriae and is recognized by experimentally and naturally infected pigs. In this review we summarize the available serologic tests for SD, and speculate on the use of recombinant BmpB as an antigen for future development of an improved serologic test for SD diagnosis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 19 serologically confirmed rickettsial disease in Singapore.

AIM: To identify epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of serologically-proven typhus in the local setting. METHOD & RESULTS: Retrospective study looking at rickettsial serologies done over a six-month period and collection of the epidemological, clinical, laboratory and treatment response data from the case notes of the patients with an ordered rickettsial serology. Twenty of the 35 cases had a positive serology. Of these 20 patients, 18 were already clinically diagnosed as having murine typhus. All except one were males and all were migrant workers. Majority of the patients were construction workers staying in containers where rats abound. The most consistent clinical features were high fever (100%) for a median period of seven days, headache (94%) and cough (47%). The white cell count was usually normal (74%) but thrombocytopenia was common (68%). Transaminitis was also common (90%) with the AST component higher than the ALT in half of the cases. Response to doxycycline therapy was rapid and most (88%) were afebrile by 72 hours. CONCLUSION: Typhus (notably murine type) can be confidently diagnosed from consistent clinical features supported by epidemiological and laboratory clues. Early recognition with the prompt treatment response will result in shorter hospital stay with decreased cost. Serological testing may only prove useful in difficult situations when the clinical diagnosis is less clear.

Adult↗
PubMed1956

Present status of serological tests for syphilis.

The authors first discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various serological tests now in common use, or coming into use, for the detection and management of syphilis and also compare the different antigens used in those tests. They lay stress on the difficulties caused by the "unit" system of recording results, whereby identical findings with two or more tests may be given different numerical values for each test, and suggest that results should instead be given in dilution reactivity end-points (dils).False positive reactions to serological tests and discrepancies in the results of different tests are then considered; it is pointed out that these discrepancies may be due to causes in the patient himself, in transit, or in the testing laboratory.Finally, the authors consider that in view of the growing number of serological tests for syphilis, and of modifications to those tests, there is now a need for selecting, in different areas of the world, a certain number of procedures which can be standardized for routine testing. Regional serological evaluation studies can be used to this end. A brief outline is given of the United States Public Health Service programme to assist State laboratories to maintain a high level of efficiency in serological testing and thus to exert an influence on other laboratories within each State.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Collaborative study for the validation of serological methods for potency testing of diphtheria toxoid vaccines-part 1.

A collaborative study on the evaluation of an alternative functional assay, the Vero cell method, to the Ph. Eur. in vivo challenge procedures for potency determination of diphtheria toxoid in 6 different combined vaccines was initiated in January 2001. The study was an extension of a previous study for the validation of serological methods for potency testing of tetanus toxoid vaccines for human use. To allow interim evaluation of test results and to monitor study progress, the project was divided into three consecutive phases. The results of Phase I and II studies are presented in this report. Pre-validation (Phase I) study, performed in two laboratories, indicated that comparable diphtheria potency estimates were obtained in the Ph. Eur. direct intradermal challenge assay in guinea pigs, in Vero cell assay and in indirect ELISA for five vaccines of different potencies (range of estimates: ca. 20-200 IU/ml). The correlation coefficients between the challenge assay and the Vero cell assay corresponded to those between the challenge assay and ELISA, confirming that the antibodies play an important role in protection and that predominantly protective/neutralising antibodies are present in guinea pigs, at the time point investigated. It was observed, for Vero cell assays, that about 16-35 (9-28 in Phase II study) fold lower titre of individual serum samples were obtained when using equine, rather than guinea pig reference serum. The study also provided preliminary information that sera from the same guinea pigs may be used for potency determination of both diphtheria and tetanus toxoid components of vaccines. In Phase II, another five laboratories analysed a subset of the vaccines included in Phase I study plus an additional vaccine. Four laboratories performed the lethal challenge assay and one laboratory carried out the intradermal challenge assay. All laboratories also performed the Vero cell assay and both ELISA for diphtheria antitoxin and ELISA for tetanus antitoxin. One laboratory also performed the tetanus ToBI assay. The correlation coefficient (r) between Vero cell assay and ELISA for diphtheria antitoxin ranged from 0.76 to 0.91 in the different laboratories. The correlation between diphtheria serological assays and challenge assays were confirmed satisfactory as ca. 90 per cent of serum-estimates lead to correct prediction of mortality. All laboratories had identical rankings of the vaccines in all serological assays and in the valid challenge assays. The ranking order was identical to assumed/provided potency for the highest and the lowest vaccine. Two of the vaccines had an inversion in some assays and laboratories. As these two vaccines have almost identical potencies in all assays, these inversions are not significant. As the vaccine doses were optimised for the diphtheria component, serum anti-tetanus toxoid/toxin activities varied widely between the vaccines, making it questionable to apply a parallel line model to calculate exact potencies. However, the dose levels used showed a clear regression and good linearity in general. DTaP vaccines containing the IPV component did not always meet the present Ph. Eur. requirements in the serological assays. It should be further investigated in the Phase III study if this is a general feature of such combined vaccines. Preliminary investigations on samples from two laboratories indicate that the neutralising activity of type 1, 2 and 3 polioviruses can also be detected, in a dose-dependent way. Further studies are in progress with serum samples from other laboratories. In the light of results obtained in the first two phases, it is recommended to proceed with Phase III study to investigate reliability of the in vitro assays. In Phase III it will also be further investigated whether the serological assays for D and T components are suitable for the control of the multi-component vaccines currently marketed in Europe.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization and serological classification of a collection of Proteus penneri clinical strains.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteria of the genus Proteus, which are a common cause of urinary tract infections, are divided into four species: P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. penneri, and P. hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies, Proteus 4, 5, and 6 (single-strain species P. myxofaciens was isolated from the gypsy moth). Establishing the serological classification of these species would aid in completing the classification scheme of the whole genus Proteus and in applying serological methods in diagnostic procedures and epidemiological investigations for these opportunistic pathogens. The aim of this research was a serological characterization and classification of 57 Proteus penneri clinical strains, isolated from patients from different countries all over the world, into Proteus O serogroups. MATERIAL/METHODS: Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) extracted from 57 P. penneri strains were used as antigens in enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA), SDS/PAGE, and Western blot techniques, and alkali treated LPSs in passive immunohemolysis test (PIH), inhibition of PIH, and absorption of rabbit polyclonal O-antisera. RESULTS: That result confirms the serological distinction of this species within the genus Proteus, and may have diagnostic significance. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of serological studies of LPSs extracted from the P. penneri strains, one new Proteus serogroup, represented by the P. penneri 97 strain, was established. Three further strains were classified into the Proteus serogroup O8, which had not contained any P. penneri strains before. All the remaining strains were classified into 11 already existing Proteus O serogroups. It is important to emphasize that 72% of studied strains were classified into serogroups that contain P. penneri strains only.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Significance of "anti HBC alone" serological profile in 284 patients suspicious of being infected with hepatitis B virus].

The "anti-HBc alone" serological profile is a frequent finding in hepatitis B virus infections, but little is known about its clinical significance. The aim of this study was to explore the 'anti-HBc alone' serological profile obtained by immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 284 patients suspicious of being infected with hepatitis B virus. Sera were screened for following serological markers: HBs Ag, anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibodies using immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) and for HBV DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Among 284 studied sera with 'anti-HBc alone' serological profile, 124 were positives for anti-HBs antibodies by IRMA and corresponding to a recovered form of hepatitis B. Nineteen sera were negatives for anti-HBc antibodies, suggesting false positive results by ELISA. Two sera were found positives for HBs Ag by IRMA, which are related to authentic hepatitis B. HBV DNA was positive in 4 sera, suggesting occult hepatitis B. This study indicates that "anti-HBc alone" serological profile is most often correlates with recovered hepatitis B infection, but it can mask an occult hepatitis B.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed1991

SLE in Zimbabwean patients: a review of clinical and serologic features and evaluation of criteria for classification.

The clinical and serologic features have been reviewed in a group of 18 black Zimbabwean patients with SLE, a rare condition in this racial group. The relative merits of the preliminary and revised criteria for the classification of the SLE have been assessed. The prevalence of individual clinical criteria was essentially similar in this group when compared to a larger North American cohort. Minor variations were attributable to racial and environmental differences. Serologic tests were identified. The revised criteria had greater sensitivity for SLE than the preliminary criteria although this was not the case if individual serologic items were omitted. Clinically, SLE is a uniform condition when our cases are compared with those in other areas. In areas where the technology does not exist to perform specific serologic testing, the preliminary criteria with their greater dependence on clinical features still have a useful role when compared to the revised criteria with their greater dependence on serologic testing.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Serologic and chemical differentiation of human lambda III light chain variable regions.

Human lambda L chains of a major V lambda subgroup, V lambda III, have been differentiated serologically and chemically into three V lambda III sub-subgroups designated V lambda IIIa, V lambda IIIb, and V lambda IIIc. Antisera prepared against lambda III Bence Jones proteins were obtained that recognized distinctive V lambda III-related epitopes expressed by monoclonal lambda III L chains. After appropriate absorption, these reagents were rendered specific for three distinct populations of lambda III proteins--lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc. The antisera were used in comparative immunodiffusion analyses of 28 monoclonal lambda III L chains, 10 of which were classified as lambda IIIa, 4 as lambda IIIb, and 14 as lambda IIIc. The isotypic nature of the three lambda III sub-subgroups was demonstrated serologically through analyses of lambda-chains derived from the serum IgG molecules of normal individuals. The amino acid sequences of five serologically classified lambda III chains, which included members of the three V lambda III sub-subgroups, had been previously determined. This information, in addition to our establishment of the complete (or virtually complete) V region sequence of 15 and the partial sequence of eight other lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc proteins, made it possible to correlate chemical data with serologic classification. Proteins within each of the three serologically-classified lambda III sub-subgroups typically possessed a high degree (approximately 83%) of intra-sub-subgroup sequence homology that included both framework and complementarity determining region residues. Furthermore, within the framework and complementarity determining regions, sub-subgroup-specific residues were identified. Taken together, these data reveal that the human V lambda III genome consists of (at least) three distinct V lambda IIIa, V lambda IIIb, and V lambda IIIc germline genes that encode for lambda IIIa, lambda IIIb, and lambda IIIc L chains, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Interrelationships between serologic markers of immune activation and T lymphocyte subsets in HIV infection.

Relationships among four serologic activation markers and T cell subsets were measured in HIV-seropositive former blood donors (N = 64) and seronegative controls (N = 61). Significant correlations were observed for the HIV group in pairwise comparisons of soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), neopterin (NEOP), and soluble CD8 (sCD8). CD4 cell levels (number/microliter) in the HIV group showed significant negative correlation with all four serologic markers; CD8 cell levels, in contrast, showed no significant correlation with any serologic activation marker measured. Significant correlations were observed, however, among various cell surface activation markers and serologic activation markers. Specifically, the proportion of CD8 cells expressing CD45RA showed significant negative correlations with NEOP and B2M levels, whereas the proportion of CD8 cells expressing HLA-DR showed significant positive correlations with B2M and sIL-2R levels. Further, the proportion of CD8 cells expressing CD38 showed significant positive correlations with all four serologic activation markers. These findings indicate that sIL-2R, B2M, NEOP, and sCD8 show similar quantitative changes and correlational relationships to CD4 cell destruction in HIV infection; they differ, however, in their relationships to proportional changes in activated CD8 cell subsets.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1991

[Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosis in women: the value of serological studies and of culture of cervical and urethral swabs].

We studied the value of the determination of the serum IgM antibody level for the diagnosis of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women and the value of the urethra in addition to the cervix as a sampling site for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection by culture and direct immune-fluorescence (IF) test. Of 205 women, mean age 26 years (range 14-56), who visited the Sexually Transmitted Disease clinic of the University Hospital Groningen from July 1985 until November 1987, single serum samples were obtained for the determination of IgM and IgG anti-C. trachomatis antibodies using FITC conjugates, in addition to swabs of cervix and urethra for culture and direct IF test. In women with a negative culture and positive IgM serology the culture was repeated. The culture was used as golden standard. In 17/205 (36%) women positive C. trachomatis IgM serology (greater than or equal to 1:32) and in 190/205 (93%) positive IgG serology (greater than or equal to 1:40) was found. In 67/205 (33%) women the C. trachomatis culture of cervix and (or) urethra was positive. The positive and negative predictive values of C. trachomatis IgM serology were 41% and 72%. In 3/20 women with negative culture results and positive IgM serology a second culture was positive. In 176 women, of whom samples from both cervix and urethra were available, the only C. trachomatis positive site by culture was the urethra in 7/54 (13%) and by direct IF in 3/42 (7%). The increase in the prevalence obtained by collecting material not only from the cervix but also from the urethra was 4% by culture and 2% by direct IF.2+n

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[A simplified method of determining the serologic variants of Yersinia enterocolitica].

Identification of the serological variants according to G. Wauters et al. involves examination of one strain in the agglutination test with 32 sera, and to specify a number of serological variants, investigations with monosera are necessary. Six group sera are suggested for the determination of the minimal set of monovalent sera necessary for the identification of the tested strain serological variant. Employment of group sera considerably simplifies the serologic identification of the strains. The selected serum titers help obtain a clear-cut agglutination on the glass within 1 min. A set of 6 group and 31 monoreceptor sera has been prepared. Since serovariants O10 and O34 have been found antigenically identical, serum O34 has not been included in the set. A table for the determination of the serological variant from the results of the agglutination test is offered.

Microbiological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

Leptospirosis in meat inspectors: preliminary results of a serological survey.

A serological survey of leptospirosis among more than 1000 meat inspectors, from meat works throughout New Zealand, revealed a serological prevalence at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24, of 10.2 percent. Eighty-five percent of serological reactions were to serovars pomona and tarassovi. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the serological prevalence of these serovars and the inspection of pigs. Evidence is provided to substantiate the use of titres as low as 1:24 as an indication of previous leptospiral infection. Forty-two inspectors reported medical evidence of previous clinical infection with leptospirosis. Analysis of those who still exhibited a serological response and their individual case histories, indicated that detectable titres of leptospirosis can exist for up to 10 years.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebrospinal fluid serology--is its routine use justifiable?

Although neurospyhilis has become a rare disease, requests for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) syphilis serology tests at the Colorado Department of Health have increased in recent years. Because of the low rate of positive results, questionnaires were sent to the physicians who requested these tests to determine the criteria for their use. Neurosyphilis was neither suspected nor an important consideration to rule out in 63 percent of the 337 patients sampled. Of the patients whose ages were specified, more than half were under age 40. No concomitant reports of blood serology were available for 63 percent of the study patients, and only 13 percent of the available blood serology reports indicated reactivity. One of the two patients with positive test results was appropriately treated, but the other patient for whom the test was ordered 'routinely' to rule out neurosyphilis was lost to followup. One-half of the tests were requested by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and orthopedists. The survey findings indicated that most of the CSF serologic tests for syphilis were done without appropriate preliminary testing for patients who had no evidence of syphilis by physicians who perform lumbar punctures as a consequence of their specialties. The authors recommend that use of the test be reviewed in light of the changing epidemiology of the disease. They further suggest that directors of laboratories performing CSF serologic tests are in a unique position to initiate an educational exchange and a consequent change in physicians' behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Standard methods of blood group serology--state and trends of development].

The notion of transfusion serology comprises also serologic examinations in connection with transfusions of thrombocytes and leucocytes. The minimum demands of serological methods in the German Pharmacopoeia 7 (DAB 7) obligatory nowadays before transfusions of full blood and concentrates of erythrocytes should be changed and enlarged as follows: Obligatory carrying-through of the bed-side-test, inclusion of the ferment- and/or Coombs-test as major test into the cross typing, abolition of the minor test. In connection with the transfusions of leucocytes and thrombocytes determinations of the HLA-antibodies and cross typings are practicable in the institutions of the transfusion service. Transfusion must principally be striven for, taking into consideration the HLA-typing, but at present it is only limitedly possible. The search for donors among relations by blood increases the chances of the serological compatibility. Necessity and scale of an "emergency serology" still need discussion. Optimum haemotherapy is possible only then, when clinics and transfusion service work together in very close coordination.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1982

Characterization of a purified glycoprotein from Schistosoma mansoni eggs: specificity, stability, and the involvement of carbohydrate and peptide moieties in its serologic activity.

A major egg glycoprotein (MEG) was purified from a crude soluble extract of Schistosoma mansoni ova (Egyptian strain) by successive steps of lectin affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. Radioiodinated MEG exhibited a single precipitation band upon immunodiffusion against antiserum from chronically infected mice, and ran as a single band on PAGE (Rf 0.38) and SDS-PAGE (Rf 0.36). Its estimated m.w. was 70,000. The degree of stage and species specificity of MEG and the effect of various treatments on its serologic reactivity were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A low degree of cross-reactivity between MEG and similarly prepared soluble antigens from adult worms and cercariae was demonstrated by RIA inhibition tests, whereas a high degree of cross-reactivity was found between MEG and a crude soluble S. haematobium egg antigen. In similar RIA inhibition tests, the Puerto Rican S. mansoni had a lower degree of cross-reactivity with S. haematobium than the Egyptian strain. MEG was four times more abundant in SEA from a Puerto Rican strain of S. mansoni than in SEA from the Egyptian strain. The serologic reactivity of MEG was stable to heat at 100 degrees C for 60 min, to 0.1 N NaOH or HCl, and to 10% TCA. Treatment of MEG with pronase caused a limited fragmentation of the molecule and some loss of its serologic reactivity. Periodate oxidation resulted in a substantial loss of molecular mass and of serologic reactivity, leaving a low residual activity that is only partially cross-reactive with the bulk of MEG. These results suggest the importance of both carbohydrate and peptide moieties of MEG for its serologic reactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The structure-function relationship of I-A molecules: correlation of serologic and functional phenotypes of four I-Ak mutant cell lines.

We have isolated and characterized four mutant I-Ak-expressing cell lines derived from the B cell-B lymphoma hybrid antigen-presenting cell line TA3. The mutants were isolated by first selecting against expression of one Ak epitope by treatment with a monoclonal antibody in the presence of complement and then selecting for retention of a second Ak epitope by electronic cell-sorting of cells stained for fluorescence with a second monoclonal antibody. The serologic and functional phenotypes of the mutants were characterized by using panels of I-Ak-specific monoclonal antibodies and I-Ak-restricted T hybridomas. We obtained one Ak alpha mutant (J4) that no longer reacts with any Ak alpha-specific antibody and also is incapable of stimulating any I-Ak-restricted T hybridoma. We obtained three Ak beta mutants (LD3, K5, G1) that express a wide range of serologic and functional phenotypes. Correlation of the serologic and functional phenotypes reveals that the serologic epitope Ia.1 may overlap with a major site of T cell recognition, whereas the Ia.17 serologic epitope appears to be only a minor site for T cell recognition.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The photometric latex test for rheumatoid factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. correlation with other serologic tests.

The photometric latex test (PLT) for the detection of rheumatoid factors (RF) has been correlated with the sensitized sheep cell test (SSC) and the latex slide test (LST). A total of 377 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 120 sera from control subjects were examined. When the PLT was carried out on the native sera at a lower buffer ionic strength (0.05 M), agglutination was noted in over 99% of cases, indicating interaction of complement with human immunoglobulin bound to the latex particle surface. Although thermal inactivation eliminated most of the complement agglutination, an increase in ionic strength (0.5 M) was found to be essential for measuring only RF agglutination. The serologic data were analysed statistically by computer. A highly significant correlation was found between all serologic tests and RA sera, but there was no such correlation with the control sera. The specificity of all tests was generally over 90% and did not vary significantly, but the sensitivity varied from 52.0% to 71.1%, confirming that about one-third of all RA patients are seronegative. The tests were analysed for their total diagnostic capability. The PLT with native sera at higher ionic strenght proved to be the most sensitive, but with thermally inactivated sera it had a better diagnostic capacity. The SSC test appeared to be less sensitive and of lower diagnostic validity. Rapid LST tests were clearly inferior to PLT tests. The PLT can be used as a reliable and straightforward serologic method of diagnosis in RA, especially when carried out at a higher ionic strength and with thermally inactivated sera. It should be given preference over other serologic tests for RF and could well become standard practice in rheumatologic serology as a substitute for the SSC test.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗