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PubMed2002

Validating the measurement and structure of self-concept: snapshots of past, present, and future research.

Although the study of self-concept has been a topic of great interest and much study in the social sciences for many decades, it is really only in the past 30 years that any fruitful expansion in knowledge of both its theoretical structure and its related measurement has been forthcoming. From three perspectives--past, present, and future--the author presents abbreviated and selected highlights of important construct validity findings related to this research and postulates possible trends and areas of self-concept research yet to be explored.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of Schroth's rehabilitation program on the self concept of scoliosis patients].

A total of 37 scoliotic patients (33 female, 4 male), aged 20-57 years, participated in a pre-/post-interview study on the basis of the Frankfurt self-concept scales FSKN (Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen; Deusinger 1986). The patients stayed at the Katharina Schroth Clinic for 4 to 6 weeks, with questionnaires to be filled in 1-2 days after admission (pre-interviewing) and 2 days before discharge (post-interviewing). The study findings indicated a positive impact of the in-patient treatment relative to a variety of patient self-concepts. This is clearly suggested by the self-ratings concerning: general coping ability; own sensitivity and mood; own self-assertion towards groups and significant others; perceived appreciation by others; feelings towards and relationship with others; general self-worth; and own ability to make contact and interact. The statistically significant changes in a positive direction found for 7 of 10 self-concept scales, are interpreted to the effect that the in-patient treatment on the whole has ushered in a process of emotional stabilization in the patients, which certainly would be considered an essential precondition for their continued capacity for work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Conversational skills in a semistructured interview and self-concept in deaf students.

The starting point for this study is the importance of linguistic competence in deaf students as part of their process of socialization and the formation of their self-concept. With the 56 deaf students who participated in the research, we consider the following sociodemographic variables: age, sex and degree of hearing loss, and the educational factor with respect to the mode of mainstream schooling. Self-concept was explored using the Spanish version of the Self Development Questionnaire (SDQ; I. Elexpuru, 1992) and the TST-Who Am I? test, adapted from M. H. Kuhn and T. S. McPartland (1954). To obtain the data for conversational competence, a conversation was held with a hearing adult. An explanation is given of the criteria for pragmatic analysis. The main results highlight the relationship between positive self-concept and most aspects of conversational competence. The study concludes with pedagogical procedures for integration, including specific strategies for teaching conversational skills to deaf pupils through nondeaf pupils and vice versa.

Cognition↗
PubMed1979

Genetic counseling and parental self-concept change.

Twelve parents of children with genetic diseases (Klinefelter syndrome, trisomy 21, lactase deficiency, phenylketonemia, Noonan syndrome, ichthyosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, and trisomy 13) were tested with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale prior to and immediately after genetic counseling. Total Positive Score, indicative of self-esteem level, changed significantly. The score increased due to positive changes in the subjects' family, social, moral, physical and psychologic identity, and affect and behavior. This change is interpreted as an improvement in self-concept. Two other changes were only marginally insignificant, however. The Total Conflict decreased and that is a sign of improvement; but the NDS increased. Of the two scores, the NDS is the more powerful indicator and an increase in it is a signal for caution. Self-concept improvement with genetic counseling of parents whose progeny had one of the described diseases has, therefore, been documented. Carefully designed investigations of the future will verify factors which induce psychologic change and effect the management of disease.

Female↗
PubMed1985

Biofeedback vs. video games: effects on impulsivity, locus of control and self-concept with incarcerated juveniles.

Research has found hyperactivity, poor impulse control, impaired sustained attention and low self-concept to be behavioral deficits common to juvenile delinquents. Limited opportunities for exercising self-control while incarcerated may encourage helplessness. If biofeedback training enhances self-regulation skills, then perhaps these behaviors can be taught in confinement. A sample of 12 felonious juvenile residents (aged 15-18) from a highly restricted environment were assigned randomly to a biofeedback or video game group and trained for 10 half-hour sessions. Results indicated virtually no significant differences between biofeedback and video game training. However, pre and post differences for both groups combined demonstrated significant gains in impulsivity, EMG, and self-concept. Both groups rated themselves equally on self-control ability, regardless of training. Further comparisons between other institutionalized residents (N = 14) and staff counselors (N = 10) as non-treatment controls were made. On each measure, both training groups improved consistently and became more like their less restricted counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[The self concept and personality structure of alcohol intoxicated drivers: how do they see themselves, and how are they judged by others?].

Assessing the problem of "alcohol in road traffic" it becomes apparent that most offenders have high BACs (in excess of 1.6 per mille) and that they are repeating offenders. It can therefore be assumed that those people are drink-drivers, which means that, when assessing the offence, the offender's personality as a whole has to be taken into consideration. The DUI offenders themselves usually justify the offence by balming it on the circumstances of a given situation. On the basis of this discrepancy, the published study deals with the question of whether there are any differences between the way DUI offenders judge their personality and self concept and the way other people do. This also leads to the questions of whether the number of offences play a role or not. The self image of 60 male DUI offenders was rated by means of the Giessen test and the Frankfurt self concept scales "problem solving", "confidence in behaviour and decision making", as well as "judgement by others". For the outside judgement, 60 male volunteers were asked to judge DUI convicted drivers. It showed that the DUI convicted drivers assessed their personality to be no different than that of the average person. Their self concept was characterised by positive attributes. However, the outside judgement showed them to be less socially responsive, lacking self control, as well as rather dominant, depressive, reserved and rather inhibited in heterosexual relationships. The self judgement changes with an increasing number of offences, as does the outside judgement to an even greater extend. The latter turns into a more negative judgement. Regarding the self concepts, only the outside judgement proved to be more negative. The number of convictions didn't influence the DUI offenders' self estimation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Self-concept, body image, and use of unconventional therapies in patients with gynaecological malignancies in the state of complete remission and recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: Are there differences in self-concept and body image in patients with cancer recurrence in comparison to patients with complete remission? What impact has cancer recurrence on use, users and non-users of unconventional cancer therapies? PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and nine patients with no evidence of disease after gynaecological cancer and sixty-one patients with recurrent disease were analysed for self-concept with the Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen and body image with the Frankfurter Körperkonzeptskalen. Use and motivation for unconventional therapies was assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: With respect to frequency of use and expected benefits of unconventional therapies no differences were observed between the groups. However, cancer recurrence was found to induce considerable changes of self-concept and body image, some indicating even positive changes due to cancer recurrence. CONCLUSION: It may be beneficial to consider body therapy and psychotherapy as a mean to improve body image and self-esteem in cases with cancer recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women: effects of abuse on self-concept.

This research arose from clinical practice in a rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white community in Southwest Texas. The practice focused on individual and group counseling for these women in abusive relationships. Effects of type of abuse (physical, sexual, psychological) on self-concept were identified. Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women experiencing sexual abuse versus other forms of abuse were found to have significantly lower perceptions of competency on a multi-dimensional measure of self-concept. Ethnic differences in self-concept were also found between groups of abused, rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self concept in people with Williams syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome.

This study explored self concepts in matched groups of adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome (WS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), using Damon and Hart's semi-structured interview. The main findings were that the WS participants were more productive in their responses to the interview, providing more self characteristics. The WS group also used more social and psychological categories in describing their self concept, and their responses were in general at a higher level than the responses for the PWS group. There were significant age-group differences, with the adolescents offering more self descriptions that were coded as physical and active, whereas the adults gave more social and psychological responses. Different themes were emphasized in the interviews from the two groups. These themes reflected the distinct phenotypes associated with these disorders, the participants life experiences, and their overall attitudes toward their syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Depression, levels of anxiety and self-concept in girls with Turner's syndrome.

Self-esteem, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms in girls with Turner's syndrome (TS) were compared to those in girls with familial short stature (FSS) and healthy controls (NC). Eleven girls with TS, 9-17 years of age, all with 45,X0 karyotype, who were matched with 11 girls with FSS and 11 NC girls who had similar socio-demographic characteristics, were enrolled in the study. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale (PHSCS) were used to assess the extent of depression, anxiety and self reported self-esteem. The PHSCS means and standard deviations of the TS, FSS and NC groups were 56.2 +/- 6.7, 62.7 +/- 6.9, and 69.3 +/- 6.0, and the STAIC-state anxiety means and standard deviations were 30.6 +/- 4.5, 28.8 +/- 6.1, and 25.7 +/- 3.7, respectively. Study findings showed that girls with TS had lower self-esteem and higher state anxiety levels than NC (p <0.05). In spite of the small sample size, findings showed that girls with TS were at risk of psychological problems. Therefore, in addition to medical treatment and monitoring, girls with TS should also be supported psychologically by social, educational and psychotherapeutic interventions which aim to address their self-esteem and emotional difficulties.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Effect of perceptual motor training on gross-motor skill and self-concept of young children.

Preschool teachers from four different day care centers assessed four-and five-year-old children for deficits in gross-motor skill and self-concept. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a 30 minute per day, 5 day per week perceptual-motor training program for 10 weeks, while the control group received no specialized intervention other than their regular classroom activities. Two posttests were administered: Cratty's Six-Category Gross-Motor Test and Goodenough's House, Tree, Person Projective Test. The experimental group performed better on the gross-motor test, but the results were not statistically significant. Analysis of the projective test supported the hypothesis that a perceptual-motor program may improve the self-concept of young children. Specialized intervention with perceptual-motor activities improved self-concept and these results were discussed in relation to recognizing the need for early screening and remediation of perceptual-motor dificits exhibited by preschool children.

Child Development↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of a training program for persons with SCI paraplegia using the Parastep 1 ambulation system: part 4. Effect on physical self-concept and depression.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) paraplegia who participated in an electrical stimulation walking program experienced changes in measures of physical self-concept and depression. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: Human SCI applied research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 12 men and 3 women with SCI paraplegia, mean age 28.75 +/- 6.6yrs and mean duration of injury 3.8 +/- 3.2yrs. INTERVENTION: Thirty-two FNS ambulation training sessions using a commercially available system (Parastep 1). The hybrid system consists of a microprocessor-controlled stimulator and a modified walking frame with finger-operated switches that permit the user to control the stimulation parameters and activate the stepping. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered before and after training. Only the Physical Self subscale of the TSCS was analyzed. After training, individual interviews were performed to assess participants' subjective reactions to the training program. RESULTS: A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that desired directional and statistically significant changes occurred on the Physical Self subscale of the TSCS (F(1,14) = 8.54, p < .011) and on the BDI (F(1,14) = 5.42, p < .035). CONCLUSIONS: Subsequent to the ambulation training program there were statistically significant increases in physical self-concept scores and decreases in depression scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The CF carrier status is not associated with a diminished self-concept or increased anxiety: results of psychometric testing after at least 1 year.

To evaluate whether the CF carrier status has any lasting effect on anxiety and on self-concept at least 1 year after the disclosure of the test result, an in-depth interview and additional psychological tests were administered in a group of adults who participated in a previous study which suggested a slight stigmatizing effect of the CF carrier status. Besides carrier status, the role of a second factor-degree of relationship-was investigated. Analysis of Variance (MANOVA or ANOVA) revealed no effect on state and trait anxiety (STAI) and almost no effect on the six subscales of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The absence of a lasting negative effect of the CF carrier status on anxiety and self-concept is a very important finding. Nevertheless, an intriguing significant interaction effect was found: the group of sibs carrying the CF gene felt less integrated in the family than the group of non-carrier sibs. This effect of carrier status was not found in the more distant relatives. It is important to pay sufficient attention to this problem during genetic counseling when brothers or sisters of a CF patient receive a test result.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A cross-cultural study of adolescent self-concept.

A culture-fair scale that was specifically developed to compare six self-concept areas of English and Nigerian (Yoruba) adolescents was utilized in a sample of 686 adolescents. This consisted of 314 white English and 372 Yoruba adolescents whose ages ranged between 14.9 and 10.70 years. The English adolescents were found to have significantly more positive self-concept on most of the 24 scales. The observed results were explained in the light of the sociocultural environments of the two groups of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The self-concept of the elderly: a cross-cultural comparison.

This study examines the self-concept of the elderly in a cross-cultural perspective. An open-ended sentence completion methodology was employed. A sample of elderly Spanish and elderly Dutch were compared to gain an idea of the cross-cultural generality of the content of the self-concept. Analysis focuses on responses to sentences which probed the respondents' motivations and future plans and goals. Differences could be interpreted as reflecting an individualistic (Dutch) vs. collectivistic (Spanish) distinction between the two cultures. Furthermore, the findings had implications for how to interpret dimensions of meaningful aging. For example, a dimension such as "purpose in life" was more generalizable across the two samples than a dimension such as "autonomy."

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Father's unemployment and adolescent's self-concept.

This study examined families in which fathers were affected by a steel mill shutdown, and tested hypotheses on the impact of unemployment on parent-child relations and adolescent self-concept. The hypotheses were tested by comparing convenience samples of three types of intact families with children between the ages of 12 and 18: continuously employed, unemployed with slight income loss, unemployed with significant income loss. As predicted, relationship with fathers were more negative when income loss was significant, but contrary to predictions, the relationship with mothers were not more positive, and adolescent self-concept was not directly affected by unemployment or income loss. However, a path analysis showed that income loss affected adolescent self-concept indirectly through its impact on parent-child relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Reputations, self-concepts and coping strategies of volatile solvent users.

Data pertaining to the reputations, self-concepts and coping strategies of thirty-one secondary school Volatile Solvent Users (VSUs), forty-four ex-VSUs, and forty-eight non-VSUs in the Perth Metropolitan area of Western Australia were obtained using the High School Student Activity Questionnaire. Findings revealed that significant differences between current VSUs, ex-VSUs, and non-VSUs were more attributable to factors of reputation enhancement than to factors of either self-concept or coping strategies. Current VSUs identified themselves as both having and wanting to have a more non-confronting reputation, and as admiring drug-related activities significantly more than both ex-VSUs and non-VSUs. Two coping variables were also found to be significant indicating that females use more non-productive coping strategies and external coping strategies than males. No interaction effects were identified. The implications for drug education and further research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Black children's race awareness, racial attitudes and self-concept: a reinterpretation.

Results of a study of 130 black preschool children support the previous research finding that black preschoolers show majority group racial attitudes. Eighty percent of the sample obtained positive self-concept scores, while demonstrating pro-white biased cultural values on a racial attitude and preference measure. This significant finding is contrary to previous theorizing and consistent with recent data for a Southern sample (Spencer, 1982a). Few studies have empirically questioned this relationship, assuming less positive self-concepts of black children who have consistently shown pro-white cultural values. Race awareness affected majority group-preferenced racial attitudes. Results suggest that black preschool children effectively compartmentalize personal identity (i.e. self-concept) from knowledge of racial evaluations.

Black or African American↗