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PubMed1988

Urban development patterns in Indonesia.

The author examines recent urban development in Indonesia. "Analysis of urban developments in Indonesia has been hampered in the past by weak data. Recently, the National Urban Development Strategy (NUDS) project has generated a set of improved data. This paper aims at elaborating and supplementing the NUDS study. After a discussion of definitional problems, an analysis is carried out of urban growth rates at the provincial level. Private investment is shown to be a principal determinant of urban growth rates. Other significant determinants are rural immigration and the present level of urbanisation. Private investment is shown to be strongly biased towards provinces with large urban areas. In addition, polarisation is studied at the level of individual cities. It is found that a period of rapidly increasing polarisation has come to an end during the last decade."

Asia↗
PubMed1997

The earnings experience of rural-urban migrants in Korea.

"Migration models in the Harris-Todaro tradition imply that urban informal sector earnings are less than rural sector earnings. Examining the situation for [South] Korea, we find that both urban formal and informal sector earnings exceed earnings opportunities in rural areas, making rural-urban migration the best decision for the individual and for the Korean economy in terms of maximizing output.... The implication for policy makers is that government efforts may be better directed toward mitigating the externalities caused by over-crowding, rather than attempting to influence population movements."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

The dynamics or urban demographic change in Malaysia: an analysis of the 1991 population census.

"This paper examines how and to what extent the three demographic components of urban change, urban reclassification, natural increase and net migration, operated in Malaysia between 1980 and 1991.... Since there is a spatial dimension to urban demographic changes, another emphasis of the paper is to differentiate the areal patterns of such changes. The analysis is conducted at both the national level and sub-national levels." Data are from the Malaysian Department of Statistics. The author finds that "the important role of natural increase in urban population change is remarkable considering that a rapid fertility transition had been unfolding in Malaysia up to the mid-1970s."

Asia↗
PubMed1994

Family latrines and paediatric shigellosis in rural Bangladesh: benefit or risk?

BACKGROUND: The potential benefits of installing excreta disposal facilities on the burden of paediatric diarrhoea in less-developed settings remain controversial. We conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate whether family latrines are associated with interruption of the transmission of shigellosis to younger children in rural Bangladesh. METHODS: We prospectively studied 1529 children under 5 years of age exposed to index cases of Shigella dysentery. In all 219 children with culture-proven shigellosis detected during 1 month of follow-up were compared with 1310 control children who did not develop shigellosis or Shigella-negative dysentery. RESULTS: Overall, the presence of a family latrine appeared to be associated with a higher, not a lower, risk of paediatric shigellosis (adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.89). While use of a pit or sanitary latrine revealed no evidence of a protective association (ORa = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.43-2.15), use of a hanging latrine in which faeces were discharged directly onto the ground or into a body of water was associated with a notable increase of risk (ORa = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.02-1.98, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: While cautioning that installation of sanitary latrines may not be sufficient to reduce the burden of paediatric shigellosis in less-developed settings, these data suggest that eliminating unsanitary latrines constitutes a potentially important intervention in its own right in these settings.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Sustainability of population growth: a case study of urban settlements in Israel.

"One of the most sensitive criteria for gauging the degree of socio-economic prosperity of an urban settlement is the ability to sustain stable rates of population growth by attracting newcomers and retaining existing population. The present paper argues that after reaching a particular size (on the average, 20-30,000 residents), urban localities in Israel tend to experience substantial changes in components of their annual population growth. Starting with this inflection point, the growth of settlements gradually becomes less dependent on natural causes (birth and death rates) than on the ability to attract newcomers and retain current residents. On the basis of this conclusion, a strategy of ¿redirecting priorities' to developing the peripheral regions of the country is suggested."

Asia↗
PubMed1981

John Turner's theory of intra-urban mobility and the African reality: examples from East and West Africa.

"The purpose of this paper is to discover whether Turner's Latin American model of intra-urban mobility also applies to Sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the scarcity of literature on mobility within African cities, it is not entirely possible to arrive at definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the often temporary nature of rural-to-urban migration, the operation of ethnic networks in the city, the role of the extended family in the integration of migrants and the specific patterns of landownership in the peripheral zones around African cities strongly suggest that the Latin American model is of little value for explaining the African reality."

Africa↗
PubMed1996

Morphology of India's urbanization.

"This paper is aimed at presenting the salient features of the morphology of India's urbanization paying due attention to interstate variations. We will find a lot of variations among the states in terms of their basic indices of urbanization. There are six sections in this paper. Section II deals with how to define an urban area. Section III presents a picture of the patterns of population transformation in India with due consideration to changes in the birth and death rates over time. Section IV examines the main features of the morphology of India's urbanization, discussing the level of urbanization, primacy patterns, interstate differences in urbanization, and the components of urban growth. Section V deals with the structure and pattern of migration in order to explain the background to India's slow urbanization."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

On mobility and fertility transitions in east and southeast Asia.

The relationship between fertility and mobility is examined with reference to Zelinsky's [1971] mobility transition hypothesis. Five Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, China) at different stages of development and mobility transition are compared with respect to shifting sectoral patterns of migration and changing levels of fertility. National trends suggest that the development sequence proposed by Zelinsky on the basis of the European experience does not generally apply to Asia. In four out of five cases examined, fertility declined before substantial urbanization took place. Zelinsky's sequence of mobility change should be modified to fit the experience of developing countries, but the importance of the interrelations hip between fertility decline and mobility change remains

Asia↗
PubMed1989

The case for experimental, adaptive restraint policies in developing nation metropolitan areas.

"Many developing nations have introduced policies designed to slow the rate of population growth of their largest cities. This article argues that there is a strong case for an explicit experimental or adaptive approach in policy design. Using the examples of Sao Paulo in Brazil and Seoul in South Korea, it is argued that coordinated trial and error methods with appropriate monitoring, evaluation, and policy revision can prove beneficial, especially given the high levels of uncertainty which surround both the objectives and the contexts of urbanization policies in most countries."

Americas↗
PubMed1989

Urbanization and economic development in Burma.

"Since British colonial rule in Burma [Myanmar], urban centres have emerged and grown. This has continued with independence in 1948. Urbanization has proceeded apace, first primarily because of rural-urban migration and then mainly because of natural growth in cities and towns, leading to a host of urban problems exacerbated by an ailing economy which has not permitted adequate levels of investment in, and development of, urban infrastructure. This article examines these issues in urbanization and economic development and concludes that long-term solutions to these problems can only be arrived at if population growth and urbanization are given sufficient attention in economic policies which must, necessarily, seek to restructure the economy. The urban future of Burma, otherwise, remains bleak."

Asia↗