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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Protection of rats against the effects of alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) by elevation of non-protein sulphydryl levels.

We have investigated the influence of the elevation of pulmonary glutathione (GSH) levels on the toxicity of the rodenticide alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) to rat lung. Administration of phorone (diisopropylidene acetone; 200 mg/kg i.p.) caused an initial depletion of both pulmonary and hepatic GSH followed after 48 hr by a marked elevation in both tissues, due most probably to a compensatory rebound synthesis. In control rats, ANTU produced a dose-dependent lethality, hydrothorax and loss of ability of lung tissue to accumulate adenosine and spermidine (markers of endothelial and epithelial cell function, respectively). These effects were prevented or markedly ameliorated when ANTU was given 48 hr after pretreatment with phorone. The mechanism of the protection by phorone pretreatment against ANTU-induced pulmonary toxicity is unclear. It may be due, in part, to elevated GSH levels in pulmonary endothelial cells and, in addition, to increased detoxification of ANTU in the liver, resulting in a decreased availability to the lung.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1989

Rise and fall of endrin usage in Washington State fruit orchards: effects on wildlife.

A study of the effects of endrin on wildlife was conducted from 1981 to 1983 in fruit orchards in central Washington State. The single post-harvest application of endrin as a rodenticide resulted in both acute and chronic toxicity to a variety of avian species. Of 194 birds found dead, brains of 125 were analysed; endrin toxicosis accounted for > 24% of the total and 37% of those analysed. Most mortality occurred soon after application, but several raptors died during the spring and summer. Most wildlife sampled in the orchard system contained residues of endrin. There was no evidence that endrin depressed reproductive success. Use of endrin abruptly declined during this study and its use is currently limited to emergency situations. Wildlife mortality from endrin also decreased; only six endrin-related mortalities were detected the last year of the study and there have been no reports of die-offs since the study ended.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Relevance of enantiomeric separations in environmental science.

A significant number of all organic chemicals that are released into the environment are racemic mixtures. Most environmental regulations and scientific environmental studies treat racemic mixtures as though they were single, pure compounds. This can lead to incorrect toxicological, distribution, degradation and other data. A series of new enantioselective chromatographic techniques have been developed that allow the facile separation and quantitation of chiral compounds of environmental importance. Nineteen racemic compounds that have been or currently are being released to the environment are resolved. These include: rodenticides--Warfarin, Coumachlor and Coumafuryl; insecticides--Crufomate, Bulan, Fonofos, Mitotane; insect repellent--Ethohexadiol; herbicides and fungicides--Ancymidol, Silvex, Napropamide, phenyl mercuric lactate, 2-[3-chlorophenoxy]propionamide, and 2-chloropropionic acid; and halocarbons-1,2-dichloropropane, 2-bromo-1-chloropropane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 2,3-dichlorobutane and alpha-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. Several examples are given to illustrate the importance of enantioselective measurements of these and other compounds. Choosing the proper chromatographic technique and chiral stationary phase based on analyte structure is also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Pesticides: the good and the bad.

Pesticides have been used for many years. In earlier times they were a protection against fungi and insect pests. The great increase in the use of pesticides occurred with the development of new organic chemicals following World Wars I and II. In addition to chemicals for the control of fungi and insects, new developments were nematocides, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, defoliants, wood preservatives, etc. The use of chemicals helped increase productivity, but caused great concern about their effect on human health and safety. On the other hand, chemicals did help tremendously from the standpoint of protecting against diseases that were carried by insects, especially mosquitoes. Adverse publicity has caused great concern about pesticides and this is especially so since our society has undergone great changes from an agricultural society to an industrial society and finally to a communications society. Unfortunately, publicity relating to the use of pesticides has seldom been balanced from the standpoint of the good and the bad. In fact, the communications media has and does usually stress the potential adverse effects of pesticides without reference to the good. This has caused concern on the part of advocates and the average person to the extent that it has placed heavy constraints on agriculture. There is a need for the dissemination of balanced information on the good as well as the bad of pesticides.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1994

EPA's requirements for dermal irritation and sensitization testing.

This paper presents an overview of EPA guidelines for dermal irritation and sensitization testing (part of Subdivision F Guidelines) for the registration of pesticide products [Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)]. In addition, these data and others may be needed for chemicals submitted for the Premanufacture Notification or testing under Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The EPA periodically reviews its recommended test procedures and revises them when indicated scientifically.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Biochemical responses as indicators of toxic effects of chemicals in ecosystems.

Biochemical responses of animals to environmental chemicals (biochemical biomarkers) can give measures of exposure, and sometimes also toxic effect. They are particularly valuable where they can be used to measure the toxic effects of chemicals in the field, employing non-destructive sampling methods. Measurements of exposure are useful in the case of non-persistent chemicals (e.g. organophosphorus, carbamate, or pyrethroid insecticides) which are difficult or impossible to detect by chemical analysis. They can also be useful to provide an integrated measure of the level of exposure to a group of related chemicals. Biochemical biomarkers are likely to provide a measure of toxic effect, where they are based upon a molecular mechanism which underlies toxicity. A widely-used biochemical biomarker is cholinesterase depression, which may involve destructive sampling (brain acetylcholinesterase) or non-destructive sampling (serum butyrylcholinesterase). For genotoxic chemicals, techniques which measure DNA damage (e.g. detection of DNA adducts) provide a powerful tool in measuring environmental effects. The detection of biochemical changes caused by anticoagulant rodenticides (e.g. abnormal levels of clotting proteins in blood) provides another example of this approach. In general, the development of simple, sensitive, and specific assays that are 'user-friendly' would open the way for much wider use of biochemical biomarkers in environmental monitoring.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Derivatization reactions applicable to pesticide determination by high-performance liquid chromatography.

The literature dealing with HPLC analytical methods for pesticides employing derivatization reactions is reviewed. Included are methods for insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, antimicrobials, herbicides and a rodenticide. Derivatization reactions are employed mainly for the purpose of increasing sensitivity or selectivity for the UV or, more frequently, fluorescence detectors. Of the pre-column and post-column derivatization methods reviewed, post-column methods are the more commonly used.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1986

Synthesis and murine tissue uptake of sodium [18F]fluoroacetate.

Fluoroacetate (FAc) is well known as the rodenticide "1080" and for its potent biochemical properties, but much less is known about its behavior in vivo. In order to study this behavior, the compound was labeled with 18F. The synthesis was accomplished in good yields (30%) from carrier-added radiofluorine gas by its conversion to [18F]tetrabutylammonium fluoride, followed by a heat-assisted halogen exchange with ethylbromoacetate. The isolated ester was rapidly and quantitatively hydrolysed with base to form [18F]FAc. preliminary studies in mice revealed relatively little soft tissue retention over the 4 h study period. However, substantial bone accumulation, indicative of defluorination, occurred to a significant degree.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sustainability of insect resistance management strategies for transgenic Bt corn.

Increasing interest in the responsible management of technology in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy has been met thorough the development of broadly applicable tools to assess the "sustainability" of new technologies. An arena ripe for application of such analysis is the deployment of transgenic crops. The new transgenic pesticidal or plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) crops have seen widespread application in the United States based on the features of higher yield, lower applications of insecticides, and control of mycotoxin content. However, open rejection of these new crops in Europe and in other countries has been a surprising message and has limited their worldwide acceptance. The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has worked on the development and analysis of insect resistance management (IRM) strategies and has mandated specific IRM requirements for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops since 1995 under the Food, Fungicide, Insecticide, and Rodenticide Act. Improvement of data quality and sustainability of IRM strategies have been targeted in an ongoing partnership between the USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Office of Pesticide Programs that will further enhance the agency's ability to develop sustainable insect resistance management strategies for transgenic field corn (Bt corn) producing B. thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Study on the fluorescence characteristics of bromadiolone in aqueous and organized media and application in analysis.

The fluorescence spectroscopic behavior of bromadiolone (anticoagulant rodenticide), a substituted 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative, was investigated in water and in organized media like micelles and cyclodextrins. A detailed study on various photophysical parameters like fluorescence intensity (I(F)), quantum yield (phi), lifetime (tau) and steady state fluorescence anisotropy (r) of bromadiolone in aqueous and in organized media was carried out. Bromadiolone in aqueous solution was observed to be in an aggregated state, thereby showing weak emission due to self-quenching. Marked enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed in organized media like micelles and beta-cyclodextrin. A preliminary investigation has been done to find out whether this enhancement of fluorescence can be used to develop a sensitive analytical method for determination of bromadialone in aqueous media. A linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and concentration of bromadiolone was observed in the range of 0.15-7.9 microg ml(-1) in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 0.5-26.4 microg ml(-1) in beta-cyclodextrin medium. The lower detection limit was found to be 37 ng ml(-1) in presence of CTAB and 23 ng ml(-1) in beta-cyclodextrin. Comparison with 4-hydroxycoumarin, an unsubstituted analogue, was made.

4-Hydroxycoumarins↗
PubMed2005

The potential importance of nut removal by rodents from Australian macadamia orchards.

Extensive crop damage due to rodents, predominantly the black rat (Rattus rattus) is a major concern to both the Hawaiian and Australian macadamia industries. Within Australian systems, indicated the importance of adjacent non-crop habitats in the damage process with damage being directly related to the size and temporal stability of these habitats. It was also suggested that the current estimates of crop loss might be underestimates as R. rattus may remove nuts into adjacent non-crop habitats, however, the economic significance of nut removal was not investigated. This study has determined that the crop loss due to nut removal is equivalent to the crop loss due to in-crop feeding within the first row of the orchard, with nuts being removed and consumed under the cover provided by weedy adjacent habitats. Previous studies (White et al.,1997; Horskins et al.,1998; White et al.,1998) investigating the impact of rodents on crop damage have ignored the nut removal component of the damage process and hence rodents have a far greater impact on the Australian macadamia industry than previously suggested. This study also indicates that the cost-benefit of habitat manipulation as a rodent management strategy is much greater than that suggested by . Habitat manipulation is not only a cost-effective means of damage control but is also sustainable, having none of the potentially adverse public health and environmental effects of continual rodenticide use.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1977

Electron microscope study of thallium-induced alterations in the oligodendrocytes of the rat area postrema.

Thallotoxicosis following accidental ingestion of thallium in rodenticides and in cases of homicidal and suicidal ingestion are well documented in the literature. The mechanism of action of thallium, in particular the pathogenesis of its neurotoxic manifestations, is not entirely clear. This is the first electron microscopic investigation dealing with the effect of thallium on the oligodendrocytes of the area postrema. The area postrema is devoid of a blood-brain barrier, indicating that the hemoneural transport of thallous ions may be quite substantial in this region. Rats weighing 155-175 g were given intraperitoneal injections of 5 mg/kg thallous acetate for 7 days (35 mg/kg total dose). Following perfusion-fixation, ultrathin sections of area postrema were examined with an electron microscope. The oligodendrocytes exhibited pleomorphic vacuolated dense bodies in their perikaryon. The findings were also suggestive of the fact that either the multiplication of oligodendrocytes or their aggregation to form "giant cell" was operative.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

D-penicillamine therapy of acute arsenic poisoning.

Severe poisoning resulting from single ingestions of rodenticides, herbicides, or insecticides containing arsenic have been frequently recognized. We record three cases of solubilized arsenic trioxide poisoning in Navajo Indian children and one case of sodium arsenate ingestion in an infant. One fatality occurred during dimercaprol therapy prior to initiation of therapy with D-penicillamine. Three survivors were treated with 2.3-dimercaprol intramuscularly and with oral D-penicillamine. The use of D-penicillamine in arsenic poisoning has not been generally appreciated. Excretion data from the three children are presented which document the effectiveness of D-penicillamine, administered orally in four daily doses of 25 mg/kg/dose, in the therapy of arsenic intoxication. Excretion data for the trace metals, zinc and copper, during D-penicillamine chelation therapy are also reported.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors of Parkinson's disease in Indian patients.

Epidemiological data on risk factors of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not available from India. In a case control study, we investigated environmental and genetic risk factors in the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Three hundred seventy-seven patients of Parkinson disease (301 men, 76 women, mean+/-SD age 56.78+/-11.08 years) and equal number of age matched (+/-3 years) neurological controls (271 men, 106 women, mean+/-SD age 56.62+/-11.17 years) were included in the study. Conditional logistic regression model was used to determine the risk factors of PD. We found that male gender, family history of Parkinson's disease, past history of depression of up to 10-year duration and well water drinking of more than 10-year duration were significantly associated with occurrence of Parkinson's disease, whereas tobacco smoking of up to 20-year duration and exposure to pets had protective effect. However, tobacco smoking of more than 20-year duration, well water drinking of up to 10-year duration, vegetarian dietary habit, occupation involving physical exertion, rural living, farming, exposure to insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, alcohol intake and family history of neurodegenerative diseases had no significant correlation with occurrence of PD in the patient population studied. Results of our study support the hypothesis of multifactorial etiology of PD with environmental factors acting on a genetically susceptible host.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2001

Pesticides in children.

Children are exposed to a wide range of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. They differ from adults in their exposures and responses to exposures. Acute and chronic toxicity are discussed, and important chronic effects, such as carcinogenesis, endocrine disruption, and neurodevelopment effects are reviewed. The state of laws and regulations are also discussed. Recommendations are made to pediatricians regarding treatment and advising families regarding avoidance of pesticide exposures and their effects.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Acute pesticide poisoning in the UK and information and training needs of general practitioners: recording a conundrum.

A postal questionnaire of all general practitioners (n = 68) in a District Health Authority was undertaken to identify the information and training they had received on acute pesticide poisoning. Fifty-six (82%) replies were received. The responses showed that 33 (59%) had not seen the standard Department of Health Guide to acute pesticide poisoning and only 20 (36%) of the respondents thought that their practice had a copy of this publication. None of those surveyed had ever used Health and Safety Executive Guidance Notes on pesticides. Ten practitioners (18%) reported that they had at some time diagnosed a case of acute pesticide poisoning and three (5%) had done so in the last two years. Only three respondents (5%) considered they had sufficient information to diagnose all the main pesticides listed in the Department of Health Guide but 24 (43%) considered they had sufficient information to diagnose rodenticide poisoning. Twenty-three (41%) considered they had insufficient information to diagnose any acute pesticide poisoning category. The sources of information used in cases of suspected acute pesticide poisoning were the National Poisons Information Services (e.g., Guy's Hospital) for 30 (54%); Accident and Emergency Departments for 19 (34%); and industry for nine (16%). Four (7%) considered they had sufficient training as a medical student to diagnose cases of acute pesticide poisoning and four (7%) considered they had sufficient training since graduating to diagnose such cases. Some of the problems related to the identification and diagnosis of acute pesticide poisoning are discussed and a number of specific recommendations are made to improve the information and training available to general practitioners.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Hypercalcemia.

Elevated serum calcium occurs relatively uncommonly in dogs and rarely in cats. Hypercalcemia can serve as a marker of disease that enables diagnosis but may also contribute to development of lesions and the clinical signs of disease. Specific clinical signs do not necessarily accompany hypercalcemia, and its presence will frequently be unsuspected. Fortuitous hypercalcemia is often discovered after a review of serum biochemical profile results. This article emphasizes malignancy-associated hypercalcemia and the emergence of cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicity as an important cause of hypercalcemia, as well as its treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Acute barium poisoning with respiratory failure and rhabdomyolysis.

Barium is a divalent alkaline earth metal used as the insoluble sulfate salt in contrast radiography and soluble acid salts in industry. Barium poisoning results from ingestion or inhalation of the acid salts; the most common poisoning occurs after ingestion of the rodenticide barium carbonate (BaCO3). We report seven cases of BaCO3 poisoning in one family; three hospitalized patients displayed classic signs of barium toxicity, and one patient also developed rhabdomyolysis, respiratory failure, and hypophosphatemia. All patients survived. Rhabdomyolysis has not been previously reported in barium poisoning, and this is the first reported barium poisoning epidemic in the United States. The history, pathophysiology, and treatment of barium poisoning are reviewed.

Adult↗