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PubMedDate not supplied

Retirement planning by black psychiatrists.

Fifty-three percent of active members of the Black Psychiatrists of America responded to a mailed survey that assessed retirement planning issues. Sixty-five percent of respondents were male, 61% were married, 71% had children, and 83% owned their own homes. Thirty-nine percent owned property in another state. The major anticipated reason for retirement was "a full life, and being ready for a change of pace." A financial planner was used by 48% of the sample, and retirement seminars were attended by over 50% of the respondents. The majority of the sample were involved in the practice of adult psychiatry in multiple settings, including private practice settings, academic practice, mental health center practice, and state hospital practice. Eleven percent of respondents were retired.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2005

The experience of stroke for men in retirement transition.

In this study, the authors aimed to explore how men manage when two significant life events, stroke and retirement, occur within a close time proximity. They selected 7 men purposively who were either in the process of planning to retire or had just retired when they had suffered a stroke, and used interpretive phenomenological analysis to guide data collection and to analyze the resulting transcripts. The authors derived three interrelated processes with eight subthemes. The three themes were associated with ambivalence about retirement, the impact of the stroke, and healing and adjustment. The themes suggested that significant interplay existed between the meanings made of the two life events. The emergent themes implied that stroke had a profound impact on the men's lives and affected them on a number of levels. The experience of suffering a stroke also led to some positive reframing of life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The prognosis for individuals on disability retirement. An 18-year mortality follow-up study of 6887 men and women sampled from the general population.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown a markedly higher mortality rate among disability pensioners than among non-retired. Since most disability pensions are granted because of non-fatal diseases the reason for the increased mortality therefore remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential explanatory factors. METHODS: Data from five longitudinal cohort studies in Sweden, including 6,887 men and women less than 65 years old at baseline were linked to disability pension data, hospital admission data, and mortality data from 1971 until 2001. Mortality odds ratios were analyzed with Poisson regression and Cox's proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: 1,683 (24.4%) subjects had a disability pension at baseline or received one during follow up. 525 (7.6%) subjects died during follow up. The subjects on disability pension had a higher mortality rate than the non-retired, the hazards ratio (HR) being 2.78 (95%CI 2.08-3.71) among women and 3.43 (95%CI 2.61-4.51) among men. HR was highest among individuals granted a disability pension at young ages (HR >7), and declined parallel to age at which the disability pension was granted. The higher mortality rate among the retired subjects was not explained by disability pension cause or underlying disease or differences in age, marital status, educational level, smoking habits or drug abuse. There was no significant association between reason for disability pension and cause of death. CONCLUSION: Subjects with a disability pension had increased mortality rates as compared with non-retired subjects, only modestly affected by adjustments for psycho-socio-economic factors, underlying disease, etcetera. It is unlikely that these factors were the causes of the unfavorable outcome. Other factors must be at work.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Gradual retirement in Germany.

In the summer of 1996, the German parliament enacted legislation (the "Gesetz zur Förderung cines gleitenden Ubergangs in den Ruhestand") that would allow a gradual transition from work to retirement by permitting workers 55 years and older to change from full-time to part-time work, and also by making it more difficult to take early retirement. The intent was to stop the trend towards early retirement. This article discusses the provisions of the new legislation, as well as the experiences with previous models that influenced its development. These experiences were mainly negative because older workers were unwilling to change to part-time work and employers did not provide attractive part-time work opportunities. The new legislation's chances of success are discussed and suggestions are offered for making the concept of gradual transition from work to retirement more attractive and viable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Does financial self-efficacy explain gender differences in retirement saving strategies?

Research indicates that women remain less financially prepared for retirement than are men. Little research has examined the gender difference in use of retirement plans. The present research assessed the gender difference in use of employer-sponsored and private retirement plans, and sought to account for this difference. Social status and human capital factors, occupation and industry of employment, and sense of financial self-efficacy were expected to account for gender differences. Findings indicated gender has no relationship with use of private retirement plans. However, females were found to be less likely to use an employer-sponsored plan, and this was largely accounted for by gender differences in occupation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Probing the future of mandatory retirement in Canada.

The future of mandatory retirement is at least partly driven by changing demographics. In Canada, these demographics include slowing population growth, rapid aging, declining rates of labour force participation, and slowing labour force growth. After reviewing the demographic trends and considering alternate scenarios in labour force participation, we consider the determinants of early departures from the labour force and suggest scenarios that might reverse these trends. With a decline in labour force entrants, delays in early life transitions, and possible reductions in retirement benefits, a trend to retire later would bring mandatory retirement into question.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three streams, one river: a coordinated approach to financing retirement.

A national retirement policy that coordinates Medicare, Social Security, and private pension reforms could make substantial progress in dealing with problems related to the baby-boom generation's retirement. Such a policy should include (1) better-designed work incentives for older persons--for example, a $10,000 "retirement bonus" option, paid by Social Security and Medicare, for each year of delayed retirement; (2) allowing workers without employer-sponsored pensions to use Social Security's payroll contribution system to invest in pension accounts; (3) expansion of private long-term care insurance by allowing pension-plan assets to be used for paying premiums; and (4) placing a higher priority on financing for basic Medicare and Social Security benefits than on taxpayer-financed subsidies of far more generous pension benefits.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Retrospective analysis of permanent disability among retired workers at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais from 1966 to 1999].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of all retirement cases from permanent disability (related or not to work) of the staff members at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), from 1966 to 1999. METHODS: a historical series analyses to observational study was done. The considered variables included age, gender, diagnosis, occupation, date of disability leave and data of retirement. RESULTS: It was evidenced from the 355 analysed cases, large variability in the yearly distribution, with minimum variability between the years of 1978/91 and maximum in 1999. From the total retirement cases, 56% were male and 44% female, with a mean age of 51 years. The most frequent diagnoses were schizophrenia (14%), arterial hypertension (13%) and back problems (9%). In relation to occupation, the mean rate of retirement for the teaching group (group 1) was 1.33/1000 workers/year and 1.86/1000 workers/year for the technical and general service workers (group 2). CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the present study associated with the population morbidity data will allow the Servi o de Aten o Sa de do Trabalhador (SAST/Pampulha/UFMG), to better promote health programs in the workplace.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Retirement and primary cardiac arrest in males.

We investigated the association between retirement and primary cardiac arrest (PCA) in 126 male cases and controls, 25-75 years of age, without prior heart disease or comorbidity. After adjustment for age alone, retirement was not associated with an increased risk of PCA, (OR = 1.1; 95% confidence intervals = 0.5, 2.4). This lack of association was not uniform across age strata, however. In 10 of 19 discordant pairs 60 or more years of age, the control subject had been retired; in all seven discordant pairs under 60, the case had been retired (lower 95% CI of the relative risk = 1.9).

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Perception of "appropriate" age for retirement among young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly people.

The "appropriate" age for retirement as it is perceived by young adults, middle-aged adults, and elderly people has been studied. No respondents were surprised or had trouble expressing an opinion about the minimum and maximum "appropriate" ages for retirement. Representations of the "appropriate" retirement age vary primarily as a function of the perceived physical constraints involved in the occupation, and also depend on the age of the person being questioned; the younger the respondent, and lower the perceived "appropriate" minimum age. There was no tendency among the young adults to prolong the work life of older individuals. Nor was there a tendency to associate aging with the loss of intellectual capacities likely to lead to early retirement.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Life-span determinants of work in retirement years.

This article presents the results of a path analysis to clarify the life-span determinants of work effort in postretirement years. It was found that personal and structural characteristics are different between a group of retirees who did not work in the three years after retirement and those that worked more than 300 hours annually. Those that participated in the labor force after retirement experienced more successful employment histories before retirement. On the other hand, people with more marginal work histories were less likely to sustain work efforts after retirement, despite lower income.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Social contact patterns and satisfaction with retirement of women in dual-career/earner families.

The authors conducted an empirical study in 1990 of 611 mature women in dual-career/earner families who are retired from a work position in the field of education. We test twelve hypotheses that relate frequency of contact, kind of social contact and perceived gap between desired and frequency of actual social contact to satisfaction with women's timing of retirement and leisure. Nine of the twelve hypotheses were confirmed. Women who have more frequent and a greater variety of social contact are more satisfied with the timing of their retirement and their leisure than those who have less contact. The wider the gap between desired and actual frequency contact with specific groups the less satisfied will women be with their leisure experience, their amount of leisure time, and their timing of retirement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Family expenditures before and after retirement: a research model for measuring priorities.

Economic pressures of contemporary American society have had an impact on many families. This article focuses on how elderly, intact couples allocated their retirement dollars. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) family budget expense categories were used as a basis to develop expense categories. The couples were asked what changes, if any, they made in expenditures after retirement and if they would allocate their money differently if they were free to do so. Most of them had changed expenses after retirement. Some of their expenditures had increased rather than decreased in importance since retirement. Only two expenditure categories, food and transportation, were ranked the same as the BLS ranking by at least 30 percent of the couples. The empirical usefulness of the methodology reported in this paper was illustrated with a sample of elderly couples. However, it seems applicable not only for the elderly but also for families in all stages of the family life cycle.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of retirement satisfaction: a path model.

Adjustment to retirement among 310 former industrial and service workers in Israel was examined by path analysis. The data indicated that respondents had come to terms with loss of work following retirement, and were enjoying their more relaxed lifestyle. The dominant variables in the path model were retirees' evaluations of and satisfaction with specific aspects of retirement: giving up work, activities with family and friends, rest and tranquility, and free time. Situational, biographical, and behavioral variables, except for educational level and subjective state of health, had a negligible effect on overall satisfaction with retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Career identification and women's attitudes toward retirement.

This study seeks to heighten understanding of the retirement process as experienced by women through an examination of working women's attitudes toward retirement. The subjects for this study were 201 female teachers employed in the public school system in a central Oklahoma district. The survey instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic and work-related variables. The findings indicate that overall, females with stronger work identities have significantly more negative attitudes toward retirement than those with weaker work identities; this difference remains significant when controls are introduced for years of teaching experience, expected age of retirement, and attitude toward work. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes toward mandatory retirement: an international comparison.

Over recent decades, whether legislation supporting mandatory retirement should exist has been debated frequently. The issue has been exacerbated by the growing number of elderly people within western societies. Using nationally representative data from the United States of America, West Germany, Great Britain, and Australia, this article provides an international comparison of individual's attitudes toward mandatory retirement. These attitudes are found to differ sharply according to country, with the Americans most strongly opposed and the Britons most accepting. Multiple regression techniques are used to address the relative importance of socio-demographic and political ideological factors in predicting attitudes toward compulsory retirement. The strongest socio-demographic predictor is education. Measures of political ideology are also significant predictors; that is, acceptance of government intervention in various areas of the labor market is positively related to the acceptance of government regulation of retirement age.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life satisfaction and occupational retirement: beyond the impact year.

This article examines three theoretical perspectives relative to the prediction of life satisfaction following retirement. Hypotheses derived from crisis, continuity, and consistency theories were systematically examined with regard to the pre- and post-retirement satisfaction scores of 114 male respondents (mean age 69 years). The data confirm one of four crisis hypotheses. Specifically, individuals underwent a decline in satisfaction with retirement. Similarly, only one of three continuity hypotheses was partially confirmed. A positive association obtained between safisfaction and orientational change in the voluntary association area. Contrary to the theory, however, respondents underwent a significant decline in satisfaction. Finally, only one of the consistency hypotheses was substantiated. In general, expectational disconfirmations relative to retirement did not result in lowered satisfaction.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolving narratives in the course of retirement: a longitudinal study.

This paper presents results from the second phase of a longitudinal study of retirement. Data were gathered through interviews with 29 participants (65 to 66 years of age) who had previously been interviewed when they were 63 to 64 years of age and still working. Data were analyzed by characterizing each subject's narrative about retirement in terms of its narrative slope--progressive, stability, or regressive. These current narratives also were compared with the earlier narratives these participants told. It was found that, while anticipatory narratives may predispose persons toward action, they are not so much a fixed "script for action" as an orientation to act within circumstances. While participants' narratives anticipating retirement often turned out as expected, they were sometimes reshaped as a consequence of personal action, external events, and unexpected experiences within new retirement occupations. The study suggests that, while narratives play a role in shaping the direction of persons lives, they also interweave with and change directions as a result of ongoing life events and experiences.

Activities of Daily Living↗