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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Transuterine sperm transport is not affected by bilateral asymmetry of the reproductive system in dairy cows.

Effects of right versus left side activities of the reproductive organs on sperm transport after deep cornual insemination were evaluated in 1686 Friesian cows in their first lactational period. Only single ovulating animals were used. At insemination, semen was deposited deep into the uterine horn ipsilateral or contralateral to the preovulatory follicle. Pregnancy rates were used as measurement of the success of sperm transport. The reproductive history of each cow included that of the side of the previous gestation. A higher activity of the right versus left side was registered. Following calving and after uterine involution, activities of the right versus left side reproductive organs remained constant independently of the side of previous pregnancy, and did not affect transuterine sperm transport. The data indicate that after uterine involution sperm transport is not affected by bilateral asymmetry of the reproductive system in cattle.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

A survey of the reasons for culling pregnant cows.

This survey analysed the history of cows which were pregnant when they were slaughtered at an abattoir in south west England by sending a questionnaire to their farm of origin to determine the reason(s) for culling them and their recent reproductive history. Of the slaughtered cows, 23.5 per cent were pregnant and 26.9 per cent of these were in the third trimester. The three main reasons for culling were infertility (28.2 per cent), mastitis (21.8 per cent) and old age (15.8 per cent). In 50.9 per cent of cases the farmer thought that the cow was not pregnant. In 66 per cent of the returns the cow had run with a bull. The average age of the slaughtered cows was 7.9 years. The records were categorised as 'OK' when they were consistent with the stage of pregnancy found post mortem, as 'error' when there were slight inconsistencies and 'gross error' when there were more serious discrepancies. Thirty-six per cent of the returns were classed as 'OK', 56.6 per cent as 'error' and 27.2 per cent as 'gross error'. It is estimated that these errors represent an annual loss of 30.78 million pounds to the cattle industry of the United Kingdom.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Anopheles culicifacies: effects of age on the male reproductive system and mating ability of virgin adult mosquitoes.

Under controlled laboratory conditions of 28-30 degrees C and 16:8 L:D photoperiod, an attempt was made to develop an age-grading technique for Anopheles culicifacies males. Mating activity was maximal when females were 5-12 days old males were 5-7 days old. The numbers of total and mature spermatocysts declined significantly with age, and the proportion of the testes occupied by the sperm reservoir increased as virgin males grew older. Mating resulted in the loss of spermatozoa and accessory gland substance from the reproductive system. Loss of mating ability of older virgin males seemed to be age-related, because the reproductive system contained ample supplies of accessory gland substance and spermatozoa. Morphological changes of the reproductive system, due to mating and age, were used to infer the age and reproductive history of unknown males in a laboratory evaluation.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Subsequent fertility and birth histories of children and adolescents treated with 131I for thyroid cancer.

Forty patients aged 20 years or less who had been treated with 131I after surgery for papillary-follicular thyroid carcinoma were contacted for followup study. Five had died and two were unmarried; the remaining 33 were studied with respect to their subsequent reproductive histories and the health of the offspring. The mean age at the time of the first 131I therapeutic dose was 14.6 years (range 6-20), and the average followup interval, from that first dose until followup, was 18.7 years (range 14-25). The mean total dose of 131I was 196 mCi (range 80-691). The incidences of infertility (12%), miscarriage (1.4%), prematurity (8%), and major congenital anomaly (1.4%) found in this series are not significantly different from those in the general population. Thus, our study offers no overt evidence of genetic damage in children and adolescents treated with high doses of 131I for thyroid carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England.

OBJECTIVE: To examine a range of demographic, social, and clinical risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Population-based case-control study in Norfolk, England, involving adult patients, ages 18-70, with an inflammatory polyarthritis of <12 months' duration who were recruited from the Norfolk Arthritis Register. Controls, matched for sex and date of birth, were selected from the primary care register of the Norwich Health Authority. Both cases and controls completed identical self-administered questionnaires. Matched analysis of the 165 case-control sets was conducted for the whole group and for the subset in which the cases satisfied the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. RESULTS: The controls were of higher socioeconomic status than the cases. This was probably due to response bias. Having a body mass index > or =30 was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.74 for developing RA (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.14-12.27). RA was also associated with a history of blood transfusion (OR 4.83, 95% CI 1.29-18.07). Even after correcting for social class, a history of having ever smoked was associated with a higher risk of developing RA (OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.95-3.06). There was no difference between cases and controls in previous exposure to childhood infections, certain surgical procedures, or reproductive history variables. CONCLUSION: RA has a number of potential environmental triggers, including smoking, obesity, and blood transfusion.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cystic hygroma: prenatal diagnosis and genetic counselling.

Six cases of cystic hygromas detected during second trimester ultrasound examination are reported: 4 fetuses (67 per cent) had a 45, X karyotype, 1 fetus had trisomy 18, 1 fetus had a normal karyotype (46,XX) and at autopsy multiple anomalies were observed. In the latter case the family history suggested an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. In order to reach a definite diagnosis and give proper genetic counselling when a fetus is found to have cystic hygroma, a fetal karyotype as well as a family and reproductive history should be obtained.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fish consumption and reproductive outcomes in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and reproductive outcome was determined in a population of 1112 women during 1987-1989. The women studied were from the Green Bay, Wisconsin area, thereby providing a population with potential PCB exposure from Lake Michigan sport fish consumption. All women with positive pregnancy tests from two Green Bay prenatal clinics were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire on fish consumption, health and reproductive history, and other relevant issues and to provide blood samples for PCB analysis. A positive correlation was found between the amount of Lake Michigan fish mothers claimed to consume and their PCB serum levels. After the pregnancy period, reproductive outcome measures (fetal wastage; stillbirths; and birth weight, birth length, head circumference, ponderal index, and birth weight percentiles for live births) were abstracted from hospital labor reports. Typical negative associations between birth size measures and consumption of caffeine, smoking, and alcohol were found. Birth size was positively associated with gestational age, birth order, weight gain during pregnancy, male babies, and rural residence. Birth size was also associated with PCB exposure; however contrary to expectations, a positive association was found (P < 0.044) for most mothers (the exception being those mothers who gained more than 34 lb during their pregnancy). PCB exposures were lower than the other studies that found that birth size was negatively associated with PCB exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The personality and motivation of semen donors: a comparison with oocyte donors.

Seventeen consecutively recruited candidates for semen donation were evaluated by a psychologist with testing and a structured interview. Most men (71%) were motivated by financial compensation. Only 29% would donate semen if records were open to potential offspring. Fifty-nine per cent of the men were rated as excellent candidates from a psychological perspective and 35% were rated as acceptable with slight reservations. One was excluded as a donor. Psychological testing revealed mildly abnormal subscale scores for 35% of donors. Forty-seven per cent had histories of minor depressive or anxiety episodes and 35% had had periods of heavy alcohol use. Compared to oocyte donors at the same institution, the men were less altruistic, more affluent, and more likely to have abused alcohol. Women had more traumatic family and reproductive histories. Psychological evaluation can be a valuable tool in gamete donor selection.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1997

Reproductive characteristics and post-abortion health consequences in women undergoing illegal and legal abortion in Maputo.

In the Maputo Central Hospital 103 women undergoing induced legal abortion (LA), 103 women with confirmed, recent illegal abortion (IA), and 100 randomly recruited antenatal clinic (AC) attenders were compared in order to find characteristic features regarding obstetric history, reproductive performance and contraceptive knowledge, attitude and practice. Women with IA were younger, had almost never undergone LA, had more often their first sexual intercourse and their first pregnancy below 20 years of age, had less knowledge of contraceptives and more often had never used contraceptives, had fewer previous spontaneous abortions and fewer previous stillbirths than LA women. There were three maternal deaths, all in the IA group. The most frequent illegal abortionist was a health worker (38%). It is concluded that, in this first comparative African study on IA and LA regarding reproductive profile and post-abortion health consequences, the former are at a disadvantage regarding early unprotected sexual intercourse with first pregnancy at a young age and with almost no experience of safe, legal abortion.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed1998

Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: the New Mexico Women's Health Study.

The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in Hispanic women in New Mexico. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with incident breast cancer, aged 30-74 years and diagnosed between 1992 and 1994, were identified by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Controls were selected using random digit dialing and frequency matched by ethnicity, age, and region. Information on reproductive history, lactation, and other risk factors was collected through in-person interviews; 719 Hispanics and 836 non-Hispanic whites were included in the analysis. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risk of breast cancer for reproductive factors and to assess ethnic differences in effects. Older age at first full-term birth was associated with breast cancer among Hispanics; the odds ratio for women aged 27 years and older at first full-term birth compared with women 18 years or younger was 2.26 (95% confidence interval 1.17-4.38) compared with 1.60 (95% confidence interval 0.86-3.01) for non-Hispanic whites. Higher parity was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer for non-Hispanic whites, but not Hispanics (p < 0.008). Longer lactation was associated with reduced risk in premenopausal Hispanic women and premenopausal and postmenopausal non-Hispanic white women. Reproductive factors explained 17% of the ethnic difference in breast cancer incidence for postmenopausal women and none of the difference for premenopausal women.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000).

OBJECTIVE: To determine signalment, history, and clinical, necropsy, and microbiologic findings in dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 22 adult dairy cows from a single farm in Colorado. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, medical and reproductive history, the owner's chief complaints, results of physical examinations and ancillary diagnostic tests, treatment and response to treatment, results of microbiologic testing, and, if applicable, postmortem findings. RESULTS: Common clinical signs were acute signs of profound depression, decreased milk production, tachycardia, ruminal stasis, abdominal distention, and dark clotted blood in the feces. Rectal examination revealed distended loops of small intestine in 7 of 14 cows. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed small intestinal ileus and distention in 12 of 12 cows and homogeneous echogenic intraluminal material compatible with intraluminal hemorrhage and clot formation in 4. Seven of 8 cows treated medically died; 9 of 13 cows that underwent surgery died or were euthanatized. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from fecal samples from 17 of 20 cows. The most common morphologic diagnosis at necropsy was severe necrohemorrhagic enteritis or jejunitis with intraluminal hemorrhage or blood clots. The most prominent histologic finding was severe, segmental submucosal hemorrhage and edema of the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results confirm that in adult cattle, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is a sporadic acute intestinal disorder characterized by intraluminal hemorrhage and obstruction of the small intestine. Clostridium perfringens was consistently isolated from the feces of affected cows. The prognosis for affected cows was grave.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of endometrial neoplasia.

Though among U.S. women endometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynecological cancer, it has a relatively favorable prognosis. From 1986-1990, approximately 19% of U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program cases were diagnosed in women less than 55 years of age; however, the age-specific incidence (per 100,000) peaked at 70-74 years (100.7), which was 2.85 times the rate reported at 50-54 years (38.9). The incidence under 50 years was 2.19 times higher in U.S. White compared with U.S. Black women; for uterine corpus cancers diagnosed at 50 years and older, the ratio declined but continued to be elevated in Whites (1.46). In contrast, average annual age-adjusted mortality (per 100,000) from 1986-1990 for uterine corpus cancer (1970 U.S. standard) was almost twice as high in U.S. Black women (6.0) as in U.S. White women (3.3). The determinants of age-specific elevated risks in mortality, in contrast to the lesser age-specific risks in incidence experienced by U.S. Black women compared with U.S. White women, may be explored with respect to socioeconomic and cultural factors that influence the distribution of epidemiologic risk factors such as reproductive history, choice of contraception methods, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, and dietary factors; age-specific prevalence of hysterectomy for other gynecological conditions; quality of medical care and surveillance practices; genetic factors influencing susceptibility; and tumor-associated biological factors. The majority of risk factors and medical conditions associated with endometrial cancer are related directly or indirectly to the levels and metabolic effects of the reproductive hormones, namely estrogens and progestogens. The molecular, genetic and epidemiologic characterization of endometrial cancer is attempting to delineate the multiple steps in the natural history of estrogen-induced or estrogen-responsive neoplasms.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Misclassification bias related to definition of menopausal status in case-control studies of breast cancer.

It is often assumed, but has not been consistently observed, that some characteristics of reproductive history are specifically related to breast cancer of pre- or postmenopausal onset. To determine whether inconsistent reports may be due to differences in definition of menopause, we computed the relative odds (RO) of breast cancer for nulliparity, age at first live birth, family history of breast cancer and prior history of benign breast disease, separately in pre- and postmenopausal women, using seven different definitions of menopause. Results show that (i) relative odds of breast cancer and their confidence intervals may vary according to definitions of menopause; (ii) age-based definitions of menopause are associated with moderate differential misclassification bias between cases and controls; (iii) nulliparity, late age at first birth and family history of breast cancer seem to be specific risk factors for pre- but not postmenopausal breast cancer when cutoff for menopausal status is 10 years or more after last menses; and (iv) when information on menstrual history is not available, 50 years of age may be the best proxy for all menses-based definitions of menopause. We conclude that inconsistent findings on the effect of menopausal status in the association of breast cancer with some reproductive factors are partly due to statistical imprecision and differential misclassification bias associated with different age-based or menses-based definitions of menopause. Researchers should either test whether their conclusions hold using several definitions of menopause or give a biological rationale for the choice of a given definition of menopause.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Methods for evaluating the effects of environmental chemicals on human sperm production.

Sperm tests provide a direct and effective way of identifying chemical agents that induce spermatogenic damage in man. Four human sperm tests are available: sperm count, motility, morphology (seminal cytology) and the Y-body test. These sperm tests have numerous advantages over other approaches for assessing spermatogenic damage, and they have already been used to assess the effects of at least 85 different occupational, environmental, and drug-related chemical exposures. When carefully controlled, seminal cytology appears to be statistically more sensitive than the other human sperm tests and should be considered an integral part of semen analysis when assessing induced spermatogenic damage. Human sperm studies have complex requirements and, before sampling, careful consideration should be given to exposure details, group size and makeup, as well as animal and human data that indicate spermatogenic effects. Several study designs are possible and should include questionnaires covering medical and reproductive histories as well as known confounding factors. Animal sperm tests, such as the mouse morphology test, may be used to identify the toxic components of a complex mixture. Animal tests may also help assess the chemical effects on fertility and reproductive outcome in cases when human data are incomplete. Further efforts are needed in these areas to develop improved human sperm tests sensitive to induced spermatogenic damage, to develop improved animal models of induced spermatogenic damage, to understand the relationships among sperm changes, fertility, and reproductive outcome, and to develop sperm tests with express mutational end points.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Restoration of reproductive potential following expiration or removal of melengestrol acetate contraceptive implants in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia).

Although reversible contraception is important to successful management of small populations, there are concerns about the reversibility of melengestrol acetate (MGA), the most commonly used implant in captive animals. Female golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) placed in potential breeding situations after surgical MGA implant removal showed a 75% return to reproduction within 2 yr, unlike golden-headed tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), which have had a 29% return to reproduction following implant removal. This rate was indistinguishable from the breeding probability for newly formed pairs involving nonimplanted females. Litter size, stillbirth rate, and infant survival rate were not significantly different between nonimplanted and implant-removed female golden lion tamarins. However, females with implants left in (and assumed to have expired) showed higher stillbirth and infant mortality rates than did females with implants removed. For seven female golden lion tamarins for which reproductive histories before and after MGA implantation were available, litter size was unaffected by MGA implantation and subsequent removal. Infant survival rate for these females appeared to be lower after removal but was indistinguishable from rates in the nonimplanted females. Prior reproductive experience, length of time with an implant, and age of the females did not affect the probability of breeding for females after removal of the implants. Overall, breeding probability of nonimplanted females declined with age. Although the results of this study confirm the reversibility of MGA implants in golden lion tamarins, there appear to be some effects on viability of offspring, particularly offspring born to females with implants left in and presumed expired.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Behavioral and environmental determinants of reproductive success in traditional Moroccan Berber groups.

The reproductive histories of women aged 45-70 years from a homogeneous Berber population of South Morocco were sampled from three contrasting environments: a small town (n = 75), villages in the lowlands (n = 217), and villages in the highlands (n = 128). The main reproductive variables oppose the relatively better conditions of fertile life in the lowlands to the more hostile ones in the highlands. Path analysis confirms this difference through reproductive behaviors and suggests the existence of mechanisms for controlling family size in town and in the rural lowlands, but not in the highlands. The estimates of survival function show significant differences among the three groups, the conditions for survival in the highlands being clearly less favorable. Rank tests of the association of survival data with several covariates indicate the association of survival data with vaccinations and with conditions of delivery. In spite of the lower rate of offspring survival, the highlander group would demonstrate a higher overall number of children reaching reproductive maturity, thanks to an extended reproductive span.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Is birth history the key to highly educated women's higher breast cancer mortality? A follow-up study of 500,000 women aged 35-54.

A positive relationship has been found between high levels of education and breast cancer mortality. The aim of our study is to determine if the educational gradient in breast cancer mortality persists after adjustment for reproductive history. Register data including the total adult population in Norway were used. A total of 512,353 Norwegian women 35-54 years of age at the Norwegian Census in 1990 were followed with respect to breast cancer deaths until December 31, 2001. The analysis included 2,052 breast cancer deaths in 5.6 million person years. Educational differences in breast cancer mortality were analysed using Cox regression. The age adjusted relative risk of dying from breast cancer for women with >12 years of education compared to women with <10 years was 1.25 (95% confidence limits [CI] = 1.10-1.41). Adjustment for age at first birth with nulliparous as reference category reduced this difference to 1.08 (95% CI = 0.95-1.23). For parous women, age at first birth explained all the educational difference in breast cancer mortality. Among nulliparous women there was a larger positive educational gradient in breast cancer mortality than among parous women (relative risk [RR] = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.15-2.13), indicating that there were differences in other confounders than birth history among the childless.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinicopathologic study of the putative precursor lesions of epithelial ovarian cancer in low-risk women.

Possible precursor lesions for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have been defined in the ovaries of women with contralateral EOC, with breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA)-1 mutations, or with positive family history. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of these lesions in women without any recognizable risk and to correlate these lesions with clinical ovulatory markers. The study group consisted of 184 women who were operated for benign gynecological conditions. Patients were requested to fill a questionnaire about anthropometric characteristics and medical and reproductive history. Oophorectomy specimens were examined for presence of epithelial inclusion cysts (EIC), cortical invaginations (CI), stromal hyperplasia (SHPP), epithelial pseudostratification (EPS), and surface papillomatosis (SP). Women with EIC were older, had lower age at menarche, and had higher menarche-to-pregnancy and menarche-to-operation time. SHPP was found to be related with age, menarche-to-operation time, history, and the duration of oral contraceptive use. Women with SP had lower age at menarche, lower menopausal age, and longer duration of hormone replacement therapy. No significant correlations were established between CI and any clinical parameters. Only one patient had EPS. Our findings suggest that these lesions correlate closely with reproductive features. Exact mechanisms that lead to development of these lesions should be clarified before implying them as precursor lesions of EOC.

Adolescent↗