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PubMedDate not supplied

Nurse-midwifery in rural Pakistan.

Pakistan is a relatively new nation of predominantly Islamic influence. Like many developing countries, it is plagued by extensive communicable diseases, malnutrition, inadequate sewage systems, and illiteracy. Religious beliefs and cultural influences impact heavily on access to health care and on maternal-child health outcomes. This paper examines the major maternal-child health problems encountered, as well as implications for midwifery practice in an Islamic country.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Lay theory of healing in northwestern New Spain.

Northwestern New Spain experienced not only a territorial and a spiritual conquest, but a medical conquest. This medical conquest came from a tradition, established after the conquest of central New Spain, that had fused classical medicine of the Old World with medicine of indigenous groups, in the writings of European doctors and scientists as well as graduates of Mexican colleges. The medical conquest of Sonora was accomplished by laymen, explorers and missionaries who carried the theory of healing resulting from these syncretic processes into the northern lands, adding new materials that they learned from indigenous peoples there. When the Indians were ill with epidemic disease or injuries, they were cared for by missionaries brought up on European domestic medicine. The theory of illness and its cure held by the lay healers became predominantly that of the conquest culture. The conquerers', missionaries' and colonists' interpretations of native plant, animal and mineral remedies that they learned from northwestern native medicine were colored by their own concepts of disease and healing, resulting in an epistemology which continues to guide lay or domestic medicine not only in Sonora but also in the rest of the American Mexican west today.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1987

Background to the development of health services in Nigeria.

This paper concentrates on three main issues. First a brief overview of the nature of the politics, economy and health in Nigeria prior to colonialism. It is important to know, for instance, how medicine was organized prior to the advent of modern medicine. I think our understanding of pre-colonial Nigeria is important because it enables us a better grasp of the changes which were later introduced by imperialists. The second issue will be the imperial penetration of Nigeria by Britain. Imperialism took several forms ranging from the activities of Christian missionaries to the eventual colonial rule over the various kingdoms and empires which were in the region. The effects of the imperialist activities on the transformation of Nigerian society and particularly the introduction of the capitalist productive forces wil be discussed, with the view to examine changes in the organization of health and medicine. The last issue to be considered in this paper will be the role of imperialism in class formation in Nigeria. Emphasis will be first, on the social and economic condition of colonial physicians who came from England and then how they were related to the colonial state and colonial health policies. From this premise, we can examine the historically specific circumstances under which Nigerians were trained as physicians and how they (Nigerian physicians) got involved in the politics of nationalism. We will then discuss how the First and Second World War gave energy to Nigerian nationalist movements. The paper ends by stating that the Nigerian nationalists who had struggled and secured Nigeria's political independence eventually became Nigeria's ruling class which now controls the post-colonial state.

Health Services↗
PubMed2005

Is operative management effective in treatment of perforated typhoid?

BACKGROUND: Salmonella typhi infection continues to be a significant problem worldwide. Patients suffering from "typhoid" in endemic regions such as West Africa often present late in the course of the disease with symptoms of malnutrition and peritonitis. Clinical peritonitis in these patients is invariably associated with perforation of the terminal ileum and purulent peritonitis. Operative intervention and its success have not been well documented. The purpose of this article is to review the experience of 1 hospital in West Africa and the efficacy of operative management of perforated intestine from typhoid. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients admitted between January and October of 2003 to the Carolyn Kempton Memorial Hospital in Togo, West Africa, with the diagnosis of typhoid. Demographic data including age, sex, number of perforations, and outcome were obtained. All patients were treated with ampicillin, gentamycin, and flagyl or chloramphenicol as the sole antibiotic therapy along with operative management. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-one patients with typhoid were admitted. One hundred twelve patients underwent laparotomy for perforation, 18 of whom died from persistent typhoid septicemia for a mortality rate of 16%. Reoperative management was used in some patients who did not respond immediately. CONCLUSIONS: Primary repair of typhoid perforation is a safe and effective treatment. Patients with persistent septicemia after laparotomy most likely have resistant Salmonella typhi infection. Availability of second-line antibiotic therapy in these third world countries would likely improve outcomes. Prospective studies on appropriate antibiotic therapy along with operative management in endemic areas are necessary until resources are available for preventative measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mansonella perstans causing symptomatic hypereosinophilia in a missionary family.

Mansonella perstans is rarely pathogenic. The rare reports of symptomatic cases, however, include severe complications. Three cases of symptomatic hypereosinophilia with multi-organ involvement are described in a missionary family returning from tropical Africa. Pathogenicity may be related to the induction of hypereosinophilia rather than direct host-parasite interactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Experiential learning as service for others.

Experiential learning provides an avenue for educating oneself, others, and communities and can lead to involvement in efforts designed to change social systems and improve conditions that affect a nation as a whole. This article provides an overview of experiential learning related to service and presents an example of one nurse's efforts to contribute to her community through the MERCI: Medical Equipment Recovery of Clean Inventory program at the University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗