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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Investigation of mood-congruent false and true memory recognition in depression.

The present study investigated the extent of mood-congruent false and true memory recognition in depression. A group of 25 patients with depression and 28 healthy controls completed a variant of the Deese-Roediger McDermott task. Four lists were read to participants in sequence, followed by a recognition task. The words in each list were associated with a central but unmentioned theme word that was either depression-relevant (i.e., loneliness), delusion-relevant (betrayal), positive (holidays), or neutral (window). Whereas it was expected to replicate the conventional mood-congruent effect in depression (better recognition of depression-relevant items), the available literature did not allow strong predictions to be made on the extent of mood-congruent false recognition in depression. Results showed that depressed patients learned emotionally charged material equally well as healthy participants but forgot significantly more neutral material. A conventional mood-congruent memory bias was not found, but relative to healthy controls, patients with depression committed more false recognition errors for emotionally charged words, particularly for depression-relevant items. The results confirm that depressed patients are biased toward emotional material. Reasons for the absence of the expected mood-congruent memory bias are discussed. It is suggested that researchers as well as clinicians should pay more attention to mood-congruent false recollection, because it may undermine the validity of autobiographic reports in depressive patients and may represent a maintenance factor for the disorder.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the Recognition Memory Test in traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings.

The suitability of Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for detecting memory impairment after traumatic brain injury was investigated in a pilot study of 36 patients with moderate and severe brain injuries. The patients showed significant memory deficits on both RMT subtests, Words and Faces, with greater impairment on the Faces subtest. No significant gender differences were found. The left hemisphere lesion group obtained the lowest mean score on the Words subtest, and the right hemisphere lesion group had the lowest mean score on the Faces subtest, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. At the 90-94% specificity level the sensitivity of the Faces and Words subtests for the detection of memory impairment after traumatic brain injury was 81% and 63%, respectively. The RMT appears to be a promising instrument for measuring and describing patterns of memory impairment after brain injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Modeling hippocampal and neocortical contributions to recognition memory: a complementary-learning-systems approach.

The authors present a computational neural-network model of how the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe cortex (MTLC) contribute to recognition memory. The hippocampal component contributes by recalling studied details. The MTLC component cannot support recall, but one can extract a scalar familiarity signal from MTLC that tracks how well a test item matches studied items. The authors present simulations that establish key differences in the operating characteristics of the hippocampal-recall and MTLC-familiarity signals and identify several manipulations (e.g., target-lure similarity, interference) that differentially affect the 2 signals. They also use the model to address the stochastic relationship between recall and familiarity and the effects of partial versus complete hippocampal lesions on recognition.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Verbal labeling as an assimilation mnemonic for abstract visual stimuli: the sample case of recognition memory for Chinese characters.

In four experiments, we examined the effect that presenting a verbal stimulus (viz., an English noun) alongside an abstract visual stimulus (viz., a Chinese character) enhances recognition memory for the abstract visual stimulus. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the character-plus-word combination at both encoding and retrieval results in better recognition than does a character-alone presentation or presenting the combination at encoding only. Experiment 2 demonstrated that presenting the word first and then the character results in better performance than does the opposite order. Experiment 3 showed that the concreteness value of the word, not familiarity, is the critical factor. In Experiment 4, presentation time was varied. More time was needed for liftoff from chance level for the word-character combination than for the character-alone presentation. Together, the results suggest that subjects spontaneously assimilate stimulus and word into a single representation by building asymmetric effortful imagery associations, going from the English word to the Chinese character.

China↗
PubMed2003

Facilitation of long-term object recognition memory by pretraining administration of diphenyl diselenide in mice.

Selenium compounds display antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)(2) is an organic selenium compound that affects a number of neuronal processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the systemic administration of (PhSe)(2) on novel object recognition memory in mice. Adult male CF1 mice were given an i.p. injection of (PhSe)(2) (0.2, 1.0, 5.0, or 25.0 micromol/kg) 30 min before training in an object recognition task. (PhSe)(2) did not affect short-term memory or the total time exploring both objects, but induced a facilitation of retention measured 24 h after training. The present findings show that systemic administration of (PhSe)(2) induces a facilitation of formation of long-term object recognition memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Social recognition memory: the effect of other people's responses for previously seen and unseen items.

When people discuss their memories, what one person says can influence what another person reports. In 3 studies, participants were shown sets of stimuli and then given recognition memory tests to measure the effect of one person's response on another's. The 1st study (n = 24) used word recognition with participant-confederate pairs and found that the effect of confederate responses on participant responses was larger for previously unseen items than for previously seen items (omega(p) = .23). This finding was replicated in the 2nd study, which used photographs of cars (n = 24). In the 3rd study (n = 54), which used photographs of faces with participant pairs, the effect was also larger for unseen items. Results indicate that people rely more on other people's memories for unremembered objects than for remembered objects. This is important for both theories of memory and applications (e.g., witnesses talking, students studying together).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Item and order recognition memory in subjects with hypoxic brain injury.

Subjects with hypoxic brain injury resulting in significant cell loss in the hippocampus but not the parahippocampal gyrus or temporal lobes and normal control subjects were tested for memory impairments. The Denman Memory Scale was given to all subjects as a baseline memory assessment. All subjects were then tested for item and order recognition memory for lists of six words, pictures, abstract pictures, spatial locations, and motor responses. Results indicated that hypoxic subjects are impaired compared to control subjects on the Denman memory scale for verbal, non-verbal, and full-scale memory quotients. In addition, results indicated that compared to control subjects, hypoxic subjects displayed item and order recognition deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations. A recency effect for item recognition of abstract pictures, spatial locations, and hand positions was found. For motor response order recognition, both primacy and recency effects were found, with deficits in performance for the middle items of the list. It appears that subjects with hypoxic brain injury in the face of severe memory deficits for words, pictures, abstract pictures, and spatial locations display residual capacity for remembering the last items for spatial locations, abstract designs, and hand positions. Hypoxic subjects also display residual capacity for remembering motor responses using episodic or data-based memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Variability in the impairment of recognition memory in patients with frontal lobe lesions.

Fourteen patients with frontal lobe lesions and 14 normal subjects were tested on a recognition memory task that required discriminating between target words, new words that are synonyms of the targets and unrelated distractors. A deficit was found in 12 of the patients. Moreover, three different patterns of recognition impairment were identified: (I) poor memory for targets, (II) normal hits but increased false recognitions for both types of distractors, (III) normal hit rates, but increased false recognitions for synonyms only. Differences in terms of location of the damage and behavioral characteristics between these subgroups were examined. An encoding deficit was proposed to explain the performance of patients in subgroup I. The behavioral patterns of the patients in subgroups II and III could be interpreted as deficient post-retrieval verification processes and an inability to recollect item-specific information, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Verbal factors in visual recognition memory of poor readers.

This study examined the role of verbal factors in visual learning and recognition of 36 good and 36 poor readers of normal intelligence. These second and third grade boys studied 3 sets of paired-associates in which pictorial stimuli were paired with letters, geometric designs, or abstract shapes. Recognition memory was assessed. Verbal factors measured were knowledge of names of letters and shapes, latency to label production, and verbal mediational strategies. Poor readers did not differ from good readers on any of the measures of verbal processing. Letters, geometric designs, and abstract shapes differed from one another on latency to production of labels or verbal codability. Poor readers performed significantly more poorly than good readers on the recognition task regardless of the codability of the stimuli. These findings are consistent with a perceptual deficit view of visual recognition problems of young boys who are poor readers.

Association Learning↗
PubMed1982

Interhemispheric effects in short-term recognition memory for single words.

Twenty undergraduate men participated in a short-term recognition memory experiment in which single words of four types, classified by high and low imagery value and high and low Thorndike-Lorge frequency, were each presented twice unilaterally to the right and left visual fields (RVF, LVF). Stimuli were projected either to the same or to the opposite visual field on successive presentations. Results showed that: (1) imagery value affected responses to initial presentations, but not to repetitions; and (2) the speed and accuracy of recognizing repetitions in the LVF were the same whether the stimuli had been presented initially to the LVF or the RVF, whereas speed and accuracy in the RVF were significantly poorer for words initially presented to the LVF than for words initially presented to the RVF. The latter findings are consistent with differential encoding or with asymmetrical storage of verbal information in the two hemispheres, but not with the hypothesis that the memory store for words is confined to the language-dominant hemisphere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Context-dependent recognition memory: the ICE theory.

A solution to the problem of context-dependent recognition memory is presented in terms of the item, associated context, and ensemble (ICE) theory. It is argued that different types of context effects depend on how context information is encoded at both learning and retrieval. Matching associated context in memory and a retrieval cue produces increases in both hit and false alarm rates and may not be accompanied by a change in discrimination. Integrating item and context information in an ensemble and matching ensemble information in memory and a retrieval cue produces context-dependent discrimination. Empirical support for these predictions is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Reported visual imagery for faces and facial recognition memory.

Data from several studies of college students yielded moderate correlations among faces recognition scores (ratings, answers to questions), but association between visual imagery and recognition memory for faces was small to medium. Women reported more vivid and better controlled visual imagery for faces than men.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

The question of whether recognition memory judgments with and without recollection reflect dissociable patterns of brain activity is unresolved. We used event-related, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of 12 healthy volunteers to measure hemodynamic responses associated with both studying and recognizing words. Volunteers made one of three judgments to each word during recognition: whether they recollected seeing it during study (R judgments), whether they experienced a feeling of familiarity in the absence of recollection (K judgments), or whether they did not remember seeing it during study (N judgments). Both R and K judgments for studied words were associated with enhanced responses in left prefrontal and left parietal cortices relative to N judgments for unstudied words. The opposite pattern was observed in bilateral temporoccipital regions and amygdalae. R judgments for studied words were associated with enhanced responses in anterior left prefrontal, left parietal, and posterior cingulate regions relative to K judgments. At study, a posterior left prefrontal region exhibited an enhanced response to words subsequently given R versus K judgments, but the response of this region during recognition did not differentiate R and K judgments. K judgments for studied words were associated with enhanced responses in right lateral and medial prefrontal cortex relative to both R judgments for studied words and N judgments for unstudied words, a difference we attribute to greater monitoring demands when memory judgments are less certain. These results suggest that the responses of different brain regions do dissociate according to the phenomenology associated with memory retrieval.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Response deadline and subjective awareness in recognition memory.

Level of processing and generation effects were replicated in separate experiments in which recognition memory was tested using either short (500 ms) or long (1500 ms) response deadlines. These effects were similar at each deadline. Moreover, at each deadline these effects were associated with subsequent reports of remembering, not of knowing. And reports of both knowing and remembering increased following the longer deadline. These results imply that knowing does not index an automatic familiarity process, as conceived in some dual-process models of recognition, and that both remembering and knowing increase with the slower, more controlled processing permitted by the longer response time.

Humans↗
PubMed1975

List organization and rehearsal instructions in recognition memory of retarded adults.

The effects of rehearsal training and categorical list organization on recognition memory of mentally retarded individuals was examined. Retention materials were lists of pictures in four taxonomic categories. During acquisition, subjects saw lists organized according to these categories or lists in which category members were distributed randomly. One-half of the subjects were given cumulative-rehearsal training. The remaining subjects were not given rehearsal training. Subjects who were taught to rehearse made fewer errors on the recognition test than subjects who were not taught to rehearse. List organizations did not affect correct responding. We interpreted the data as support for production-deficiency hypothesis.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Collaboration in associative recognition memory: using recalled information to defend "new" judgments.

S. E. Clark, A. Hori, A. Putnam, and T. J. Martin (2000) showed that collaboration on a recognition memory task produced facilitation in recognition of targets but had inconsistent and sometimes negative effects regarding distractors. They accounted for these results within the framework of a dual-process, recall-plus-familiarity model but showed only weak evidence to support it. The present results of 3 experiments present stronger evidence for Clark et al.'s dual-process view and also show why such evidence is difficult to obtain.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Dissociations of processes in recognition memory: effects of interference and of response speed.

Effects on two bases for recognition-memory judgements were examined using a process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991). In three experiments it was found that increasing the length of a study list interfered with conscious recollection but left familiarity in place. Furthermore, an examination of reaction time distributions as well as results from a response-signal procedure showed that familiarity was faster as a basis for recognition judgements than was conscious recollection. However, both bases contributed to performance on the fastest as well as the slowest responses, suggesting that the two processes were acting in parallel.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp) improves recognition memory in adult rats that have sustained bilateral ventral hippocampal lesions as neonates or young adults.

Recognition memory was assessed in adult rats that received bilateral injections of saline (sham lesions) or ibotenic acid (lesioned) in the ventral hippocampus as neonates (postnatal day 7, PD7) or young adult (42 days of age, PD42) using the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT). Normal or sham-lesioned rats were able to distinguish novel from familiar objects over a 0.5 and 2 h delay between the sample and choice phases. Adult rats (PD70) lesioned as neonates performed progressively worse than sham-lesioned animals at delays of 0.5 and 2 h. A single injection of darbepoetin alfa (500 or 5000 U/kg, i.p.), given 1 h before the sample phase restored performance 0.5 or 2 h later in the choice phase to same levels as sham-lesioned rats. Adults lesioned on PD42 displayed deficits in NORT performance with a 2 h delay between the choice and sample phases that were completely reversed by administration of darbepoetin alfa (5000 U/kg, i.p.) 1 h before the sample phase. These results suggest that darbepoetin alfa may have utility in treating memory deficits associated with brain dysfunction related to developmental disorders such as schizophrenia.

Animals↗