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PubMed1989

Seizures associated with recreational drug abuse.

We retrospectively identified 49 cases of recreational drug-induced seizures in 47 patients seen at the San Francisco General Hospital between 1975 and 1987. Most patients experienced a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure associated with acute drug intoxication, but 7 patients had multiple seizures and 2 patients developed status epilepticus. The recreational drugs implicated were cocaine (32 cases), amphetamine (11), heroin (7), and phencyclidine (4). A combination of drugs was responsible in 11 cases. Seizures occurred independent of the route of administration, and occurred in both first-time and chronic abusers. Ten patients (21%) reported having had prior seizures, all with a close temporal association with drug abuse. Other than 1 patient who developed prolonged status epilepticus that caused a fixed neurologic deficit, most patients had no obvious short-term neurologic sequelae.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Sporadic cases and an outbreak of leptospirosis probably associated with recreational activities in rivers in the northern part of Okinawa Main Island.

In the summer of 2003, sporadic cases and an outbreak of human leptospirosis probably related to recreation in rivers occurred in the northern part of Okinawa Main Island. Sixteen of 22 suspected cases were definitely diagnosed as leptospirosis by serological test or isolation. The infective leptospiral serovar in 14 cases was presumed to be Hebdomadis. Transmission was thought to occur by exposure to river water that was contaminated by the urine of infected animals. The findings indicate that recreation in rivers in this area is a significant risk factor for infection with leptospires.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Recreational use of sildenafil by HIV-positive and -negative homosexual/bisexual males.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an epidemiologic review of sildenafil in homosexual and bisexual males focusing on concurrent use with club drugs and/or antiretroviral medications. DATA SOURCES: A search of MEDLINE was conducted (1966-September 2003), and an extensive manual review of journals was performed using the key search terms club drugs, sildenafil, antiretrovirals, and HIV. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and information deemed relevant was included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Several epidemiologic studies have reported that sildenafil is abused in a recreational fashion, typically with agents commonly known to be "club drugs." In this setting, sildenafil may reverse the impotence-inducing effects of the club drugs and restore sexual capabilities. Many implications of both recreational and nonrecreational use of sildenafil exist in relation to HIV disease. Concern has been raised regarding the potential effects on high-risk sexual practices. Also, several researchers have documented interactions between sildenafil and various club drugs, as well as with antiretrovirals intended for HIV disease. CONCLUSIONS: Serious concerns exist regarding the concurrent use of sildenafil with antiretrovirals and/or club drugs. Clinicians prescribing sildenafil to patients receiving protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimens should be aware of the potential for reduced sildenafil metabolism with resultant adverse effects. Additionally, untoward effects may also occur when sildenafil is used concurrently with various club drugs including amyl and butyl nitrites ("poppers").

Anti-HIV Agents↗

PubMed2004

Initial years of recreational artistic gymnastics training improves lumbar spine bone mineral accrual in 4- to 8-year-old females.

UNLABELLED: Gymnasts' bone mineral characteristics are generally not known before starting their sport. Prepubertal females who enrolled in beginning artistic gymnastics (n = 65) had lower bone mineral than controls (n = 78). However, 2 years of gymnastics participation versus no participation led to a significantly greater accrual of forearm bone area and lumbar spine areal BMD. INTRODUCTION: The skeletal response to exercise in children compared with adults is heightened because of the high bone turnover rate and the ability of bone to change its size and shape. Whereas child gymnasts generally have greater rates of bone mineral accrual compared with nongymnasts, it is unknown if some of these skeletal advantages are present before the onset of training or are caused entirely by training. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Changes in bone area (BA; cm2), BMC (g), and areal BMD (aBMD; g/cm2) over 24 months were examined in prepubertal females, 4-8 years of age, who selected to perform recreational gymnastics (GYM; n = 65), nongymnastic activities, or no organized activity (CON; n = 78). Participants had essentially no lifetime history of organized athletic participation (< 12 weeks). Pubertal maturation was assessed annually by a physician. Total body, lumbar spine, total proximal femur, and forearm BA, BMC, and aBMD were measured every 6 months using DXA (Hologic QDR-1000W). Independent samples t-tests determined baseline group differences. Nonlinear mixed effects models were used to model 24-month changes in bone data. In subset analyses, high-level gymnasts advancing to competition (HLG; n = 9) were compared with low-level nonadvancing gymnasts (LLG; n = 56). RESULTS: At baseline, GYM were shorter, lighter, and had lower BA, BMC, and aBMD compared with CON (p < 0.05), whereas HLG did not differ significantly in these measurements compared with LLG (p > 0.05). Controlling for differences in race, baseline measures of body mass, height, and calcium intake, and change in breast development beyond stage II at 24 months, GYM had greater long-term (asymptotic) mean responses for total body aBMD and forearm BMC (p < 0.04) and greater rates of increase in the mean responses of lumbar spine aBMD and forearm BA compared with CON over 24 months. Over time, forearm BA increased to a greater extent in HLG compared with LLG (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Females participating in recreational gymnastics initiated during childhood have enhanced bone mineral gains at the total body, lumbar spine, and forearm over 24 months. Higher-level training promotes additional gains in forearm BA.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

A cross-sectional study on the relationship between leisure or recreational physical activity and coronary risk factors.

Several researchers have investigated the relationship between physical activity and coronary risk factors. Little is known about the strength of the relationship between physical activity and each coronary risk factor. The aim of this study is to determined the strength of the relationship between leisure or recreational physical activity and selected coronary risk factors. The subjects were 781 male Japanese office workers who underwent an annual physical examination in 1999, including interview about the type and frequency of their leisure or recreational physical activities, other lifestyle questionnaire, and biological measurement, calculated a physical activity index (PAI) for each subject. To investigate the strength of the relationship between PAI and each coronary risk factor, we carried out multiple regression analysis. Smoking habit, log triglycerides, self-rating depression scale (SDS) score, alcohol habit and left ventricular hypertrophy were significantly related to the physical activity (partial R2: 0.031, 0.018, 0.016, 0.0092, 0.0075, respectively). Smoking habit was the strongest determinant of the physical activity. Furthermore, we found the inverse relationship between SDS score and physical activity independently.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2003

Asthma and recreational SCUBA diving: a systematic review.

Asthma has traditionally been a contraindication to recreational self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving, although large numbers of patients with asthma partake in diving. The purpose of this paper is to review all the research relevant to the issue of the safety of asthma in divers. MEDLINE and MDConsult were searched for papers between 1980-2002. Keywords used for the search were 'asthma', 'SCUBA' and 'diving'. Additional references were reviewed from the bibliographies of received articles.A total of fifteen studies were identified as relevant to the area. These included three surveys of divers with asthma, four case series and eight mechanistic investigations of the effect of diving on pulmonary function. The survey data showed a high prevalence of asthma among recreational SCUBA divers, similar to the prevalence of asthma among the general population. There was some weak evidence for an increase in rates of decompression illness among divers with asthma. In healthy participants, wet hyperbaric chamber and open-water diving led to a decrease in forced vital capacity, forced expired volume over 1.0 second and mid-expiratory flow rates. In participants with asymptomatic respiratory atopy, diving caused a decrease in airway conductivity.There is some indication that asthmatics may be at increased risk of pulmonary barotrauma, but more research is necessary. Decisions regarding diving participation among asthmatics must be made on an individual basis involving the patient through informed, shared decision making.

Asthma↗

PubMed1995

Relationship of alcohol consumption and recreational boating in Beaufort County, North Carolina.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between alcohol use and recreational boating activities. Two hundred eleven (n = 211) boaters were surveyed at three boating access locations in Beaufort County, North Carolina. The survey questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions designed to obtain information on boat operators and their use of alcoholic beverages while engaging in boating activities. Prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were significantly associated (p < .05) with the type of activity engaged in. Among those boaters who had received some type of boating safety education, a higher prevalence of alcohol use while boating was observed. The prevalence and amount of alcohol use while boating were found to be significantly (p < .05) associated with the location (public versus private) of boating access. In light of the findings, it is apparent that boating alcohol education and legislation for the North Carolina boating population need assessment and revision. The implications of the findings could have far-reaching effects upon education and prevention among the recreational boating population, particularly if further research in this area supports these finding.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Emergence of recreational drug abuse as a major risk factor for stroke in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and epidemiologic relations between recreational drug abuse and stroke in young persons. DESIGN: A case-control study based on medical records. SETTING: San Francisco General Hospital, a 400-bed municipal hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive sample of 214 patients aged 15 to 44 years, admitted between 1979 and 1988 with a diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. An equal number of control patients admitted with diagnoses of status asthmaticus, acute appendicitis, or acute cholecystitis were matched to stroke patients by age, sex, and year of hospitalization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-three patients with stroke (34%) were drug abusers compared with 18 (8%) of the controls. In 47 patients with stroke, temporal proximity of drug administration (n = 34) or infectious endocarditis (n = 13) suggested a direct association between drug abuse and stroke. After controlling for other identifiable stroke risk factors, the estimated relative risk for stroke among drug abusers compared with that among non-drug abusers was 6.5 (95% CI, 3.1 to 13.6), and this increased to 49.4 (CI, 6.4 to 379.0) for those patients whose symptoms began within 6 hours of drug administration. Among patients less than 35 years of age, drug abuse was the most commonly identified potential predisposing condition (47%), and it was the only condition with a significantly elevated relative risk for stroke (11.7; CI, 3.2 to 42.5). Further, a substantial rise in the proportion of drug-related strokes was observed in the last 3 years of the study (31% in 1986 to 1988, compared with 15% in 1979 to 1985, P = 0.008). Cocaine, especially recently, was the drug used most frequently in drug-related strokes. CONCLUSION: In an urban population such as ours, recreational drug abuse appears to be a prominent and growing risk factor for strokes in young adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Cardiac and humoral changes induced by recreational scuba diving.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the possible clinical relevance of circulating bubbles after a recreational scuba dive. Twenty healthy subjects (18 male, 2 female; age range 25-36 yr) underwent a Doppler-echocardiographic study in basal conditions and 1.9+/-0.2 h after a recreational scuba dive. Venous blood samples were taken just before the two ultrasonic studies to obtain leukocyte and platelet counts and plasma activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; assumed as pulmonary endothelial damage marker). Circulating bubbles were observed in the right heart chambers of 12 subjects after the dive. The echocardiographic and humoral data were evaluated before and after diving in subjects with and without circulating bubbles. At the postdive evaluation, a significant increase in right ventricular dimensions (37.4+/-3.9 vs. 40.7+/-4.0 mm; P < 0.01) and a significant reduction of early diastolic filling velocities of both right (59.1+/-16.4 vs. 48.9+/-6.9 cm x s-(-1); P < 0.05) and left (76.2+/-9.9 vs. 67.5+/-10.2 cm x s(-1); P < 0.02) ventricle were observed in the group with circulating bubbles. In the same group, significant increases in ACE activity (92.9+/-41.1 vs. 105.9+/-41.7 U x liter(-1); P < 0.05), platelets (217+/-34 vs. 232+/-35 10(3) x microl(-1); P < 0.01), and granulocytes (3,704+/-715 x microl(-1) vs. 5,212+/-1,995 x microl(-1); P < 0.001) were observed. The bubble-free group showed only a postdive significant decrease of left ventricular early diastolic filling velocity (74+/-6.8 vs. 62.6+/-4.5 cm x s(-1); P < 0.005). These data may indicate that circulating gas bubbles are associated with cardiac changes, suggesting a right ventricular overload and an impairment of ventricular diastolic performance. Postdive humoral and hematologic changes are consistent with the hypothesis that "silent" gas bubbles may damage pulmonary endothelium and activate the reactive systems of the human body.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Acute and chronic dopamine dynamics in a nonhuman primate model of recreational cocaine use.

Using a model of recreational cocaine consumption, we have determined in four rhesus monkeys the impact of self-administered cocaine on mesolimbic and sensorimotor striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. The effects of cocaine repeated within a self-administration session and across multiple sessions over a 6 month period were determined by the use of fixed-ratio self-administration and microdialysis procedures. The exposure to cocaine was modest, with at most two 0.5 mg/kg infusions permitted in each weekly session. Within a cocaine self-administration session, acute tolerance to the ability of cocaine to elevate extracellular striatal dopamine was observed. Over a period of 6 months of repeated self-administration, there was a significant increase in the impact of a fixed dose on extracellular dopamine, indicating that neurochemical sensitization to the effects of self-administered cocaine occurs in primates. A pronounced dopaminergic response to noncontingent cocaine was also observed, with no increases in extracellular dopamine in response to an unexpected saline substitution, indicating that the neurochemical response to self-administered cocaine is primarily caused by direct pharmacological effects of the drug rather than by conditioning to external environmental cues. These results highlight the contrast in time-dependent changes in neurochemical responsiveness to cocaine, depending on whether within-session or between-session comparisons are made. They also demonstrate that recreational levels of cocaine consumption can result in neurochemical sensitization, an enduring change in brain function that may contribute to addiction.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

The use of amalgam powder and calcium hydroxide to recreate a radiopaque image of a lost dental restoration.

Radiographs of dental restorations are highly reliable when used to identify postmortem dental remains. A problem exists if key dental restorations are missing or defective, which results in the loss of a comparative radiographic image. This article describes a simple method allowing the odontologist to quickly recreate a temporary radiopaque restoration. This article presents a method of using amalgam powder (radiopaque material) and calcium hydroxide (radiopaque material and transport medium for the amalgam powder) to recreate a radiopaque image on a tooth that has lost a dental restoration. Amalgam powder and calcium hydroxide is easily obtained (in any dental office), fairly clean, easy to manipulate, inexpensive, inert, stable, and able to be removed without damaging the dental remains. The amalgam powder/calcium hydroxide mixture can easily be re-shaped or modified to reflect the radiopaque image of the original restoration. Radiographic comparison of the "restored" dental remains to the antemortem radiographs is now possible. The use of this technique is presented in a case report.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

PubMed2003

Test performance indicators from a single soccer specific fitness test differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single soccer specific fitness test (SSFT) could differentiate between highly trained and recreationally active soccer players in selected test performance indicators. METHODS SUBJECTS: 13 Academy Scholars (AS) from a professional soccer club and 10 Recreational Players (RP) agreed to participate in this study. Test 1--VO(2) max was estimated from a progressive shuttle run test to exhaustion. Test 2--The SSFT was controlled by an automated procedure and alternated between walking, sprinting, jogging and cruise running speeds. Three activity blocks (1A, 2A and 3A) were separated by 3 min rest periods in which blood lactate samples were drawn. The 3 blocks of activity (Part A) were followed by 10 min of exercise at speeds alternating between jogging and cruise running (Part B). RESULTS: Estimated VO(2) max did not significantly differ between groups, although a trend for a higher aerobic capacity was evident in AS (p<0.09). Exercising heart rates did not differ between AS and RP, however, recovery heart rates taken from the 3 min rest periods were significantly lower in AS compared with RP following blocks 1A (124.65 b x min(-1) +/-7.73 and 133.98 b x min(-1) +/-6.63), (p<0.05) and 3A (129.91 b x min(-1) +/-10.21 and 138.85 b x min(-1) +/-8.70), (p<0.01). Blood lactate concentrations were significantly elevated in AS in comparison to RP following blocks 2A (6.91 mmol x l(-1) +/-2.67 and 4.74 mmol x l(-1) +/-1.28) and 3A (7.18 mmol x l(-1) +/-2.97 and 4.88 mmol x l(-1) +/-1.50), (p<0.05). AS sustained significantly faster average sprint times in block 3A compared with RP (3.18 sec +/-0.12 and 3.31 sec +/-0.12), (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that highly trained soccer players are able to sustain, and more quickly recover from, high intensity intermittent exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Rural sports and recreational injuries in Australia: what do we know?

OBJECTIVE: It is widely recognised that individuals residing in regional or rural areas have poorer health outcomes than those from metropolitan areas. Factors associated with these poorer health outcomes include geographical isolation, population declines, limited health care provision and higher levels of inactivity compared to urban areas. The mental, social and physical health of individuals and communities in rural areas can be improved through active participation in sport and recreation activities. Unfortunately, participation in such activities can potentially lead to injury. There is a suggestion that there is an increased risk of sports injuries in rural areas due to the lack of health professionals and coaching personnel, fewer available volunteers to organise and deliver sport, and the general attitude towards injuries in rural settings. RESULTS: There is very limited information about the number and types of injuries sustained during participation in sports activities in rural and regional settings. This is largely related to a lack of formal sporting structures and support mechanisms including research funding and trained personnel. CONCLUSION: A range of factors need to be implemented to improve safety for sporting and recreational participants in these areas. These include improved monitoring of injury occurrence, stronger promotion of safety initiatives and wider implementation of education strategies.

Athletic Injuries↗

PubMed2004

Sports and recreational injuries in children and adolescents: prevention and education.

Youth and children's sports are becoming increasingly popular in America. Previous studies have shown that children and adolescents are not small adults in their responses to exercise and stress. As children around the world become involved in more competitive and organized sports activities, the frequency and severity of acute and overuse injuries continue to rise. Safety guidelines, protective equipment and prevention education are crucial to reducing pediatric recreational and sports injuries. Preventing injuries and ensuring safe athletic practices are necessary for children and adolescents to continue to receive benefits from organized sports and recreational activities. Efforts to minimize these injuries are warranted both to ensure the long-term health of children and to reduce medical costs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[The coral reefs and coral communities of Bahía Culebra , Pacific coast of Costa Rica: biological aspects, economic-recreational and diving activities].

The coral reefs (AC) and coral communities on basalts (CCB) or sand (CCA) of Bahía Culebra (Golfo de Papagayo, northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica), were compared with descriptors such as cover percentage, diversity, substrate topographical heterogeneity (I(H)), associated organisms and frequency of recreational-commercial diving activities on them. Sea urchin abundance and I(H) were similar among the three reefal environments. The AC had higher coral cover (ca. 40%) and total live cover (>50%). The CCB had higher macro and calcareous algae (>5%) and sponges (>2%). Associated organisms (>2%) and general diversity (0.6) were higher in the CCA. Branching coral species (Pocillopora spp.) accounted for >40% of total coral cover in the reefs, followed by massive species (ca. 30%). In the CCB, branching species contributed ca. 80% and massive ca. 19%, whilst in the CCA ca. 68% and ca. 29% respectively. This differences could be related with the substrate consolidation and ample depth range of coral communities. Most of the recreational dives were conducted at the CCB; only occasionally the CCA and AC are visited. Interviewed divers had a principal interest on fish and it is precisely at the CCB where highest fish diversity and biomass are observed. Commercial divers tend to prefer the CCB because of their abundance and distribution in the bay. At the outer littoral of Bahía Culebra, diversity of all taxa and live coral cover zonal distribution are generally higher. In addition to these descriptors, indexes that indicate the regional value of a particular reef or coral community is recommended. Coastal infrastructure is mainly concentrated at three areas of the bay; one of them harbors a rare Leptoseris papyracea reef (the only reported so far in the eastern Pacific) and the solely Costa Rican living population of the free living coral Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata. A resort marina will be built over this reef. A protection plan for this and other reefal environments of Bahía Culebra is urgent and must include the monitoring of environmental variables and coral health.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Plasma glucose responses in recreational divers with insulin-requiring diabetes.

Insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus (IRDM) is commonly described as an absolute contraindication to scuba diving. A 1993 Divers Alert Network survey, however, identified many active IRDM divers. We report on the plasma glucose response to recreational diving in IRDM divers. Plasma glucose values were collected before and after diving in IRDM and healthy control divers. Time/depth profiles of 555 dives in IRDM divers were recorded. IRDM divers had been diving for a mean of almost nine years and had diabetes for a mean of over 15 years. No symptoms or complications related to hypoglycemia were reported (or observed). Post-dive plasma glucose fell below 70 mg x dL(-1) in 7% (37/555) of the IRDM group dives compared to 1% (6/504) of the controls (p<0.05). Moderate levels of hyperglycemia were also noted in 23 divers with IRDM on 84 occasions. While large plasma glucose swings from pre-dive to post-dive were noted, our observations indicate that plasma glucose levels, in moderately-controlled IRDM, can be managed to avoid hypoglycemia during routine recreational dives under ordinary environmental conditions and low risk decompression profiles.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional intake and recreational physical activity in healthy elderly women living in the community.

PURPOSE: Recreational physical activity, which increases energy expenditure, may help to maintain proper food intake. To compare the nutritional intake of inactive, active and very active healthy elderly women. METHODS: Eighty-two women were recruited in the community. Participants had to be > or = 65 years and in good health (< or = 2 drugs, < or = 1 major illness, < or = 1 surgical operation, no disability in basic or instrumental activities of daily living and no cognitive impairment). We compared food intakes between the 26 inactive (age 73.9 +/- 7.7 y, BMI 24.3 +/- 3.2 kg/m2), the 29 active (age 71.5 +/- 5.6 y, BMI 23.2 +/- 3.5 kg/m2) and the 27 very active (age 70.9 +/- 4.8 y, BMI 24.3 +/- 3.2 kg/m2) healthy women. The nutritional intake was evaluated by a three-day food record. Macronutrient, mineral and vitamin content were derived from tables. Self-reported type, duration and frequency of recreational physical activities during the last month were converted into energy expenditures. RESULTS: Despite high levels of energy intake (mean 1743.9 kcal/d), mean intakes of calcium, vitamin B1, E and folic acid were lower than Recommended Dietary Allowances (-26.2%, -12%, -50.8%, -2.4% respectively) in the whole sample. There were no significant differences of energy intake and quantities of nutrients between the groups except for calcium intake which was significantly higher in inactive women (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Active healthy elderly women do not have a better nutritional profile than their inactive peers.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The association of sports and physical recreation with life satisfaction in a community sample of people with spinal cord injuries.

The purpose of this study is to assess satisfaction with life domains in people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and investigate whether participation in sports and physical recreation is associated with life satisfaction in SCI. 1,748 randomly selected participants with SCI who fulfilled the criteria: SCI at level C5 or below, wheelchair dependent; aged 18-50 at the time of injury; at least 1 year post-injury, were approached to take part in this study. Completed replies were received from 985 individuals with SCI (198 women, 798 men). The measures used included the Sports Participation Questionnaire, the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The numbers of hours participating in sports decreased significantly after injury. There was a greater decrease in numbers participating in team sports in comparison to the decrease seen in numbers participating in individual sports. The highest level of satisfaction existed within social domains such as: family life and contacts with friends. The lowest level of satisfaction was found in regard to the participant's sexual life and vocational situation. Higher satisfaction with life in general was demonstrated in respondents with SCI involved in sports or physical recreation compared to those not participating in physical activities.

Adult↗