EXTERNAL GAMMA EXPOSURE TO MAN FROM THE FISSION PRODUCTS DISPERSED IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
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Natural and fallout radioactivity in some book samples were measured with an HPGe detector coupled with a 4096 channel analyzer in order to estimate the radiation doses to readers' eyes from books. The radiation doses to a population at large due to the presence of radioactivity in the book are not significant. Thus, no radiation hazard occurs from the radioactivity content in the book. The estimated radiation doses to eyes were found to be below the maximum permissible dose to eyes recommended by ICRP.
The Isle of Man is particularly vulnerable to radioactive pollution being located in the middle of the Irish Sea, only 55 km from the Sellafield nuclear site. Paradoxically, radioactive fallout from the accident at Chernobyl is the only significant radioactive pollution on the Island and requires legal restrictions on sheep farming. This paper gives an overview of the occurrence and magnitude of radioactive pollution on the Isle of Man, using results of live-monitoring of the Island's hill flocks since August 1987, and data selected from the results of laboratory analysis of more than 1000 samples of foodstuffs and environmental materials between 1990 and 1993. Radioactive contamination is of no significance in local agricultural produce, however, about one sixth of the Island's hill grazing land is still subject to controls. Sellafield pollutants are found only in samples from the marine environment.
Assessments of the impact from radioactive fallout on the pulp industry and the accumulation processes for radionuclides in such industries, using wood and water as primary raw materials, have been conducted in previous studies. Hitherto, there is a general lack of data on present levels of radioactivity in pulp mill liquors apart from the few mills studied by Nilsson (1992); Ravila and Holm (1992); Manjón et al. (1996); Krosshavn et al. (1997). A survey was therefore initiated to describe and compare the present activity levels in pulp mill liquors from various mill locations in Sweden. The 137Cs activity in pulp mill liquors were compared with the mill location and the deposition pattern of the Chernobyl fallout and nuclear weapons fallout. The large input of wood (approx. 2500 m3 day-1) to an average Nordic Kraft mill and the relatively long-term retention time for radiocesium in the Kraft mill recovery cycle enables representative sampling of substances directly related to the activity concentration in wood.
Portions of an adult human lung were studied by autoradiography in order to detect the presence of fallout particles. The radioactivity in the remainder of the tissue was determined with a gamma-ray spectrometer. Four particles were found and their activities were determined. From the measurement for total-fission-product activity in the lung tissue it was calculated that there were approximately 264 particles in the right lung at the time of death.