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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Maternal race, procedures, and infant birth weight in type 2 and gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between race and cesarean delivery, episiotomy, and low birth weight infants in pregnancies with type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus and to identify factors that might explain racial differences. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study of 1999-2004 Maryland hospital discharge data. Hospitalizations for delivery of pregnancies with type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus were identified and matched to infants. The independent variable was maternal race. Dependent variables were cesarean delivery, episiotomy, and low infant birth weight. Stepwise logistic regression models were developed to estimate the independent effect of race on use of each procedure and infant birth weight, after adjusting for sociodemographic, hospital, and clinical factors. RESULTS: We examined 6,310 deliveries for pregnancies with type 2 (15%) and gestational (85%) diabetes. Before adjustment, black race was associated with a higher odds of cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-1.58) and low birth weight infants (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.57-2.40) compared with white race. Adjustment for racial differences in preeclampsia and fetal heart rate abnormalities accounted for a modest degree of the racial variation in outcomes. With full adjustment, black race was still associated with a higher odds of cesarean delivery (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.20-1.60) and low birth weight (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.41-2.34) and a lower odds of episiotomy (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.36-0.57). CONCLUSION: In pregnancies with diabetes, adjustment for sociodemographic, hospital, and clinical factors only partially explains racial differences in procedure use and infant low birth weight.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudinal barriers to delivery of race-targeted pharmacogenomics among informed lay persons.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain attitudes of prospective patients relevant to the delivery of race-based pharmacogenomics. METHODS: Written anonymous survey and qualitative responses in two sets of reactance format focus groups over-sampled for minority groups in urban, suburban, and rural communities conducted from February through April, 2002 [N = 104] and August through November, 2002 [N = 120]. RESULTS: Participants do not associate "races" exclusively with continental clusters. They have incomplete knowledge of their recent ancestors (39.6% do not know all their biological grandparents). They would be highly suspicious of race-labeled drugs; with 47.5% saying they would be very suspicious of their safety and 40.6% indicating they would be very suspicious of their efficacy. A substantial minority of African-American participants (13.2%) would prefer to take the drugs designated for European Americans. Effect of discussion of race-based medicine on racial attitudes is ambiguous. CONCLUSIONS: Patient knowledge of ancestry and suspicion of race-designated drugs constitute substantial barriers that need to be incorporated in judging the likely effectiveness of race-based pharmacogenomics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparative investigation of two rotary nickel-titanium instruments: ProTaper versus RaCe. Part 1. Shaping ability in simulated curved canals.

AIM: To compare the shaping ability of ProTaper with Reamer with Alternating Cutting Edges (RaCe) instruments. Part 1 of this two-part report describes the efficacy of these two nickel-titanium instruments in simulated curved root canals. METHODOLOGY: Simulated canals with 28 degrees and 35 degrees curves in resin blocks were prepared with ProTaper and RaCe instruments using a crown-down preparation technique (n = 24 canals in each case). Pre- and postinstrumentation images were recorded, and assessment of canal shape was completed with a computer image analysis program. Material removal was measured at 20 measuring points, beginning 1 mm from the apex. Incidence of canal aberrations, preparation time, changes of working length and instrument failures were also recorded. The data were analysed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U-test or the chi-square test. RESULTS: On average, canals prepared with RaCe instruments remained better centred compared with those enlarged with ProTaper files. Three RaCe instruments and two ProTaper files fractured during preparation (P > 0.05). Between both the canal types, RaCe was significantly faster (P < 0.001) than ProTaper and maintained working length significantly better (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both instruments prepared curved canals rapidly and were relatively safe. RaCe respected original canal curvature better than ProTaper, which tended to transport towards the outer aspect of the curve.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1993

Variation in the ribosomal RNA cistron among host-adapted races of an aphid (Schizaphis graminum).

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, is an aphid species that consists of races that can be separated based on morphology, life histories, cytogenetics, mitochondrial DNA RFLPs and virulence to plant cultivars. Variation in the greenbug rDNA multigene family was studied to determine the extent to which rDNA cistrons have diverged among and within races. A restriction map of the rDNA cistron was constructed. Probing DNA from different races with subclones from rDNA coding regions and internal spacers identified little variation. However, probing with subclones of the intergenic spacer (IGS) identified continuous length variation within and among races. Race specific patterns were identified. Within a race, almost continuous variation in total IGS length was detected and asexual lineages possessed distinct patterns useful in genetic fingerprinting studies.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2005

Conceptualizing and categorizing race and ethnicity in health services research.

OBJECTIVES: Veterans Affairs (VA) patient populations are becoming increasingly diverse in race and ethnicity. The purpose of this paper is to (1) document the importance of using consistent standards of conceptualizing and categorizing race and ethnicity in health services research, (2) provide an overview of different methods currently used to assess race and ethnicity in health services research, and (3) suggest assessment methods that could be incorporated into health services research to ensure accurate assessment of disease prevalence and incidence, as well as accounts of appropriate health services use, in patients with different racial and ethnic backgrounds. DESIGN: A critical review of published literature was used. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Race is a complex, multidimensional construct. For some individuals, institutionalized racism and internalized racism are intertwined in the effects of race on health outcomes and health services use. Ethnicity is most commonly used as a social-political construct and includes shared origin, shared language, and shared cultural traditions. Acculturation appears to affect the strength of the relationships among ethnicity, health outcomes, and health services use. CONCLUSIONS: Improved and consistent methods of data collection need to be developed for use by VA researchers across the country. VA research sites with patients representing specific population groups could use a core set of demographic items in addition to expanded modules designed to assess the ethnic diversity within these population groups. Improved and consistent methods of data collection could result in the collection of higher-quality data, which could lead to the identification of race- and ethnic-specific health services needs. These investigations could in turn lead to the development of interventions designed to reduce or eliminate these disparities.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Brief report: lack of a race effect in primary care ratings among women veterans.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of race on primary care quality and satisfaction among women in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). METHODS: We used a mail survey to measure primary care quality and satisfaction. We focused on 4 primary care domains: patient preference for provider, interpersonal communication, accumulated knowledge, and coordination. We performed univariate analyses to compare variables by race and multiple logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of race on the probability of reporting a perfect score on each domain, while adjusting for patient characteristics and site. RESULTS: Black women were younger, unmarried, educated, of higher income, and reported female providers and gynecological care in VA more often. In regression analysis, race was not significantly associated with any primary care domain or satisfaction. Gynecological care from VA provider was associated with perfect ratings on patient preference for provider (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.3, 3.1), and satisfaction (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2, 2.3), while female provider was associated with interpersonal communication (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.4, 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: While demographics and health experiences vary by race among veterans, race had no effect on primary care ratings. Future studies need to determine whether this racial equity persists in health outcomes among women veterans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Completion rates and injuries in alpine races during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games.

The starting lists for the alpine disciplines during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer totalled 555 racers, but only 354 of them (64%) completed the different races. The race completion rate was 43% in the slalom, 51% in the giant slalom, 75% in the super giant slalom and 91% in the downhill. In combined downhill/slalom the race completion rate was 60%, but 96% in the downhill and 68% in the slalom part of the combination, respectively. Only three injuries were recorded, all in females. Including the training competitions a total of 1541 runs through the different alpine courses was recorded during the games. This means an injury rate of 1.9 injuries per 1000 runs. For downhill the injury rate was only 1.1 per 1000 runs. If the injury rate is related to the number of skiers who did not finish the race because of falls or skiing errors, the rate was 21.1 injuries per 1000 falls (skiing errors) for all alpine races. In conclusion, the race completion rate was twice as high in downhill as in slalom, and the injury rate was low.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2006

Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of self-reported infectious episodes (IE) during 3 weeks before (pre-IE) and 3 weeks after (post-IE) a marathon race and relate these figures to training status, running time, socioeconomic and demographic factors. Two questionnaires, including questions about important factors for IE incidence, were given to a representative cohort of 1694 runners (17% of all finishers) in the Stockholm Marathon 2000. Pre-IE incidence in the cohort was 17% with no difference between women and men. Post-IE incidence in the whole cohort was 19% with no significant (P>0.05) difference between women and men. The post-IE incidence in runners without a pre-IE was 16% (P>0.05 to pre-IE incidence). In the group of runners with pre-IE, 33% experienced an IE after the race also (P<0.05 to Pre-IE incidence). A logistic regression analysis showed that younger age and pre race health status and, for men only, experienced nausea during and after the race were depended factors explaining post-IE incidence. Younger runners were more prone to experience IE both before and after the race. There was no relation between training volume 6 months before the race, finishing time and socioeconomic and demographic factors and pre-IE or post-IE. This study does not support the theory of increased infection rate after exhaustive long-distance running ("The Open Window Theory") in recreational runners, but suggests that the sometimes experienced increased rate of infections among athletes can be caused by strenuous exercise too soon after an infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Calculating multirace categories and race-specific rates: a cautionary note to rural health researchers and analysts.

CONTEXT: Revised federal standards for racial and ethnic data have resulted in 57 new self-selected multirace categories that cannot be directly compared with traditional "one-race-only" categories. "Bridge methods" are available, but each produces different estimates of single-race populations, raising concern about the potential influence on calculated rates for rural and nonmetropolitan areas. PURPOSE: to examine the potential impact of several bridge methods when calculating race-specific mortality rates. METHODS: Population and mortality data were collected for 75 counties in Arkansas, and race-specific mortality rates were calculated using 3 deterministic bridging methods: (1) Equal Fractions, (2) Largest Group, and (3) Largest Group Other Than White. The mortality rates were compared at the state and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan levels, as well as for 4 rural substate regions. FINDINGS: Variable rates were obtained from different methods. Estimated mortality rates for the largest single-race groups, White and Black, varied only slightly by method at the state and nonmetropolitan/metropolitan levels. The rural substate regions with the smallest Black populations showed the greatest variation between method-estimated rates for Blacks. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the smallest minority race categories are exceedingly susceptible to the impact of bridge method selection, especially in nonmetropolitan substate regions.

Arkansas↗
PubMed2006

Race, money and medicines.

Taking notice of race is both risky and inevitable, in medicine no less than in other endeavors. On the one hand, race can be a useful stand-in for unstudied genetic and environmental factors that yield differences in disease expression and therapeutic response. Attention to race can make a therapeutic difference, to the point of saving lives. On the other hand, racial distinctions have social meanings that are often pejorative or worse, especially when these distinctions are cast as culturally or biologically fixed. I argue in this essay that we should start with a presumption against racial categories in medicine, but permit their use when it might prolong lives or meaningfully improve health. Use of racial categories should be understood as an interim step; follow-up inquiry into the factors that underlie race-correlated clinical differences is important both to improve the efficacy of clinical care and to prevent race in itself from being misunderstood as a biological determinant. If we pursue such inquiry with vigor, the pernicious effects of racial categories on public understanding can be managed. But perverse market and regulatory incentives create the danger that use of race will be "locked-in," once drugs or other therapies are approved. These incentives should be revisited.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1994

Relationships between electrocardiographic findings, racing performance and training in standardbred horses.

The presence of abnormal T waves in three or more electrocardiographic leads has been used to diagnose the cause of poor race performance in horses. This study investigated the relationship between previous racing performance in Standardbred horses and T waves, and the effect of training on the T wave. Thirty-two horses were electrocardiographed in two Sydney racing stables. Sixteen horses (50%) had ECGs with three or more leads with abnormal T waves, and these horses had won more races, had a greater ratio of wins per start and a greater number of dollars earned per start than horses with less than three abnormal T waves (P < 0.05). Horses with abnormal T waves also had significantly faster racing times (P < 0.01). There were significant (P < 0.01) correlations between the number of abnormal T waves and both number of wins (R = 0.47) and dollars earned per start (R = 0.45). Fastest winning mile rate was also negatively correlated with number of leads with abnormal T waves (R = -0.52, P < 0.01). Twenty two horses were also electrocardiographed within seven days of good racing performance. The mean number of abnormal T waves was 2.7 +/- 0.41, and the mean T wave amplitude in the four chest leads (CV, CR, CL, CF) was 0.9 +/- 0.15 mV. Thirteen horses (59%) had abnormal T waves in three or more leads. The effect of training on the T wave was also investigated in nine previously untrained and unraced Standardbred racehorses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs.

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.

Alaska↗
PubMed1983

Haematology of the racing Thoroughbred in Australia 2: haematological values compared to performance.

Eight hundred and sixteen blood samples were collected from Thoroughbred racehorses at the race track, 1 to 3 h before racing, and subjected to routine haematological examination. Attempts were made to correlate the haemogram with subsequent performance. Races were classified according to age, class and distance, and performances were grouped according to distance from the winner. Intra- and interclass comparisons were made but no relationship emerged between racing performance and the haemogram. The haemograms of individual horses on different occasions were compared with subsequent performance, but no consistent or significant relationships were apparent. The extent of the rise in red and white cell parameters between horses at rest and immediately before racing were examined as indicators of performance, but no correlations found. It was concluded that under the conditions of this survey no relationship existed between the haemogram of the Thoroughbred racehorse and its racing performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of frusemide on bodyweight loss and recovery in racing Standardbreds.

This study was conducted to compare bodyweight (bwt) loss and recovery in Standardbred horses receiving frusemide compared to controls. Thirty Standardbred horses from 7 training stables that were racing at the Red Mile in Lexington, Kentucky, during the spring 2001 pari-mutuel meeting were studied. Fourteen horses (FRU) received frusemide (250 mg/horse i.v.) 4 h prior to racing, while 16 horses (NFRU) did not received frusemide. Horses were weighed on the morning of race day, prior to warm-up, after racing and the next day. Changes in bwt were calculated as percentage increase or decrease from initial bwt. Prior to warm-up, FRU horses had a mean bwt reduction of 1.30 +/- 0.63%, (P<0.01), compared to a 0.19 +/- 0.63% increase for the NFRU horses. FRU horses had a greater (P<0.03) postrace bwt loss (3.55 +/- 0.55%) than the NFRU horses (2.71 +/- 0.66%). On the morning after racing, bwt was still below initial values by 0.90 +/- 0.55 and 1.24 +/- 0.35% for the FRU and the NFRU horses, respectively. While frusemide administration increased the postrace weight loss in racing Standardbreds, it did not affect short-term bwt recovery. Further research is required into management strategies required to allow horses to replenish fluids and electrolytes safely following strenuous exercise.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1993

Identification of Gremmeniella abietina Races with Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers.

Seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers amplified from four oligonucleotides (10-mers) by the polymerase chain reaction were used to distinguish between the North American and European races of Gremmeniella abietina, the causal agent of Scleroderris canker of conifers. Forty-three isolates of the pathogen from 11 different host species originating from 11 countries, states, and provinces were tested; race designation was consistent with results from immunogenic and soluble-protein assays. By using RAPD markers, it was possible to identify G. abietina races by DNA amplifications directly from fruiting bodies, thus eliminating the need to culture the fungus, as is necessary with immunogenic and soluble-protein assays. Two isolates which had been previously classified as intermediate were clearly identified as belonging to either one of the two races by using RAPD markers. No interracial hybrids were detected in our survey. Patterns of amplification products from the European race in North America were identical to patterns of European isolates, further substantiating that this is an introduced race to the North American continent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Isolation of an insertion sequence from Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 and its potential use for strain characterization and detection.

A new insertion sequence (IS), IS1405, was isolated and characterized from a Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 strain by the method of insertional inactivation of the sacB gene. Sequence analysis indicated that the IS is closely related to the members of IS5 family, but the extent of nucleotide sequence identity in 5' and 3' noncoding regions between IS1405 and other members of IS5 family is only 23 to 31%. Nucleotide sequences of these regions were used to design specific oligonucleotide primers for detection of race 1 strains by PCR. The PCR amplified a specific DNA fragment for all R. solanacearum race 1 strains tested, and no amplification was observed with some other plant-pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of nucleotide sequences flanking IS1405 and additional five endogenous IS1405s that reside in the chromosome of R. solanacearum race 1 strains indicated that IS1405 prefers a target site of CTAR and has two different insertional orientations with respect to this target site. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis using IS1405 as a probe revealed extensive genetic variation among strains of R. solanacearum race 1 isolated from eight different host plants in Taiwan. The RFLP patterns were then used to subdivide the race 1 strains into two groups and several subgroups, which allowed for tracking different subgroup strains of R. solanacearum through a host plant community. Furthermore, specific insertion sites of IS1405 in certain subgroups were used as a genetic marker to develop subgroup-specific primers for detection of R. solanacearum, and thus, the subgroup strains can be easily identified through a rapid PCR assay rather than RFLP analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Racing problems in the U.S.A.

The major problems of racing in the United States at the present time are caused by too much racing. This has led to too few horses and small fields. Consequently many owners and trainers are trying to enter their horses too frequently and to race them when they are not really fit to run. The desire to race horses as frequently as possible has led to constant pressure from horsemen through their organizations for so called "permissive medication". Started in the state of Colorado approximately ten years ago this has grown until finally there are only a few states, notably New York and New Jersey that have resisted the pressure. The drug that gave the opening wedge to permissive medication was phenylbutazone, but this in many states has led to the inclusion of other drugs including analgesics and drugs that veterinarians claim are needed for therapeutic purposes. Some states have endeavoured to control phenylbutazone medication by quantitation and while lower limits cause little difficulty, maximum allowable limits have caused problems and are not practical. While there has been no publicity to my knowledge about frusemide (furosemide, lasix) the abuse of this drug for so called "bleeders" is an example that may seriously interfere with drug detection in urine and its use should be confined to proven "bleeders" (i.e. horses suffering from epistaxis). Pre-race blood testing began roughly ten years ago at the harness tracks and has been resisted by our flat tracks rather successfully up to the present time. The blood testing methods and those used by the same laboratories in post-race urine testing is inadequate and will not detect many illegal drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Changes in plasma enzyme activities in professional racing cyclists.

OBJECTIVE: To reports changes in plasma levels in professional racing cyclists. METHODS: Plasma levels of the intracellular enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured resting and after exercise in professional cyclists participating in two road races: Vuelta Ciclista a Valencia (800 km, beginning of the cyclist season), and the top rank race Vuelta a España (2700 km, at the end of cyclist season). RESULTS: A significant increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase was observed at the end of the race over the corresponding paired start values (P < 0.05). The increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase after the race was only statistically significant (P < 0.05) in the Vuelta a España. The longer the duration of the cycle tour race, the greater were the increases in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The high levels returned to their start values during the overnight resting period. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of these enzymes in the blood is probably due to mechanically damaged muscle cells leaking their contents into the interstitial fluid.

Alanine Transaminase↗