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PubMed2000

The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is associated with low birthweight followed by obesity in adulthood. Persons who develop the disease may therefore have a particular pattern of growth from birth through childhood. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of type 2 diabetes to size at birth and childhood growth. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Helsinki, Finland. PARTICIPANTS: Men (n = 3,639) and women (n = 3,447) who were bom at the Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1924 and 1933, who went to school in Helsinki, and who still lived in Finland in 1971. Detailed birth and school health records were available for all 7,086 participants. We identified 471 men and women who developed type 2 diabetes by using the national Social Insurance Institution's register of all persons in Finland who are receiving long-term therapy with medication. MEASUREMENTS: Incidence of diabetes ascertained from a national register. The main explanatory measurements were size at birth and childhood growth in terms of height, weight, and body mass index. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes was 7.9% (n = 286) in men and 5.4% (n = 185) in women. The incidence increased with decreasing birthweight, birth length, ponderal index (birthweight/length(3)), and placental weight The odds ratio for type 2 diabetes was 1.38 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.66; P < 0.001) for each 1-kg decrease in birthweight. The mean weights and heights of the children at 7 years of age who later developed type 2 diabetes were about average. Thereafter, their growth in weight and height was accelerated until 15 years of age. The odds ratio for development of type 2 diabetes was 1.39 (CI, 1.21 to 1.61; P < 0.001) for each standard deviation increase in weight between 7 and 15 years of age. The odds ratio became 1.83 (CI, 1.37 to 2.45; P< 0.001) in an analysis restricted to persons whose birthweights were below 3,000 g. Children of both sexes whose mothers had a high body mass index in pregnancy had more rapid growth during childhood and an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is programmed in utero in association with low rates of fetal growth. The increased risk for type 2 diabetes associated with small size at birth is further increased by high growth rates after 7 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of diabetes mellitus on the development of personality and behavior of children and adolescents].

A questionnaire was developed to determine the effects of being afflicted with diabetes mellitus upon the conduct and personality of juvenile type I diabetics. The following subjects were dealt with: desire for independence, feeling of being (over) protected (dependence) by the parents or their substitutes, social contact to children of the same age, social contact to adults, general mood. This questionnaire was filled out by 87 children (35 diabetics and a control group of 52 healthy children) aging 9-15 years. We did not observe any signs of a different development among diabetics, apart from their social contact to adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Competition and cooperation in the five-factor model: individual differences in achievement orientation.

The authors investigated the relationship between basic achievement orientations of competition and cooperation and the five-factor model of personality as measured by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992). They examined 2 types of competition: hypercompetition (R. M. Ryckman, B. Thornton, & J. C. Butler, 1994) and personal development competition (R. M. Ryckman, M. Hammer, L. M. Kaczor, & J. A. Gold, 1996), as conceptualized by K. Horney (1937). In a sample of 251 young adults, 14% to 38% of the variance in achievement orientations was collectively predicted by NEO-PI-R domain scales. Of NEO-PI-R predictors, Agreeableness was most important in characterizing differences between various achievement orientations; Agreeableness was negatively related to hypercompetition, positively related to cooperation, and unrelated to personal development competition. Extraversion was positively related to both cooperation and personal development competition but was unrelated to hypercompetition. In contrast, Openness and Conscientiousness were least helpful in differentiating among achievement orientations. These findings support the useful application of the NEO-PI-R in achievement research and highlight competition and cooperation as interpersonally laden achievement orientations.

Achievement↗
PubMed1980

The British object relations theorists: Balint, Winnicott, Fairbairn, Guntrip.

What I believe to be the essential contribution of this group of analysts may be summarized as follows. The role of object relations has always been a prominent theme in analytic thought and has become much more so in recent years. Instead of grafting the implications of relations onto a theory that started from a different standpoint, what the British group has done is to show that the development of the person has to be conceived as the progressive differentiation of a structure from a unitary matrix that itself interacts at a holistic personal level from the start. While Balint noted clinical data that required this step, he did not put forward a theoretical scheme. Winnicott, who suggested more specifically how the infant's relationships at the earliest stages patterned its whole subsequent personal development, also refrained from following through the theoretical logic of his observations. Fairbairn was the first analyst to expose the questionable logic of a developmental scheme based upon the energic concepts that Freud retained as his theoretical base. Fairbairn's scheme, however, did not account adequately for the earliest developmental stages as these were inferred from the study of regressive states. Guntrip, making full use of Winnicott's views, has sought to make good this limitation. The British group does not presume to have made anything like an adequate conceptual map for the development of the psyche. The theoretical problems are far too complex for that. They have, however, shown a fruitful direction and have influenced many areas of contemporary psychoanalytic thought.

Ego↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Successful negotiations. Develop your personal strategy for negotiating.

Successful managers are successful negotiators. This article addresses how to develop a negotiation strategy that fits an individual manager's personality and objectives. The authors provide 12 rules aimed at developing that personal strategy and also define the elements of power, skill, and timing, and their relevance to the negotiating process.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Adolescents' ideas of normative life span development and personal future goals.

We investigated how 57 adolescents (23 girls and 34 boys), aged 12 to 15 years, compared their idea of normative life span development to their personal future goals. A two-stage study (questionnaire and follow-up interview) included two open-ended "life paths", measures for self-evaluation and self-other comparisons. Overlap of content categories in the life paths supported the relationship between individual goals and normative expectations about life span development, especially when it comes to the life domains of education, occupation, family, property and retirement. The respondents showed an awareness of the accumulation of social problems, reporting that crises (e.g. alcoholism) and negative events (e.g. unemployment) are more likely to occur to the average adult than in their personal future. If adolescents rated their future as better than the future of others, they also regarded that future as different from the normative life span. Self-evaluation was indirectly related with self-other comparisons. Similarity between the normative life span and personal future correlated with higher probability of problem occurrence and possibility to avoid the problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The Armstrong Laboratory Aviation Personality Survey: development, norming, and validation.

This work describes the development of a new psychological test for aviators. The Armstrong Laboratory Aviation Personality Survey was developed through the integration of clinical theory, psychometric methods, and empirical testing. It is currently given to all incoming U.S. Air Force pilot candidates. Using a sample of 6,047 student pilots, a thorough test development plan was accomplished. The 15 final test scales assess personality, psychopathology, and crew interaction styles. The scales have normative data and are demonstrated to be reliable and valid. The Armstrong Laboratory Aviation Personality Survey is recommended for use in the aviation community for both clinical and research purposes. Future research is recommended and needed in the areas of training, airframe, and special duty selection. Additional clinical work is indicated in the areas of psychiatric, psychological, and aeromedical evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epilepsy in adolescence: implications for the development of personality.

Sixteen adolescent children with onset of epilepsy between the ages of 1 and 12 years and 16 control children were investigated by interview, self-esteem scales, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Children with epilepsy had a significantly larger discrepancy between the self-image and the ideal self-image than did the control children. TAT indicated the body and self-image is poorer, the unknown and the risk of acting out more threatening, the sex identity less stable, and the defense not as adaptive as the control group. Persons suffering from epilepsy are often stigmatized. One explanation could be the influence of epilepsy on the development during adolescence of the basic trust of their bodies and of themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Growth goals, maturity, and well-being.

In 2 studies (125 college students and 51 adults), 2 forms of growth goals (exploratory and intrinsic) were compared with 2 forms of personality development (social-cognitive maturity and social-emotional well-being). Participants whose narratives of major life goals emphasized conceptual exploration were especially likely to have high levels of maturity (measured as ego development; J. Loevinger, 1976), whereas those whose goals emphasized intrinsic interests (K. M. Sheldon & T. Kasser, 1995) were especially likely to have high levels of well-being. Participants who had coherent hierarchies of growth goals on the levels of major life goals and everyday goals were especially likely to have high levels of personality development. Finally, growth goals accounted for some relationships between age and personality development. Growth goals are discussed in terms of intentional self-development and specific developmental paths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The life mission theory II. The structure of the life purpose and the ego.

Pursuing your life mission is often very difficult, and many frustrations are experienced along the way. Major failures to bring out our potential can cause us considerable emotional pain. When this pain is unbearable, we are induced to shift from one intention and talent to another that better allows us to adapt and survive. Thus, we become set on a course that brings out a secondary or tertiary talent instead of the primary talent. This talent displacement may be expressed as a loss of our true nature or true self. The new purpose in life now functions as the core of a new personality: the ego. The ego has a structure similar to that of the true self. It is anchored in a talent and it draws on subtalents. But the person who is centered in his or her ego is not as powerful or talented as the person he or she originally was, living the primary purpose of life. This is because the original personality (the true self or "higher self") is still there, active and alive, behind the ego. Symptoms, disorders, and diseases may be explained by the loss of energy, joy in life, and intuitive competence because of inner conflicts, which may be alleviated or cured in the salutogenetic process of Antonovsky that helps patients find their sense of coherence or their primary purpose in life. Many cases of reduced ability to function, physically as well as psychologically, socially or sexually, can also be explained and alleviated in this way. When a person discovers his true talent and begins to use it with dedication, privately as well as professionally, his life will flourish and he may overcome even serious disease and great adversity in life. The salutogenetic process can also be called personal development or "quality of life as medicine". It is important to note that the plan for personal development laid out by this theory is a plan not for the elimination of the ego, but for its cultivation. An existentially sound person still has a mental ego of course, but it is centered on the optimal verbal expression of the life mission. Such an ego is not in conflict with one's true self, but supports the life and wholeness of the person, although in an invisible and seamless way. The more developed the person, the more talents are taken into use. So although the core of existence remains the same throughout life, the healthy person continues to grow. As the number of talents we can call on is unlimited, the journey ends only at death. Understanding the concept of the ego, it is very easy for the physician to motivate the patient to go through a lot of difficulties in order to grow and develop, and when the patient fully understands the concept of the ego and the true self (higher self), the patient gets a strong feeling of direction in personal development, and a motivation to fight the internal obstacles for quality of life, health, and the ability to function.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The effect of influenza vaccine on the immune system in elderly persons].

Development in the area of immunology revealed new phenomena accompanying a vaccination against influenza. The authors discuss the mechanisms participating in the arising of the immunity against influenza, influence of the vaccine on the immune system of the elderly and also basic recommendations for vaccination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Motives and preferences of general practitioners for new collaboration models with medical specialists: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Collaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and specialists has been the focus of many collaborative care projects during the past decade. Unfortunately, quite a number of these projects failed. This raises the question of what motivates GPs to initiate and continue participating with medical specialists in new collaborative care models. The following two questions are addressed in this study: What motivates GPs to initiate and sustain new models for collaborating with medical specialists? What kind of new collaboration models do GPs suggest? METHODS: A qualitative study design was used. Starting in 2003 and finishing in 2005, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 21 Dutch GPs. The sampling criteria were age, gender, type of practice, and practice site. The interviews were recorded, fully transcribed, and analysed by two researchers working independently. The resulting motivational factors and preferences were grouped into categories. RESULTS: 'Developing personal relationships' and 'gaining mutual respect' appeared to dominate when the motivational factors were considered. Besides developing personal relationships with specialists, the GPs were also interested in familiarizing specialists with the competencies attached to the profession of family medicine. Additionally, they were eager to increase their medical knowledge to the benefit of their patients. The GPs stated a variety of preferences with respect to the design of new models of collaboration. CONCLUSION: Developing personal relationships with specialists appeared to be one of the dominant motives for increased collaboration. Once the relationships have been formed, an informal network with occasional professional contact seemed sufficient. Although GPs are interested in increasing their knowledge, once they have reached a certain level of expertise, they shift their focus to another specialty. The preferences for new collaboration models are diverse. A possible explanation for the differences in the preferences is that professionals are more knowledge driven than organisation driven as the acquiring of new knowledge is considered more important than the route by which this is achieved. A new collaboration model seems a way to acquire knowledge. Once this is achieved the importance of a model possibly diminishes, whereas the professional relationships last.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Goal and personality trait development in emerging adulthood.

The present research examined continuity and change in the importance of major life goals and the relation between change in goals and change in personality traits over the course of college (N = 298). Participants rated the importance of their life goals 6 times over a 4-year period and completed a measure of the Big Five personality traits at the beginning and end of college. Like personality traits, life goals demonstrated high levels of rank-order stability. Unlike personality traits assessed during the same period and in the same sample, the mean importance of most life goals decreased over time. Moreover, each goal domain was marked by significant individual differences in change, and these individual differences were related to changes in personality traits. These findings provide insights into the relatively unstudied question of how life goals change during emerging adulthood.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Psychotherapeutic study of tics in childhood--on relationship between family dynamics and onset.

Among the tic children who received psychotherapy, 29 cases, which were followed up for more than five years (mean, 8 years) since the onset was available, were selected. Tics were classified as follows based on the process of psychotherapy; monosymptomatic process group 9, neurotic process group 17, distortion of personality development process group 3. The neurotic process group indicated the best prognosis. Next was the monosymptomatic process group. The distortion of personality development process group presented the least favorable prognosis. From the result of psychotherapy, the following methods appeared to be effective, for each of the groups above. "Activity therapy" for the monosymptomatic process group; "intensive therapy" for the neurotic process group: "milieu therapy" for the distortion of personality development group.

Adolescent↗