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PubMedDate not supplied

Prolactin levels of fathers and helpers related to alloparental care in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus.

Previous studies have suggested that prolactin may play a role in regulating allocare behaviour in cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus. In this study, we investigate the prolactin profile of 3 groups of captive common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus. Carrying behaviour in this species was observed after parturition. Prolactin assays of blood samples of both fathers and helpers (sub-adult non-fathers) in 3 family groups were taken for 8 weeks before and after birth of the infants. The after-birth condition was divided into 2 groups: carrying and non-carrying animals. The results suggest a relationship between prolactin levels and allocare behaviour, with carrying behaviour being associated with increased prolactin in both fathers and helpers. This suggests that extra prolactin is produced in response to physical contact, and may be associated with carrying behaviour. Also, prolactin production may be related to learning parental skills in Neotropical primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Aspects of depression in a Jewish minority group.

This paper reports some findings of a cross-cultural study of depression in which Jewish and Protestant East Londoners were measured on several parameters. In discussing the findings, differences on familial factors are attributed to the marginality of Jews and those on hostility to differences in levels of repressed anger. Tentative observations on the types of illness seen among the depressed patients suggests that one needs to be cautious in applying subdivisions of the illness cross-culturally.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

Are father surrogates a risk factor for child maltreatment?

Most research on the effect of father figures in the home on the incidence of child maltreatment has been cross-sectional and has focused on sexual abuse. This prospective study's purpose is to determine if the presence of a father surrogate in the home affects the risk of a subsequent child maltreatment report. In a longitudinal sample of at-risk children, North Carolina's Central Registry for Child Abuse and Neglect was used to determine the maltreatment history of children from birth to age 8 years. Children who had a father surrogate living in the home were twice as likely to be reported for maltreatment after his entry into the home than those with either a biological father (odds ratio = 2.6, 95 % confidence interval = 1.4-4.7) or no father figure in the home (odds ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.5).

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Lesbian women's perceptions of their parent-child relationships.

Twenty-six self-identified lesbian women and a comparison group of twenty-six heterosexual women, who were either students in a human sexuality course, members of the National Organization for Women, or volunteers from a women's center, were administered the short form of Schaefer's Child Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and an interview concerning family background relationships and sexual experiences and attitudes. Regression analysis revealed no significant family background variable or parental sex-role adherence variable that correlated with sexual orientation. Significant differences were found concerning sex-role adherence, with lesbian women being more masculinely sex-role typed than heterosexual women. Lesbian women were also found to be significantly more satisfied with their sex lives. It was concluded that there are no apparent family background variables that predict the development of a lesbian orientation.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Identifying developmental paradigms leading to alcoholism.

The lives of men who had been part of a delinquency prevention program between 1939 and 1945 provide information to identify developmental paths that seem to have led to alcoholism by the time of follow-up three decades later. Alcoholic fathers and their families differed from nonalcoholic fathers and their families in many ways. The analyses suggested that different paradigms describe the pathways to alcoholism for those whose fathers were and those whose fathers were not alcoholics. A mother's high esteem for her alcoholic husband increased risk for alcoholism of the son; among sons whose fathers were not alcoholic, increased risk for alcoholism of the son seemed to be a function of little control during early adolescence.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Home interactions of high and low antisocial male alcoholics and their families.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the naturalistic interactions of two alcoholism subgroups during home dinnertime conversations. METHOD: Dinnertime conversations of 96 alcoholic and 47 control families were audiotaped and subsequently assessed via a multicomponent coding system involving trained raters who were blind to psychiatric status of participating families. To examine potentially important alcoholism types, two subgroups were formed on the basis of the male alcoholic's level of antisociality. RESULTS: Across all groups, mothers' rate of communication to children was greater than fathers' to children for all communication variables; similarly, children's rate of communication to mothers exceeded their rate to fathers across all communication variables. Most interesting, however, was the finding that families of alcoholics reflecting higher levels of antisociality expressed lower levels of positivity, disagreement and instrumentality than did families of alcoholics who exhibited lower levels of antisociality. CONCLUSIONS: Although expectations regarding generational differences across groups were confirmed, findings regarding the two alcoholism subgroups were opposite to expectations; that is, we had hypothesized that high antisocial alcoholics and their families would exhibit more overtly disruptive behavior than low antisocial alcoholics and their families. The interpretation and implication of these findings were discussed in terms of the importance and impact of the observational setting: in particular, that the home setting may allow for certain family coping strategies (e.g., disengagement) more so than a task-structured, laboratory setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Teenage contraception and pregnancy from the perspective of young low-income fathers in a slum area in Rio de Janeiro].

The study focuses on how teenage fatherhood affects the life histories of young low-income males. Field work included individual interviews of young fathers living in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro city. The argument is that an approach from the male standpoint affords access to other levels in a web of meanings and relations that refer back to the logic of contraception, the formation of couples, and active fatherhood. The argument also highlights the links between type of relationship and partnership, use and non-use of contraceptive methods, and the meanings of fatherhood for young low-income males. It highlights that entering actively into fatherhood helps boys consolidate their image as "mature", "responsible", "adult" men.

Adolescent↗