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PubMed2006

Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing with screen printed electrode structures.

Impedance sensors in thick film technology have been tested as a tool for electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. The screen printed Pt electrodes have a width of 250-400 microm. Electrodes and the surrounding ceramic chip substrate could be homogeneously grown with L-929 and Hela cells. The performance of a screen printed interdigitated electrode structure (IDES) was compared with that of thin film structures with the same layout geometry. The thick film impedance sensors allowed to correctly record the morphological response of confluent Hela cell layers to stimulation with histamine. A thick film conductivity sensor also revealed impedance values which were dependent on cell growth on the electrode surface, even at a very low frequency range of approximately 1 Hz.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

New ways to print living cells promise breakthroughs for engineering complex tissues in vitro.

The ability to control the placement of cells and the assembly of networks in vitro has tremendous potential for understanding the regulation of development as well as for generating artificial tissues. To date, most engineering tools that can place materials with precision are not compatible with the requirements of living cells, and so approaches to tissue engineering have focused on patterning substrates as a way of controlling cell growth rather than patterning cells directly. In this issue of Biochemical Journal, however, Eagles et al. adapt electrohydrodynamic printing technology to 'print' living cells from a neuronal cell line on to a substrate. The importance of this approach is that it has the potential for unprecedented control over the position of cells in culture by directly placing them, thus allowing for the systematic assembly of cell networks.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Measuring preschool attainment of print-concept knowledge: a study of typical and at-risk 3- to 5-year-old children using item response theory.

PURPOSE: This research determined the psychometric quality of a criterion-referenced measure that was thought to measure preschoolers' print-concept knowledge (PCK). METHOD: This measure, titled the Preschool Word and Print Awareness (PWPA), was examined using the partial credit model (PCM) to determine its suitability for use by clinicians, educators, and researchers. The extent to which the PWPA differentiated estimates of PCK for at-risk populations on the basis of socioeconomic status (SES) and language ability was also studied. The sample population was one-hundred twenty-eight 3- to 5-year-old children who varied in SES (middle, low) and language ability (typical language, language impairment) as derived from several previous or ongoing studies of emergent literacy intervention. RESULTS: The PCM fit analyses showed good fit between the overall data and the PCM, indicating that the PWPA provided a valid estimate of the latent PCK trait. SES and language ability were significant predictors of PWPA scores when age was used as a covariate. These results showed the PWPA to be suitable for measuring preschoolers' PCK and to be sensitive to differences among children as a function of risk status. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results show the PWPA to be an appropriate instrument for clinical and educational use with preschool children.

Child Language↗
PubMed2002

The ASVIN Project: a study of electronic and printed veterinary science journals in the UK and Ireland.

ASVIN was a Research Support for Libraries Programme (RSLP) Funded Project, whose principal aim was to develop better co-operation between nine libraries in the veterinary and animal health field. The project examined a number of library-related areas, such as journal archiving, collection development policies, development of a common Z39.50 catalogue interface, grey literature, and printed and electronic journals. This paper examines the latter, whilst also providing a detailed analysis of printed journals held in partner libraries. Comparisons of the nine partner library collections are undertaken with a range of secondary sources, and an ASVIN core list of veterinary journals was developed. It looks at some of the issues relating to e-journals, expressing the benefits and concerns that many librarians are experiencing, such as licensing arrangements, archiving and general management issues.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Sex effects on free recall of transforming orally and visually presented nouns into printed, picture, or imagery form.

Two experiments using male and female college students studied the effects on free recall of transforming auditory and visual stimuli by imagination or penciling. Experiment 1 (N = 152) presented nouns either auditorily by a tape recorder or visually as printed words, and Ss either drew them as pictures or printed them as words. Significantly more items were recalled as a result of drawing pictures during the presentation of stimuli (p less than .001). Female Ss recalled significantly more items than male Ss (p less than .01). There was no significant difference found between auditory or visual presentation. The procedure in Experiment 2 (N = 112) was similar, except that Ss transformed the nouns by imagination or penciling. Results were similar to those of Experiment 1. There was no significant difference between imagery and penciling.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Palm print image recovery and de-noising via multi-channel wavelet filter bank.

In this paper, a 3-channel wavelet transform method is introduced to recover palm print images following serious deformation. The deformation processing is actually a kind of digital re-sampling. A filter bank consisting of three filters is implemented for wavelet decomposition of the palm print image, and then a procedure of binary interpolation is performed after the image is reconstructed by another filter bank consisting of another three filters. The design of multi-channel wavelet filter bank is based on the Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) method. Because the noise is caused by the Morie stripe, the images are further de-noised after the geometry deformation is addressed. Acceptable results have been obtained.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Being female: the portrayal of women's health in print media.

In this article, we examine the portrayal of women's health issues in two of Melbourne's print media: The Age and the Herald Sun. In particular, we aim to examine the patterns of coverage of women's health and the underlying message in articles on women's health issues. We employed an unobtrusive method, and the study was conducted over a three-month period: May to July 1998. We found that many of the articles and public reactions centred on women and reproduction. This implies that women are still seen in relation to their reproductive role in Australian society. In addition, there are many issues regarding women and their health missing from the media's publication during the research period. The message emerging from the analysis implies that if women do not fit into the "ideal women" framework of the society, their health needs are given little attention by the print media and, therefore, their health is likely to suffer. This can be interpreted as one form of women's oppression in Australian society.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding the effects of printed health education materials: which features lead to which outcomes?

Printed health education materials (HEMs) are widely used to increase awareness and knowledge, change attitudes and beliefs, and help individuals adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle behaviors. While much of the contemporary research and development of persuasive communication is based on McGuire's input/output model, to date few studies have compared the impact of a large set of inputs across a comprehensive set of the 12 outputs. We examined the effects of printed HEMs on weight loss on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses of 198 overweight adults. Participants were recruited via a newspaper advertisement and were randomly assigned to review one of three HEMs. Participants were interviewed and asked to complete a series of questionnaires both before and after viewing the HEMs. Regression analyses were conducted to identify the input characteristics associated with success at each of the output steps. The results revealed attractiveness, encouragement, level of information, and application to one's life were significantly associated with early steps (attention, liking, and understanding) as well as some of the mediating steps (recalling, keeping, and rereading HEMs). Later steps, such as intention to change behavior and show others, were associated with readiness to change, self-efficacy, and perceived application to one's life. Behavior change was more likely for those who received tailored materials and those who had higher self-efficacy. These results provide useful direction for the use of computers in tailoring the content of HEMs and the development of effective communication of health information on weight loss.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of cultural sensitivity of cancer information in ethnic print media.

Ethnic minority populations prefer cancer information that is respectful of their customs and beliefs about health and illness. Community newspapers are an important source of cancer information for ethnic groups. Our purpose is to evaluate the cultural sensitivity of cancer information in mass print media targeting ethnic minority readership. We assessed for cultural sensitivity 27 cancer articles published in English-language ethnic newspapers (Jewish, First Nations, Black/Caribbean, East Indian) in 2000 using the Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool (CSAT). We found that the overall average CSAT score of 27 cancer articles was 2.71. (Scores<2.50 were classified as culturally insensitive.) Articles in First Nations newspapers were more culturally sensitive according to the CSAT (X=2.86), followed by articles in Black/Caribbean (X=2.79) and Jewish (X=2.78) papers. Cancer articles from East Indian newspapers had a mean CSAT score of 2.30 and were classified as culturally insensitive. Four articles were considered culturally sensitive but did not mention ethnic populations as intended readers or as high-risk groups for cancer. We found that, using the CSAT measure, overall, cancer articles in ethnic newspapers included in this study were culturally sensitive. Given limitations of this instrument, we recommend an additional checklist for evaluating the cultural sensitivity of printed cancer information.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The end of print: digitization and its consequence--revolutionary changes in scholarly and social communication and in scientific research.

The transformation from print to digital media for scientific communication, driven in part by the growth of the Internet and the tremendous explosion in the amount of information now available to everybody, is creating fundamental changes in institutions such as publishers, libraries, and universities that primarily exist for the creation, management, and distribution of information and knowledge. Scientific, technological, and medical journals are the first publications to be completely transformed from print to digital format but monographs are beginning to appear in digital format as well and soon all communication and publishing of scientific information will be entirely electronic. In fact, this change is affecting all components of the scientific enterprise, from personal correspondence and laboratory methods to peer reviewing and the quality assessment of scientific research. Along with these radical and rapid changes in information presentation and distribution are coincident changes in the expectations of both the public and other scientists, with both groups demanding ever more rapid, open, and global access to scientific information than has been available in the past. The consequence of this revolution in the mechanics of communications technology is threatening the very existence of a number of highly regarded institutions such as intellectual property, commercial publishers, scientific societies, and academic libraries and might soon begin to threaten even the traditional university.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

People never see us living well: an appraisal of the personal stories about mental illness in a prospective print media sample.

OBJECTIVE: Having found no discussions of self-depictions offered by psychiatric patients in the mass media we sought such items in a prospective national sample of print media and analysed how those speakers portrayed themselves. METHOD: As part of a larger study of media depictions of mental illnesses in print media all items with any mental health or illness aspect that appeared in a New Zealand publication over a four-week period were collected. The resulting collection of 600 items ranged from news briefs to full-page newspaper articles. From that set we selected and analysed items in which a person identified as having been a psychiatric patient or as having a mental disorder was either quoted by the reporter who had interviewed them, or personally described their experiences. Employing both propositional analyses and discourse analysis we explored how the speakers were positioned and identified patterns or themes in their construction of living with a mental illness. RESULTS: Only five articles (0.8%) met our criteria for a person with a mental disorder being reported directly. In those items the journalists had positioned the speakers as credible, expert sources who, in representing their lives and experiences, drew on five clusters of resources, that we titled: Ordinariness/Living Well; Vulnerability; Stigma; Crisis; and Disorder/Treatment. Ordinariness/Living Well foregrounded the role of personal strengths in living well and in overcoming adversity, particularly that associated with being stigmatized. We identified that theme as central to the ways in which these speakers depicted themselves as recognizably human and understandable. CONCLUSION: The findings are preliminary but these depictions are different from those reported by most researchers. Unlike those depictions, these speakers provided accessible and recognizably human self-portrayals. That finding intensifies our concern that most researchers appear to be unaware that these consumer voices are largely absent from mass media depictions of mental illnesses.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Solvent exposures in screen printing shops.

A comprehensive description of working conditions, exposure patterns for organic solvents, and related health symptoms among workers in ten small screen printing companies located in Seattle, Washington, is presented. Sampling methods included continuous area monitoring, grab sampling, personal sampling, and time study observation. A total of 27 workers were observed and monitored for solvent exposure. Short-term peak exposures were characterized in terms of magnitude, duration and repetition, and their contribution to time weighted average (TWA) exposures were evaluated. A health questionnaire addressing the symptoms potentially attributable to solvents was used to investigate the possible health effects from exposure. Significant differences in the prevalence of headaches, dizziness, intoxication, and dry skin (p < 0.01) were reported among workers who had some solvent exposure compared with the referent group that was not exposed. Exposed workers were also more likely to report fatigue, loss of strength in the arms and hands, difficulty concentrating, sore throat, and a low alcohol tolerance. The study documented highly variable levels of solvent exposures. Screen printing workers in different companies, while performing the same basic tasks, had time weighted average (TWA) exposures ranging from 2% to 100% of the recommended threshold limit value (TLV) for mixtures. Continuous monitoring indicated that high short-term exposures are responsible for the bulk of TWA exposures. Grab samples and continuous monitoring verified that recommended Short Term Exposure Limits (STEL) for individual solvents may be exceeded on a routine basis. Frequent skin contact with solvents was also observed. Health problems in this industry and other small industries using organic solvents may result from these complex patterns of exposure.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1999

BLAST PRINTS--alternative perspectives on sequence similarity.

SUMMARY: An implementation of BLAST for searching the PRINTS database is presented. The interface allows submission of either protein or DNA queries, and returns the familiar form of output, but modified by means of direct links both to the familial discriminators in PRINTS and to fingerprint profile visualization software. The server thus couples the rapidity of BLAST searching with the sensitivity of fingerprint diagnoses, providing alternative perspectives on a given query. AVAILABILITY: http://www.biochem.ucl. ac.uk/cgi-bin/wright/printsBLAST.cgi

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A cost-effective approach to the development of printed materials: a randomized controlled trial of three strategies.

Printed materials have been a primary mode of communication in public health education. Three major approaches to the development of these materials--the application of characteristics identified in the literature, behavioral strategies and marketing strategies--have major implications for both the effectiveness and cost of materials. However, little attention has been directed towards the cost-effectiveness of such approaches. In the present study, three pamphlets were developed using successive addition of each approach: first literature characteristics only ('C' pamphlet), then behavioral strategies ('C + B' pamphlet) and then marketing strategies ('C + B + M' pamphlet). Each pamphlet encouraged women to join a Pap Test Reminder Service (PTRS). Each pamphlet was mailed to a randomly selected sample of 2700 women aged 50-69 years. Registrations with the PTRS were monitored and 420 women in each pamphlet group were surveyed by telephone. It was reported that the 'C + B' and 'C + B + M' pamphlets were significantly more effective than the 'C' pamphlet. The 'C + B' pamphlet was the most cost-effective of the three pamphlets. There were no significant differences between any of the pamphlet groups on acceptability, knowledge or attitudes. It was suggested that the inclusion of behavioral strategies is likely to be a cost-effective approach to the development of printed health education materials.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

PRINTS prepares for the new millennium.

PRINTS is a diagnostic collection of protein fingerprints. Fingerprints exploit groups of motifs to build characteristic family signatures, offering improved diagnostic reliability over single-motif approaches by virtue of the mutual context provided by motif neighbours. Around 1000 fingerprints have now been created and stored in PRINTS. The September 1998 release (version 20.0), encodes approximately 5700 motifs, covering a range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides and so on. The database is accessible via the DbBrowser Web Server at http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/dbbrowser /. In addition to supporting its continued growth, recent enhancements to the resource include a BLAST server, and more efficient fingerprint search software, with improved statistics for estimating the reliability of retrieved matches. Current efforts are focused on the design of more automated methods for database maintenance; implementation of an object-relational schema for efficient data management; and integration with PROSITE, profiles, Pfam and ProDom, as part of the international InterPro project, which aims to unify protein pattern databases and offer improved tools for genome analysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Identification and removal of contaminating fluorescence from commercial and in-house printed DNA microarrays.

Microarray analysis is a critically important technology for genome-enabled biology, therefore it is essential that the data obtained be reliable. Current software and normalization techniques for microarray analysis rely on the assumption that fluorescent background within spots is essentially the same throughout the glass slide and can be measured by fluorescence surrounding the spots. This assumption is not valid if background fluorescence is spot-localized. Inaccurate estimates of background fluorescence under the spot create a source of error, especially for low expressed genes. We have identified spot-localized, contaminating fluorescence in the Cy3 channel on several commercial and in-house printed microarray slides. We determined through mock hybridizations (without labeled target) that pre-hybridization scans could not be used to predict the contribution of this contaminating fluorescence after hybridization because the change in spot-to-spot fluorescence after hybridization was too variable. Two solutions to this problem were identified. First, allowing 4 h of exposure to air prior to printing on to Corning UltraGAPS slides significantly reduced contaminating fluorescence intensities to approximately the value of the surrounding glass. Alternatively, application of a novel, hyperspectral imaging scanner and multivariate curve resolution algorithms, allowed the spectral contributions of Cy3 signal, glass, and contaminating fluorescence to be distinguished and quantified after hybridization.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1999

Is there a use for tailored print communications in cancer risk communication?

The manner of presentation of cancer risk information is critical to its understanding and acceptance by the individual recipient. Optimal communication of cancer risk information must effectively translate the technical meaning and subtleties of risk and its associated factors to a conceptual level understandable by the recipient. Tailored print communications (TPCs) may be an appropriate medium for cancer risk communication (CRC). TPCs are more refined than targeted communication materials. They are print materials created especially for an individual on the basis of knowledge about that person. The goal is to provide individually relevant and appropriate information. This review examines the nature of TPCs, assesses the use and potential of TPCs for the purpose of CRC, and highlights new directions in CRC. Articles dealing with TPCs were located by searching the MEDLINE(R) and PsychInfo(R) databases and seeking in-press articles. TPCs were identified for several areas of CRC, including dietary change, smoking cessation, mammography use, hormone replacement therapy, health risk appraisal, and genetic susceptibility to cancer. Although TPCs have been used in a number of different behavioral areas, they have not yet achieved their potential for CRC. The use of TPCs in the communication of cancer risk shows great promise, however, particularly as knowledge evolves regarding both the nature of risk and the most effective tailoring of health communication messages.

Communication↗
PubMed1994

PRINTS--a protein motif fingerprint database.

The PRINTS database of protein 'fingerprints' is described. Fingerprints comprise sets of motifs excised from conserved regions of sequence alignments, their diagnostic power or potency being refined by iterative database scanning (in this case the OWL composite sequence database). Generally, the motifs do not overlap, but are separated along a sequence, though they may be contiguous in 3-D space. The use of groups of independent, linearly or spatially separate motifs allows particular protein folds and functionalities to be characterized more flexibly and powerfully than conventional single-component patterns or regular expressions. The current version of the database (4.0) contains 150 entries (encoding > 700 motifs), covering a wide range of globular and membrane proteins, modular polypeptides and so on. The growth of the database is influenced by a number of factors, e.g. the use of multiple motifs, the maximization of sequence information through iterative database scanning and the fact that the database searched is a large composite. The information contained within PRINTS is distinct from but complementary to the single consensus expressions stored in the widely used PROSITE dictionary of patterns.

Amino Acid Sequence↗