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PubMed1999

Genotyping for human platelet-specific antigens HPA-1, -2, -3, -4 and -5 in the Slovenian population reveals a slightly increased frequency of HPA-1b and HPA-2b as compared to other European populations.

Typing of human platelet alloantigens (HPA) is necessary in various clinical situations. The purpose of this study was to type a random sample of the Slovenian population for HPA alleles, in order to obtain genetic population data. A total of 152 unrelated Slovenian blood donors were genotyped for HPA-1, -2, -3, -4 and -5 alleles using a simple method that enables simultaneous and complete determination of HPA genotypes. Ten different polymerase chain reactions employing sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP), which worked in identical cycling conditions, were used. The allele frequencies were 0.809 for HPA-1a, 0.191 for HPA-1b, 0.891 for HPA-2a, 0.109 for HPA-2b, 0.591 for HPA-3a, 0.407 for HPA-3b, 0.997 for HPA-4a, 0.00 for HPA-4b, 0.934 for HPA-5a and 0.066 for HPA-5b. When compared to results of studies of various other Caucasian populations, our population displayed a slightly but not significantly higher proportion of the HPA-1b and 2b alleles.

Antigens, Human Platelet↗
PubMed2000

Low among-population genetic differentiation in Chinese bisexual Artemia populations.

We studied the population genetic structure of nine bisexual Artemia sinica populations from the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Qinghai in China, using variation at nine allozyme loci (cellulose acetate electrophoresis). There is a clear-cut tendency for an increase in genetic variation, as measured by heterozygosity, with increasing habitat size. Although we observe a positive relationship between genetic differentiation and geographical distance, overall FST values are low: populations separated by approximately 1000 km show average FST values of 0.05-0.1, whereas populations separated by 100 km show no genetic differentiation at all.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

The quantitative measurement of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli at the meta-population level (meta-population analysis).

AIMS: To define a method that describes antimicrobial resistance of meta-populations of bacteria in both a quantitative and biologically meaningful way. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using spiral plating and colony counting technology we obtained, from animal faecal samples, the density of Escherichia coli that grow at different concentrations of antibiotic. A mathematical description of this dose-response curve fitted the data well. The parameters of this model have biological meaning and the model allowed subtle differences between meta-populations to be detected. CONCLUSIONS: This method, termed MPA (meta-population analysis), is practical and provides a useful quantitative description of antimicrobial resistance in a bacterial meta-population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that resistance can be defined quantitatively. The method may be used in many epidemiological and clinical studies of antimicrobial resistance in animals and humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Chronic back pain in the general population in Germany 2002/2003: prevalence and highly affected population groups].

Back pain is one of the most common complaints in the general population and chronic back pain is a major Public Health burden. However, the prevalence of chronic back pain in Germany is not known. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of chronic back pain in the general adult population in Germany and to identify highly affected population groups. A nation-wide computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey was conducted with 8,318 men and women aged 18 years and older residing in German households. Participants were selected using the Gabler-Häder telephone sampling method and the next-birthday method. The one-year prevalence of chronic back pain defined as daily or almost daily back pain over a period of three months was 16 % in men and 22 % in women, the lifetime prevalence 24 % in men and 30 % in women. The 12-months prevalence of any back pain was 66 % in women and 58 % in men. Back pain on the day preceding the interview was reported by 18 % of men and 27 % of women and had a median intensity on a 1 - 10 point scale of 5 in women and 4 in men. Factors independently associated with chronic back pain in the past 12 months were age, female sex, a history of arthritis, self-reported depression, lower educational level, current unemployment, overweight or obesity, no sports, smoking and living with a partner. In conclusion, chronic back pain is a highly prevalent complaint in the general population in Germany. The association not only with bone and joint diseases but also with depression, a lower level of education and with certain lifestyle behaviours emphasises that back pain should not be viewed only in the context of the spine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Intraocular lens power prediction in a vietnamese population. A study to establish a limited set of intraocular lens powers that could be used in a vietnamese population.

AIM: To determine a range of dioptric powers for Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) that would cover at least 95% of the Vietnamese population attending hospital for cataract removal and IOL implantation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the ocular axial lengths and keratometric powers of people attending for cataract surgery at a hospital in Vietnam and hence predict the intraocular lens powers required for emmetropia for this population. HYPOTHESIS: 95% of the population attending a Vietnamese hospital for cataract and intraocular lens surgery would be within +/- 4.5 dioptres of the mean predicted emmetropic intraocular lens power. STUDY DESIGN: A case series. STUDY FACTORS: Axial length, keratometric power, age, sex, preoperative refractive status, preoperative vision, ethnicity. OUTCOME: Intraocular lens power for emmetropia. RESULTS: 346 adults attending for cataract surgery at the Hue Central Hospital, Vietnam were examined. The mean axial length was found to be 22.96 mm +/- 0. 99 (range 20.37-27.25), median 23.01 mm. The mean corneal power was 44.24 dioptres +/- 1.53 (range 39.50-49.00), median 44.5 dioptres. Using the SRK/T formula, with an "A" constant of 118.3, the mean predicted intraocular lens power required for emmetropia was 21.44 dioptres +/- 2.77 (range 10.87-27.25), median 21.56 dioptres. The mean predicted IOL power for females was 21.94 dioptres +/- 2.60 (range 13.84-29.68), median 22.13 dioptres. The mean predicted IOL power for males was 20.72 dioptres +/- 2.84 (range 10.87-28.95), median 20.66 dioptres. conclusion 95% of the population attending for cataract surgery were within 5.5 dioptres of the mean predicted emmetropic IOL power.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Selection for heterosis from crossbred populations: comparison of the F3 and backcross populations.

An experimental evaluation of HI-BET (heterosis inheritance backcross evaluation technique) involving the comparison of the performance of F3 and backcross (BC) families with common sires is described. These crossbred populations were derived from an F1 cross between Australorp and White Leghorn fowls with substantial heterosis for egg production variables. There was considerable evidence for the presence of a statistically significant sire family by population type interaction for survivor's total egg mass. The ranking of sires varied substantially depending upon whether they were being assessed on the performance of their F3 or their BC daughters. The BC population yielded substantially higher sire component heritability estimates for egg weight, egg production and total egg mass than did the F3 population. For the latter two traits, this improvement in the correlation between genotype and phenotype is in accordance with the expectations of HI-BET. It is concluded the HI-BET should be effective strategy for selectively focussing upon the non-additive genes that are only present in one ancestral line at a high frequency, whilst ignoring non-additive genes unique to the other ancestral line.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Improving health outcomes in diverse populations: competency in cross-cultural research with indigenous Pacific islander populations.

OBJECTIVE: There is a large disparity in health status between the indigenous peoples of the US Associated Pacific compared to any population in the USA. The research process that has been supported by US academic institutions and federal agencies has been limited in its ability to address the disparate health issues and may be part of the problem. We define culturally competent research and review approaches to developing competency in cross-cultural research with indigenous Pacific Islander populations. DESIGN: This is a descriptive review of the investigators' experience in the Hawaii MEDTEP Center experience and of the experience of others conducting research with the indigenous people of the Pacific Islands. RESULTS: Culturally competent cross-cultural research with the indigenous peoples of the Pacific requires an understanding and application of indigenous peoples' paradigms of health, knowledge, science, and research. It is not sufficient to train more indigenous Pacific Islanders to do more Western-style research. Unraveling the complex health situation and determining the changes that need to be made is dependent on the dominant culture engaging the indigenous Pacific populations in a way that bridges cultural paradigms. CONCLUSION: Positively affecting the disparity of health in the indigenous populations of the Pacific is, in part, dependent on employing an indigenous-peoples-centered model of research. The model can have application to the study of indigenous peoples in other parts of the world.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2000

Population Dynamic and Genetic Consequences of Spatial Density-Dependent Dispersal in Patchy Populations.

Predictions about sex-specific, spatial density-dependent dispersal and their demographic and genetic consequences were tested in experimental populations of root voles (Microtus oeconomus). Each population consisted of two demes inhabiting equal-sized habitat patches imbedded in a barren matrix area. We used a neutral two-allele allozyme marker to monitor gene flow. Initially, the two demes were genetically distinct and had different densities so that the size of a high-density deme (genotype bb) was four times larger than that of a low-density deme (genotype aa). The sex-specific dispersal pattern was in accordance with our prediction. Male dispersal was unconditional on deme-specific densities, and the majority of the first-generation males became dispersed from both demes, whereas female dispersal was strongly density dependent, so that dispersal took place exclusively from the high-density to the low-density deme. The demographic implication of this dispersal pattern was that the initial density difference between the demes was quickly canceled out. We built a mathematical model that predicted that the initially rare allele (a) would increase in frequency given the dispersal pattern, and this was supported by our experimental data. This result relies mostly on the density-independent male-dispersal strategy, which presumably stems from inbreeding avoidance. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating sex-specific dispersal strategies in population genetic models. Sex-biased dispersal may act as a deterministic force counteracting the tendency for stochastic loss of alleles in small and fragmented populations.

conditional dispersal↗
PubMed1979

The genetics of Drosophila subobscura populations. IX. Studies on linkage disequilibrium in four natural populations.

Gametic frequencies were obtained in four natural populations of D. sub-obscura by extracting wild chromosomes and subsequently analyzing them for inversions and allozymes. The genes Lap and Pept-1, both located within the same inversions of chromosome O, were found in striking nonrandom associations with them of the same kind and degree in all populations studied. On the contrary, the gene Acph, also located within the previously mentioned inversions, was found in linkage disequilibrium with them only in two populations and of opposite directions. This is also the case for the genes Est-9 and Hk, both located within chromosome E inversions. While the gene Est-9 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with the inversions, of the same kind and degree in all populations studied, Hk was found to be in linkage equilibrium. Allele frequencies for the 29 genes studied do not show geographical variation except for the genes Lap, Pept-1 and Est-9, the ones found in linkage disequilibria with the geographically varying gene arrangements. Although mechanical or historical explanations for these equilibria cannot be ruled out, these data cannot be explained satisfactorily by the "middle gene explanation," which states that loci displaying such linkage disequilibria are the ones located near the break points of inversions, while the ones displaying linkage equilibria with them are located in the middle of them. There is no evidence for consistent linkage disequilibria between pairs of loci, except for the closely linked genes of the complex locus, Est-9. This would imply, if it is not a peculiarity of the Est-9 complex, that the linkage disequilibria are found only between very closely linked loci or that, for less closely linked genes, the associations are too weak to be detected by the usual samples sizes.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? The emergence of diabetes and high blood pressure in African-origin populations.

AIM AND METHODS: To discuss evidence for and against genetic 'causes' of type 2 diabetes, illustrated by standardized study of glucose intolerance and high blood pressure in four representative African origin populations. Comparison of two genetically closer sites: rural (site 1) and urban Cameroon (2); then Jamaica (3) and Caribbean migrants to Britain (80% from Jamaica-4). BACKGROUND: Alternatives to the reductionist search for genetic 'causes' of chronic disease include Rose's concept that populations give rise to 'sick' individuals. Twin studies offer little support to genetic hypotheses because monozygotic twins share more than genes in utero and suffer from ascertainment bias. Non-genetic intergenerational mechanisms include amniotic fluid growth factors and maternal exposures. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension incidence accelerate in low-risk European populations from body mass > or =23 kg/m2, well within 'desirable' limits. Transition from subsistence agriculture in West Africa occurred this century and from western hemisphere slavery only six generations ago, with slow escape from intergenerational poverty since. RESULTS: 'Caseness' increased clearly within and between genetically similar populations: age-adjusted diabetes rates were 0.8, 2.4, 8.5 and 16.4% for sites 1-4, respectively; for 'hypertension', rates were 7, 16, 21 and 34%, with small shifts in risk factors. Body mass index rose similarly. CONCLUSION: Energy imbalance and intergenerational socioeconomic influences are much more likely causes of diabetes (and most chronic disease) than ethnic/genetic variation, which does occur, poorly related to phenotype. The newer method of 'proteomics' holds promise for identifying environmental triggers influencing gene products. Even in lower prevalence 'westernized' societies, genetic screening per se for diabetes/chronic disease is likely to be imprecise and inefficient hence unreliable and expensive.

Black People↗
PubMed2007

Prevalence of obesity, central obesity and the associated factors in urban population aged 20-70 years, in the north of Iran: a population-based study and regression approach.

Obesity is an undesirable outcome of changing of lifestyle and behaviours. It is also reversible predisposing factor for the development of several debilitating diseases. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence rate of obesity, overweight, central obesity and their associated factors in the north of Iran. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 1800 women and 1800 men with respective mean ages of 37.5 +/- 13.0 and 38.5 +/- 14.2 years of urban population aged 20-70 years living in the north of Iran. The demographic and lifestyle data, in particular, age, gender, marital status, marriage age, family history of obesity, educational level, occupation, occupational and leisure time physical activity, duration of exercise per week, parity and the number of children were collected with a designed questionnaire. Diagnosis of obesity and central obesity were confirmed by the WHO standard recommended method by determining of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval. Over half of the study subjects were at educational levels of high school or higher; 79.4% of population was married and 35.3% had a family history of parental obesity. The majority of subjects in particular women had none or low levels of physical activity. The overall prevalence rates of obesity and overweight were 18.8% and 34.8% respectively. The overall prevalence rate of central obesity was 28.3%. The rate of obesity in women was higher than men (P < 0.0001). In both genders, particularly in the women, the rate of obesity was raised by increasing age. There was an inverse relation between the risk of obesity and marriage age, the high level of education (OR = 0.19, P < 0.0001), severe occupational activity (OR = 0.44, P < 0.0001), the level of exercise (in subjects with 3-4 h exercise per week, OR = 0.58, P < 0.001) and leisure time activity. Marriage, history of parental obesity and parity > or =5 were associated with increased risk of obesity (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001 and OR = 2.43, P < 0.0001 and OR = 3.73, P < 0.0001 respectively). The results of this study indicate an increased rate of obesity and overweigh in the north population of Iran. With respect to these findings, low level of activity and education, parity, family history of obesity, marriage at earlier age and ageing are responsible for both obesity and central obesity in the north of Iran. Therefore, a community-based multiple strategies are required to combat with increasing rate of obesity and its subsequent complications such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension and osteoarthritis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors and diabetes mellitus in Australian prisons: is the prisoner population unhealthier than the rest of the Australian population?

INTRODUCTION: This paper compares the prevalence estimates of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the Indigenous and non-Indigenous New South Wales (NSW) prisoner population in 1996 and 2001, and also compares the 2001 prevalence estimates with Australian population data. METHODS: In 1996 and 2001, 789 and 916 prisoners, respectively, in NSW underwent a face-to-face interview covering behavioural risks and physical and mental health. Weight, height and blood pressure were recorded and blood was taken for measurement of cholesterol and random blood sugar. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking were lower in the 2001 prison survey as compared with the 1996 survey but the prevalence of smoking was extremely high in both the prison surveys (88% in 1996 and 79% in 2001). There were no differences in the age and sex-adjusted prevalence estimates for any condition except that the prison sample had a higher standardised morbidity ratio for angina than the AusDiab population. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high prevalence of CVD risk factors, particularly in younger prisoners, when compared with the Australian non-prison population. IMPLICATIONS: Programs should be put in place to routinely screen for chronic disease conditions and to educate Australian prisoners regarding CVD and diabetes risk factors and their long-term management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Allergic contact sensitization in the general adult population: a population-based study from Northern Norway.

Few studies have so far addressed the prevalence and risk factors for contact sensitization in the general adult population; however, many such studies have been conducted in hospitals. We present the prevalence of contact sensitization in a general adult population and its relationship to potential risk factors like smoking, ear piercing and atopic diseases. 1236 adults (44.2% men and 55.8% women) were randomly selected from a cross-section of the population in Sør-Varanger municipality, Norway, and patch tested with TRUE Test (Pharmacia, Hillerød, Denmark). Contact sensitivity to at least 1 out of 24 allergens was found in 35.4% of the women and in 14.8% of the men. The most common allergens were nickel (17.6%), cobalt (2.8%), thiomersal (1.9%), fragrance mix (1.8%) and colophony (1.2%). All other allergens were observed in 1.0% or less. In women, ear piercing was an important risk factor for nickel sensitization. No such significant correlation was seen in men [in women relative risk (RR) = 3.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.01-5.43, and in men RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.66-5.00], and contact sensitivity was associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.04-2.40] and smoking (adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.01-1.99) in women but not in men. The prevalence of contact sensitivity was common in this general population, especially in women. Smoking and AD might be a risk factor for contact sensitization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Studies on the human leukocyte antigens in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in a Japanese population--possible susceptibility of HLA-A11 and -DRB1*0403 to patient population with polycystic ovary syndrome.

PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to identify the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles that confer susceptibility or resistance to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the Japanese population. METHOD OF STUDY: HLA-A, -B and -C antigens were determined in 56 patients with PCOS using conventional serological method. HLA-DRB1 genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 68 patients with PCOS. As a control population, 237 healthy individuals (males and females) were examined concerning HLA-A, -B and -C antigens, and 292 individuals were examined concerning HLA-DRB1 genotypes. The rate of possession of each antigen was compared between the two populations. RESULTS: The rate of possession of the HLA-A11 and HLA-DRB1*0403 in the patients with PCOS was significantly higher compared with that in the control group. The rate of possession of HLA-B39 in the patients with PCOS was significantly lower compared with that in the general population group. CONCLUSION: Human leukocyte antigen systems appear to be linked to PCOS.

Female↗
PubMed1970

Aerobic heterotrophic bacterial populations of sewage and activated sludge. V. Analysis of population structure and activity.

Two procedures, the confidence interval method and Mountford's index, were tested in analyses of the microbial populations of 11 laboratory activated sludges acclimated to aromatic compounds. The two methods gave somewhat different results but indicated that the populations were quite dissimilar. The activity of seven of the sludges correlated well with the population structure. Some considerations in analysis of microbial population structure are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population.

To assess the validity of the reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices currently used in Africa, we evaluated blood samples from 3,311 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative Ugandans aged 1 week to 92 years. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels and mean corpuscular volume all significantly increased with age (P < 0.001) and were independent of gender until the age of 13 years, after which the levels were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001). White blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, and monocyte counts significantly declined with age until the age of 13 years (P < 0.001), with no differences by gender, while platelet counts declined with age (P < 0.001) and showed differences by gender only among adults older than age 24 years. CD4+- and CD8+-cell counts declined with age until the age of 18 years; thereafter, females had higher counts than males. The absolute values for many of these parameters differed from those reported for populations outside Africa, suggesting that it may be necessary to develop tables of reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices specific for the African population. This may be particularly important with regard to CD4+-cell counts among children because significant differences in absolute and percent CD4+-cell counts exist between the values for Western populations and the values for the population evaluated in our study. These differences could influence the decision to initiate antiretroviral therapy among children infected with HIV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of serious eye disease and visual impairment in a north London population: population based, cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the magnitude of serious eye disorders and of visual impairment in a defined elderly population of a typical metropolitan area in England, and to assess the frequency they were in touch with, or known to, the eye care services. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey using two stage cluster random sampling. SETTING: General practices in north London. SUBJECTS: Random sample of people aged 65 and older, drawn from a defined population of elderly people registered with 17 general practice groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportions and population prevalence estimates were determined for visual acuity, assessed with the person's own spectacles (if any), classified into four categories: prevalence of cataract, age related macular degeneration, and refractive error causing visual impairment and of definite primary open angle glaucoma; and status of contact with eye services. RESULTS: 1547 of 1840 (84%) eligible people were examined. The population prevalence of bilateral visual impairment (visual acuity <6/12) was 30%, of which 72% was potentially remediable. 92 of these 448 cases (21%) had visual acuity <6/60 ("blindness") in one or both eyes. Prevalence of cataract causing visual impairment was 30%; 88% of these people were not in touch with the eye services. The prevalence of vision impairing, age related macular degeneration was 8% and of glaucoma (definite cases) was 3%. Three quarters of the people with definite glaucoma were not known to the eye services. CONCLUSIONS: Untreated visual impairment and eye disorders affect a substantial proportion of people aged 65 years and older. These findings should contribute to the setting up of future strategies for preservation of sight and eye health services in general.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2004

Genome wide scan in a Flemish inflammatory bowel disease population: support for the IBD4 locus, population heterogeneity, and epistasis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Genome wide scans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have indicated various susceptibility regions with replication of 16cen (IBD1), 12q (IBD2), 6p (IBD3), 14q11 (IBD4), and 3p21. As no linkage was previously found on IBD regions 3, 7, 12, and 16 in Flemish IBD families, a genome wide scan was performed to detect other susceptibility regions in this population. METHODS: A cohort of 149 IBD affected relative pairs, all recruited from the Northern Flemish part of Belgium, were genotyped using microsatellite markers at 12 cM intervals, and analysed by Genehunter non-parametric linkage software. All families were further genotyped for the three main Crohn's disease associated variants in the NOD2/CARD15 gene. RESULTS: Nominal evidence for linkage was observed on chromosomes 1 (D1S197: multipoint non-parametric linkage (NPL) score 2.57, p = 0.004; and at D1S305-D1S252: NPL 2.97, p = 0.001), 4q (D4S406: NPL 1.95, p = 0.03), 6q16 (D6S314: NPL 2.44, p = 0.007), 10p12 (D10S197: NPL 2.05, p = 0.02), 11q22 (D11S35-D11S927: NPL 1.95, p = 0.02) 14q11-12 (D14S80: NPL 2.41, p = 0.008), 20p12 (D20S192: NPL 2.7, p = 0.003), and Xq (DXS990: NPL 1.70, p = 0.04). A total of 51.4% of patients carried at least one NOD2/CARD15 variant. Furthermore, epistasis was observed between susceptibility regions 6q/10p and 20p/10p. CONCLUSION: Genome scanning in a Flemish IBD population found nominal evidence for linkage on 1p, 4q, 10p12, and 14q11, overlapping with other genome scan results, with linkage on 14q11-12 supporting the IBD4 locus. The results further show that epistasis is contributing to the complex model of IBD and indicate that population heterogeneity is not to be underestimated. Finally, NOD2/CARD15 is clearly implicated in the Flemish IBD population.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14↗