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PubMedDate not supplied

Parent playfulness: a case study of infant twins with handicaps.

This longitudinal case study was designed to provide descriptive data on game playing between one mother and father and their infant twin sons, each of whom had handicaps. Specific issues addressed were the proportion of interaction time spent playing parent/infant games, the types and characteristics of the games played, whether these varied between the mother and father, and whether there was a relationship between parental game playing and the developing but different abilities of the infants. Results showed many parallels with existing literature on parent/infant games and on differences between mothers and fathers. Results also indicated variations in game playing in relation to the extent of handicap in the infant.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of male-typical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Toy choices of 3- to 10-year-old children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and of their unaffected siblings were assessed. Also assessed was parental encouragement of sex-typed toy play. Girls with CAH displayed more male-typical toy choices than did their unaffected sisters, whereas boys with and without CAH did not differ. Mothers and fathers encouraged sex-typical toy play in children with and without CAH. However, girls with CAH received more positive feedback for play with girls' toys than did unaffected girls. Data show that increased male-typical toy play by girls with CAH cannot be explained by parental encouragement of male-typical toy play. Although parents encourage sex-appropriate behavior, their encouragement appears to be insufficient to override the interest of girls with CAH in cross-sexed toys.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1989

Pretend play with mothers and siblings: relations between early performance and partners.

Although the role of the mother in assisting early pretend play has been established in other studies, little is known about the sibling's contribution. Using naturalistic observational methodology, this study investigates whether 2-year-old infants' co-operative pretend play varies when playing with their mother and 4-5-year-old sibling. The results suggest marked differences in frequency of production of various transformational types in each social setting, and one type of play only appears in games with the sibling. Possible "facilitation" by the play partner is discussed. The classificatory limitation of existing normative developmental schedules of early pretending is noted.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Group play therapy. Using an interaction model with delayed regressed behaviors in children.

This article gives an overview of individual play therapy and relates the concepts of individual play therapy to group play therapy. A new model of group play therapy, an interactional model, is introduced. The article provides basic guidelines for beginning play therapists. An actual group is described and specific interventions for problems are suggested.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Play vocalizations of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

Vocalizations occurring during play bouts were studied in 2 pairs of young male squirrel monkeys. Two main call types, one having four variants, are described. Vocalization rate varied with the type of ongoing behavior and with play bout duration, an association considered to be indicative of motivation to play. Structural differences also varied with bout duration and longer bouts had longer and more complex calls. In addition to providing direct information about motivation, vocalizations may have a metacommunicative function in alerting adult group members (not play partners) to the presence of playful activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Play behavior of hearing impaired children: integrated and segregated settings.

The free-play behavior of young hearing impaired children in integrated and segregated settings was compared using a multielement baseline design. Two children, aged 3 and 5, were observed using momentary time sampling of their play as they alternated from one setting to the other. Data were collected in ech setting for various categories of play behavior. The categories were derived from the classic play categories of Parten and Smilansky. Results indicate that the children engaged in more socially advanced play in the integrated setting.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Use of art and play therapy in pediatric oncology.

Play enhances a child's physical growth and development and contributes to the mastery of language and social skills. It is essential for the child's psychological development and maturation. An overview of the field of play and art psychotherapy is presented with an outline of the function of play for the physically ill child. Techniques of play and art therapy that nurses can use for children with cancer, including therapeutic play, are described.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1990

The play behavior of hearing-impaired kindergarten children.

This exploratory study examined the cognitive and social play behaviors of hearing-impaired kindergarten children with regard to classroom instructional mode and communication strategies. Two classes were observed--one using sign communication and the other using an oral-based method of communication. Functional, constructive, dramatic, and social play behaviors were observed and documented. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups of children with regard to social and dramatic play as well as with regard to levels of aggression. For example, children in the sign-based class demonstrated higher levels of social play behavior and lower levels of aggression than the children in the oral-based class. Guidelines and strategies to help children initiate and sustain play are suggested.

Child↗
PubMed2005

A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that preschool children have a higher prevalence of obesity, spend less time playing outdoors, and spend more time watching television (TV) when they live in neighborhoods that their mothers perceive as unsafe. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey in 20 large US cities, mothers reported the average daily time of outdoor play and TV viewing for their 3-year-old children, and the children's BMI was measured. Maternal perception of neighborhood safety was assessed with the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales; the scale score was used to divide children into tertiles of neighborhood safety. RESULTS: Of the 3141 children studied, 35% lived in households with incomes below the US poverty threshold. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors (household income and mothers' education, race/ethnicity, age, and marital status), obesity prevalence (BMI > or =95th percentile) did not differ in children from the least safe to the safest neighborhood safety tertile (18% vs 17% vs 20%) or in weekday (160 vs 151 vs 156 minutes/day) or weekend (233 vs 222 vs 222 minutes/day) outdoor play time. Children who lived in neighborhoods that were perceived by their mothers as the least safe watched more TV (201 vs 182 vs 185 minutes/day) and were more likely to watch >2 hours/day (66% vs 60% vs 62%). TV viewing and outdoor play minutes were not significantly correlated to each other or to BMI. CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample of preschool children, mothers' perception of neighborhood safety was related to their children's TV viewing time but not to their outdoor play time or risk for obesity.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

[The importance of playfulness in occupational therapy with adult clients].

BACKGROUND: As there is little documentation pertaining to playfulness in adults, its therapeutic potential remains uncertain. PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY: A qualitative approach was used in order to develop a conceptual model of playfulness in adults and to discuss its potential uses in occupational therapy. RESULTS: The model identifies the influential sources and the consequences of playfulness in adults. The identified consequences support both the privileged intervention in occupational therapy, in other words, the meaningful activity, and the objectives of the intervention, those which include being the capacity to act, health and well-being. For these reasons, the proposed model presents interesting potential for occupational therapy intervention. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This conceptual model presents a unique and innovative vision of playfulness in adults that could offer a new perspective on meaningful activity. It suggests that playfulness could become an important tool in occupational therapy in developing the capacity to act. Consequently, the model proposes an innovative client-based approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of playing a video game on a measure of spatial visualization.

70 undergraduate students, without any prior experience of video games playing, were given a pretest and a posttest on the Space Relations Test of the DAT, Forms A and B being, respectively, administered on the two occasions. The experimental group of 38 had eight sessions of playing the Zaxxon video game, each session including five plays. The control group of 32 received no such treatment. A 2 (sex) by 2 (group) analysis of covariance, using pretest scores as the covariate, yielded a significant effect for group which supports the hypothesis that spatial visualization test scores can be improved by video game playing. Moreover, the sex-related difference in visual-spatial skills frequently reported does not appear on the pretest. Finally, no effect for sex and no interaction of group X sex were found, indicating that both male and female subjects gained equally from playing Zaxxon.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Play deprivation in children with physical disabilities: the role of the occupational therapist in preventing secondary disability.

Self-initiated free play experiences are vital for the normal growth and development of all children. In this paper, children with physical disabilities who are deprived of normal play opportunities are viewed as having a second disability that hinders their potential for independent behavior and performance. Physical, social, personal, and environmental barriers that may limit the play experiences of children with physical disabilities are delineated. Studies of the interactions of these children during play are discussed, and a case is made for the promotion of active, free play in the home, the school, and the community. As facilitators of this process, occupational therapists must consider a variety of factors, including the unique capabilities of the child, the influence of parent-child and peer relationships, the role of other caregiving adults, the adaptation of toys and materials, and the impact of the environment and setting.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Playfulness in children with and without disability: measurement and intervention.

OBJECTIVE: The differences in playfulness between young children with cerebral palsy and developmental delays and children who are typically developing, and the comparative effects of two interventions (one focused on improving mother-child interaction patterns, the other a neurodevelopmental treatment [NDT] session) on children's playfulness were examined in this study. Reliability and validity of the Test of Playfulness (ToP) also were examined. METHOD: Three trained raters used the ToP to score 38 children, half with cerebral palsy and developmental delays and half typically developing, as they played with their mothers. Mental ages of the children ranged from 3 to 18 months. The mother-child dyads in which the children had cerebral palsy and developmental delays were then randomly assigned to an intervention group. After a 1-hr intervention to improve mother-child interaction, the children were rescored on the ToP. RESULTS: After examination of ToP reliability and validity, children with cerebral palsy and developmental delays were found to score significantly lower on the ToP than their peers who were typically developing. In addition, children whose mothers received an intervention to improve mother-child interactions scored significantly higher on the ToP after intervention than before intervention. However, the gain scores of children whose mothers received the intervention were not significantly higher than those of children who received direct NDT. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that when the shared goal of parents and therapists is to enable children to express their inherent playfulness, intervention to improve parent-child interactions may be more potent than intervention directed at improving the child's developmental skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Play as occupation: implications for the handicapped.

That play is a need-fulfilling and appropriate occupation in the life of every person, and particularly in the life of the handicapped, is the basic assumption of this paper. Play is defined, characterized, and discussed in relationship to its role in the treatment process. Various classical and modern theories of play are presented, with the optimum arousal theory of play presented as most significant in the rehabilitation process of the handicapped individual. The approach to this assumption is basically theoretical, and concludes with pragmatic suggestions for optimizing the meaningful involvement of patients in play.

Arousal↗
PubMed2002

[Play therapy in social work with children].

This article introduces the results of scientific research performed in 1995-1997 in Kaunas primary school with 1st and 2nd grade children exhibiting behavioral disorders. Play therapy, a quite novel method in the country, seeks better improvement and an achievement of a better relationship for disadvantaged children in educational process. Play group counseling, or play media counseling, is shown as an important method in working with early primary grade children, especially those who present behavioral problems in the classroom. Another important aspect of group play therapy is the concentrated relationship with the counselor. Primary school children, especially those who are disadvantaged respond more to warmth than to praise for being right and doing well. Data analysis allow us to assume that behavioral difficulties of primary school children are connected with a low rate of self-esteem and dissatisfaction with their vital activities. Main conclusions to correspond with hypothesis held for the research are: a) children exhibiting behavioral problems are less active in educational process; b) by means of systematic use of play group counseling method in school, problematic children are able to solve their difficulties and to optimize their academic improvement; c) there is a complementary relationship between child's self-esteem and his/her satisfaction with his/her vital activity.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Imaginative play in children with mental retardation.

We examined the play behavior of 18 kindergarten children without mental retardation and 55 children with different levels of mental retardation, all with a developmental age of 4 to 5 years, and found few differences between the groups with regard to activity, types and quality of play, and play content. Qualitative differences as described in the literature were not confirmed. This may have been due to (a) the play situation, which was an individual contact with a stimulating adult and/or (b) the fact that MA and not CA was the standard of comparison. Consequently, mild to moderate mental retardation seems in itself insufficient reason to exclude children from play intervention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Application of therapeutic play in the process of nursing a preschool patient].

This report describes the application of therapeutic play to a 4-year-old female patient with intestinal obstruction during the process of nursing. The patient suffered a Port-A in the clavicle and an ileostomy in the right upper abdomen. She cried incessantly and resisted nurses who attempted to change her dressing. Data were collected by participant observation, and it was found that the patient had problems dealing with anticipatory pain and body image and lacked an emotional outlet. Therapeutic play therefore was applied during the process of nursing in an effort to accomplish the following: (1) establish trust between the patient and the health care providers; (2) reduce the patient's fear of therapy; (3) help the patient to understand her own self-image; (4) provide an emotional outlet for her. During the nursing process, we improved her overall compliance, provided her with an emotional outlet, and helped her to understand her self-image. Through this nursing process we experienced the nature of children's play. Pediatric nurses may consider employing play as a means to communicate with patients in an effort to reduce their stress during hospitalization. Therapeutic play may also improve patient compliance with the process of nursing.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing and managing exposure from arsenic in CCA-treated wood play structures.

BACKGROUND: Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood has been widely used for outdoor play structures. There is a growing scientific concern about children's exposure to the arsenic that leaches from these structures. The purpose of this study was to measure arsenic from CCA-treated wood play structures owned by the City of Toronto to guide an appropriate exposure reduction strategy. METHODS: In the fall of 2002, 4 soil and 2 wood surface samples (dislodgeable arsenic) were collected from 217 play structures and analyzed for total arsenic content. Soil arsenic concentrations were compared to the federal soil guideline of 12 microg/g. Dislodgeable arsenic concentrations were compared to a Toronto Public Health-derived interim action level of 100 microg/100 cm2. RESULTS: Soil arsenic levels in samples taken from within one metre of CCA-treated wood were low (mean 2.1; range 0.5-10 microg/g). However, the means of the arsenic level in the composite soil samples taken from beneath an elevated platform were significantly greater (p<0.01) than the background soil sample and soil from within one metre of the CCA-treated wood (mean 20.3; range 12.4-47.5 microg/g). Composite soil samples exceeded the federal soil guideline of 12 microg/g at 32 play structures. Dislodgeable arsenic values varied widely (mean 41.9 microg/100 cm2; non-detectable to 521.5 microg/100 cm2). 32 play structures had dislodgeable arsenic levels that exceeded the interim action level. Mean arsenic concentrations on vertical surfaces were significantly higher than on horizontal surfaces (p<0.01). DISCUSSION: Our soil analysis indicates that arsenic does not migrate laterally but accumulates under elevated platforms at levels that can exceed the soil guideline. Dislodgeable arsenic values varied greatly and were not a useful predictor of soil arsenic (R2 = 0.0015).

Arsenic↗