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PubMed1976

Plasma enteroglucagon and plasma volume change after gastric surgery.

1. The changes in plasma enteroglucagon concentration and plasma volume were measured after oral glucose in sixteen subjects before and forty-eight subjects after operative treatment for benign duodenal ulceration. Truncal vagotomy with a drainage procedure had been performed in sixteen of the postoperative subjects studied, selective vagotomy with a drainage procedure in seventeen, and partial gastrectomy in fifteen. 2. Patients in whom the glucose produced dumping symptoms had significantly greater enteroglucagon concentrations than those who were symptom-free, which confirms the results of a preliminary study. There was a highly significant correlation between the rate of rise of plasma volume. 3. There was no difference in the rate of rise or in peak plasma enteroglucagon and the rate of fall of plasma volume. 3. There was no difference in the rate of rise or in peak plasma enteroglucagon concentration between the groups of patients who had different operative procedures. This suggests that enteroglucagon release is not under vagal influence. 4. There was no apparent relation between the plasma enteroglucagon concentration and the time-interval between the operation and the time of study, which implies that the exaggerated release of enteroglucagon after operation occurs in response to the altered gastric physiology and that there is minimal adaptive change.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Measurement of apoptosis and proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells in patients with plasma cell proliferative disorders.

The proliferative rate of malignant plasma cells, as measured by the plasma cell labelling index (PCLI), is an important prognostic factor in multiple myeloma (MM); however, the PCLI alone is probably Inadequate to describe tumour growth because it ignores the idea that myeloma cells may have a reduced rate of apoptosis. The aims of this study were to develop a flow cytometric method to measure the apoptosis index of fresh marrow plasma cells and develop a plasma cell growth index (PCGI) that related both proliferation and apoptosis to disease activity. Marrow aspirates were obtained from 91 patients with plasma cell disorders and the plasma cells in apoptosis were identified by either 7-amino actinomycin-D (7-AAD) or annexin V-FITC three-colour flow cytometry. The median plasma cell apoptotic index (PCAI) for patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smouldering or indolent myeloma (SMM/IMM), and new multiple myeloma (MM) was 5.2, 3.4 and 2.4, respectively (P=0.03, MGUS v MM). The median PCLI for these same patient groups was 0.0, 0.2 and 0.6, respectively (P<0.001, MGUS v MM). The paired PCLI and PCAI for each sample were used to derive the PCGI=2 + [PCLI-(O.1)(PCAI)]. The median PCGI for patients with inactive disease (MGUS, SMM/IMM or amyloidosis) was 1.8 compared to 2.4 for those with active disease (new or relapsed MM) (P<0.001). These results suggest that a decrease in the PCAI may be a factor in the progression from MGUS to SMM to overt MM.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2004

Presence of HLA antibodies in single-donor-derived fresh frozen plasma compared with pooled, solvent detergent-treated plasma (Octaplas).

Adverse reactions to plasma transfusion are well documented. One of the most serious hazards of transfusion, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), has nearly as high an incidence of mortality and major morbidity as that reported for the transfusion of incorrect blood components. The specific mechanisms of plasma component-induced adverse reactions remain unclear, but a major contribution may be related to the presence of alloantibodies. In this study, a laboratory analysis was undertaken to determine the presence of HLA antibodies in leucodepleted single-donor-derived fresh frozen plasma (FFP). A comparison was made with a pooled plasma product that has undergone solvent detergent treatment. In total, 58 plasma samples from single-donor units of leucodepleted FFP were tested along with samples from 12 units (three for each ABO blood group) of the pooled plasma (Octaplas); Octapharma Ltd, Coventry, UK), for the presence of HLA antibodies. HLA-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were used to screen for their presence, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity and flow cytometry analyses were used to further define their presence, specificity and class [immunoglobulin G (IgG)/IgM]. In the study groups, HLA antibodies were found to be present in five of the single-donor units (9%) while the pooled plasma samples tested negative.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1990

Effects of different plasma substitutes on plasma fibronectin concentrations in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Plasma fibronectin is important for host defences as an opsonin of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). The effects of three types of plasma substitutes, crystalloid, gelatin and dextran solutions, on plasma fibronectin levels were studied in patients undergoing abdominal surgery in relation to serum total protein and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Plasma fibronectin levels decreased during induction of anaesthesia and infusion of an electrolyte solution before infusion of the plasma substitute, and they were further decreased during operation after infusion of plasma substitutes and remained depressed on the first postoperative day in all study groups (P less than 0.05-0.01). In the crystalloid and dextran groups, plasma fibronectin levels exceeded preoperative levels by the 4th-5th postoperative day (P less than 0.05-0.01), but in the gelatin solution group they remained depressed (P less than 0.01). Serum total protein levels remained lower than preoperative values throughout the study period (P less than 0.05-0.01), whereas CRP levels were many times higher on days 1 and 4-5 postoperatively in all groups (P less than 0.01).

Abdomen↗
PubMed1981

Accessible plasma exchange using membrane filter - a successfully treated case of TTP with repeated plasma exchanges.

Plasma exchanges with a hollow-fiber type plasma filter were attempted in a variety of diseases. The unit was easily assembled and the procedures were safely carried out by our dialysis personnel after some instruction. Approximately 2 liters of fresh frozen plasma were used during each plasma exchange and about the same amount of plasma was removed from the patient in 1.5 to 2 hours. This resulted in 66% replacement of patient's albumin on one occasion. Fifty-four plasma exchanges were done in seven patients. The procedure was well tolerated by all patients with only occasional muscle cramps or itching, which were treated with calcium gluconate infusion or antihistamines, respectively. A successfully treated case of TTP in which we used repeated membrane plasma exchanges combined with conventional treatment is also reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

CD31 (JC70) expression in plasma cells: an immunohistochemical analysis of reactive and neoplastic plasma cells.

AIMS: To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of CD31 (JC70) in normal and neoplastic plasma cells. METHODS: Plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies and extramedullary locations were examined. All extramedullary biopsies were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. The bone marrow biopsies were fixed in formal acetic acid and embedded in paraffin wax. Twenty multiple myelomas (12 bone marrow and eight extramedullary deposits), 10 extramedullary plasmacytomas, and 30 biopsies with reactive plasma cells (10 bone marrow, 20 extramedullary biopsies) were stained with anti-CD31 (JC70) using the streptavidin-biotin detection system with diaminobenzidine as a chromogen. Antigen retrieval in bone marrow biopsies was achieved by pressure cooking. In all other biopsies, antigen retrieval was achieved by microwave pretreatment. RESULTS: All 20 extramedullary cases with reactive plasma cells showed intense membrane staining. Focal staining was detected in reactive plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies. Five of 10 plasmacytomas showed membrane staining. None of the cases of multiple myeloma, either medullary or extramedullary, showed any immunoreactivity for CD31. CONCLUSIONS: CD31, a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family of cell adhesion molecules, is strongly expressed in extramedullary reactive plasma cells, focally in bone marrow reactive plasma cells, and occasionally in extramedullary plasmacytomas.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2003

Quantitation of monoclonal plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies in plasma cell dyscrasia.

Direct measurement of monoclonal plasma cell mass in bone marrow biopsies may be a useful parameter to establish in plasma cell dyscrasia. In this study monoclonal plasma cells/mm in light chain immunoglobulin immunostained archival bone marrow sections from 22 patients in whom a diagnosis of multiple myeloma (MM) had been excluded but who had monoclonal proteins were counted by two observers at light microscopic level. There was good correlation between the counts of the two observers. The levels of monoclonal plasma cells/mm in biopsies were not related to the % counts in the aspirates taken at the same time as the biopsies. Three of seven patients with biopsy levels in excess of the polyclonal levels in patients without plasma cell dyscrasia developed progressive MM within the observation time. Monoclonal plasma cell levels/mm of bone marrow biopsies can be measured and they provide a useful parameter for the assessment of patients with low volume plasma cell dyscrasia.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2000

[Photodynamic inactivation of model virus in human plasma by methylene blue and its influence on plasma proteins].

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether photochemical method can inactivate viruses in human plasma efficiently, and to what extent it affects the protein in human plasma. METHODS: Vascular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana strain was used as the indicating virus. It was inoculated on Vero cell monolayer, incubated in 37 degrees C for 24 hours, microtitered by cytopathogenic effect. Small amount experiments were carried out to observe virus inactivation and the influence on plasma proteins. RESULTS: Methylene blue (MB) in combination with visible light can inactivate the model virus in human plasma efficiently. The dye in very low concentration combined with light was sufficient to achieve a reduction of VSV titer of more than 6 log10 TCID50. Compared with the untreated plasma, neither the activities of blood clotting factors nor the immunological properties of the plasma proteins and the blood albumin were reduced significantly. In this experiment, the dose of MB used for photoinactivation of the virus was very low, about a hundred fold lower than that of methemoglobinemia used in clinical treatment. Furthermore, heat of the light and photochemical reaction are two import factors for decreasing of clotting factor's activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this preliminary study suggest the potential application of MB-photodynamic inactivation of plasma virus is an useful approach in clinical practice.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Field study of lyophilized calibrant plasmas for fresh plasma INR determination.

An alternative approach to INR estimation is for laboratories to calibrate their own local system using calibrant plasmas supplied by manufacturers or reference laboratories. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the within-laboratory variability of a calibrant plasma procedure using various sets of lyophilized plasmas. INR had been assigned to 13 calibrant plasmas in a previous multi-center study. Each of 10 other ("field") laboratories measured PTs in the 13 calibrant plasmas and in 15 local fresh coumarin plasmas, using three different thromboplastin reagents. Each fresh coumarin PT was converted to INR using a calibration procedure with a set of 4 calibrants (1 normal + 3 abnormals). The abnormals of each set were either coumarin or artificial and were used with different assigned INR. When the INR had been assigned with a thromboplastin brand identical to the thromboplastin in the field laboratory, the procedure was named "reagent-specific" calibration. Otherwise the procedure was named "dissimilar" calibration. Using "reagent-specific" calibration procedures, relatively homogeneous INR were obtained for the fresh coumarin plasmas, whatever type of calibrant was used. In contrast, discrepant INR were obtained when "dissimilar" cross-species calibration procedures were used. The study was limited to 9 laboratories using the same type of coagulometer and one using a different type.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1991

[Quality control studies of 3 deep-frozen coagulation-active fresh frozen plasma preparations from various suppliers and a new virus-inactivated lyophilized pooled plasma preparation].

Fresh frozen plasma is the most important therapeutic agent in acquired coagulation disorders. We investigated the quality of three conventional fresh-frozen plasma preparations (groups I, II, IV) and one new virus-inactivated lyophilised pooled plasma preparation (group III). In the new plasma preparation we found a significant reduction in coagulation activity, a significantly higher pH value and a highly significant rise in plasma heparin levels. No significant difference in electrolytes, protein levels and concentration or complement activity was found in any of the groups. In conclusion, unlike conventional fresh-frozen plasma, this new virus-inactivated lyophilised pooled plasma preparation does not seem to be suitable for use in therapy of coagulation disorders.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes and plasma protein mass under conditions of head-down tilt hypokinesia and immersion].

Twenty-four young volunteers were exposed to 30-56-hour head-down tilting (at -6 degrees and -15 degrees) in 5 experimental runs. The purpose of the study was to measure volumes of plasma and extracellular fluid, as well as concentrations of plasma proteins and hemoglobin. The results varied but in most cases the plasma volume decreased by 0.46-0.55 1, extracellular fluid volume by 0.75-2.15 1, and plasma proteins by 13.4-30.4 g. The hemoglobin concentration increased by 8-12% and that of plasma proteins in some cases grew and in others diminished. Water loading prevented the plasma volume decrease. The paper discusses with reference to the data in the literature the fate and role of plasma proteins in the regulation of the intravascular volume and fluid redistribution.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Direct targeting of human plasma for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and analysis of plasma proteins by time of flight-mass spectrometry.

A method to analyze human plasma proteins without fractionation, directly applying a plasma-matrix mixture on the target plate of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS), has been described. Peaks of ionized plasma proteins could not be detected applying a mixture of an undiluted plasma sample and a matrix solution, but they appeared when the plasma was diluted before mixing with the matrix. Tenfold diluted plasma provided well-resolved protein peaks in the m/z range from 4000 to 30,000. The addition of a simple post-crystallization washing procedure performed on the target plate further improved the quality of mass spectra. We numbered 58 peaks in the range of 4-160 kDa and 32 out of which were assigned to the plasma protein species which have been reported. Especially high sensitivity and resolution were obtained in the region < 30 kDa, where multiple isoforms of apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-II, apolipoprotein C-I, apolipoprotein C-II, apolipoprotein C-III, and transthyretin could be assigned. Various post-translational modifications are involved in the isoforms, e.g., proteolytic cleavage, glycosylation and chemical modifications. This method will become complementary with the present electrophoretic techniques, especially for the analysis of low-molecular-mass proteins.

Apolipoproteins↗
PubMed1991

Short-term effects of atenolol and nifedipine on atrial natriuretic peptide, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone in patients with essential hypertension.

The short-term effects of atenolol and nifedipine on plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), plasma renin activity (PRA), and plasma aldosterone (PA) were studied in two groups of patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. Urinary catecholamines, and sodium and potassium excretion were also studied. A group of 20 patients with hypertension, after a wash-out period of at least 10 days, was randomly subdivided into two protocol therapy subgroups. One group (six men and four women) received atenolol (100 mg/d), and the other group (six men and four women) received nifedipine (30 mg/d). Circulating plasma levels of ANP, PRA, and PA were determined by radioimmunoassay, and other variables were determined by routine laboratory techniques before therapy and at day 3 and day 7 after the treatment began. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during the study. Both drugs reduced arterial blood pressure (P less than .001) significantly. The atenolol therapy decreased heart rate (P less than .001), increased plasma ANP levels and urinary catecholamine excretion, and decreased PRA and circulating PA levels. Nifedipine treatment did not modify plasma ANP values, whereas it increased PRA and PA circulating levels and urinary catecholamine excretion. No differences were shown for urinary volume, urinary sodium, and potassium excretions during the two different treatments. These findings suggest that the increased plasma ANP levels could contribute to the antihypertensive effects of the beta-adrenoreceptor blockers, by a reduction in PRA and PA levels and a vasodilatative effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Haemodilution therapy in ischaemic stroke: plasma concentrations and plasma viscosity during long-term infusion of dextran 40 or hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5.

In 21 patients with ischaemic strokes we have monitored plasma viscosity, total plasma concentration, numeric average molecular weight (Mn), and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of Dextran 40 (dextran) and hydroxyethylstarch 200/0.5 (HES) during 10 days of treatment (days 1-4, 2 X 500 ml; days 5-10, 1 X 500 ml). Plasma concentrations of dextran increased during the first 4 days (8.3 mg X ml-1 on the first day to 18.0 mg X ml-1 on the fifth day), reached an apparent steady state of 17.2 mg X ml-1 during the next 6 days, and declined subsequently with a half-time (t1/2) of 4.03 days. After ten days treatment Mn and Mw were shifted towards higher values. Plasma viscosity increased from 1.26 mPas to 1.69 mPas on Day 10 (p less than 0.01) and was linearly correlated with the total plasma concentration of dextran (p less than 0.001; r = 0.88). Total plasma concentrations of HES averaged 11.7 mg X ml-1 on Day 1 and 12.4 mg X ml-1 on Day 5. The molecular weight distribution did not change during the infusions but decreased in comparison with the administered solution. Plasma viscosity fell from 1.40 mPas to 1.30 mPas at Day 10 (p less than 0.05) and was not related to the concentration of HES. The haemodiluting effect, as indicated by a decrease of the haematocrit, was 22% and 16.8% for dextran and HES respectively. These data suggest several advantages of HES compared with dextran in haemodilution therapy of ischaemic stroke.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Radioimmunoassay of plasma lisuride in man following intravenous and oral administration of lisuride hydrogen maleate: effect on plasma prolactin level.

The development of a sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of lisuride in plasma is described. The antiserum against lisuride-4-hemisuccinate-BSA was raised in rabbits. Using this method the plasma levels of lisuride were monitored following one intravenous (25 microgram) and two oral (100 microgram and 300 microgram) doses of lisuride hydrogen maleate in three female and three male volunteers (intra-individual comparison). The plasma prolactin was also determined by radioimmunoassay. Following i. v. injection, the concentration of lisuride declined in three phases, with half-lives of 5 min, 25 min and 2 h. The total plasma clearance of 800 +/- 250 ml X min-1 was in the range of "plasma flow" through the liver. In agreement with the high rate of biotransformation, the bioavailability of lisuride administered orally was 10% +/- 7% of the 100-microgram dose, and 22% +/- 7% of the 300-microgram dose. The plasma prolactin was lowered to 3%-18% of its pretreatment value depending on the route of administration and the dose. The reduction appeared to be short-lived and to be directly dependent on the plasma concentration of lisuride. Following intravenous injection, the prolactin level declined after a so far unexplained lag-time of 0.5 h.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Age- and sex-related differences in plasma aldosterone in essential hypertension. Relationship to plasma renin activity.

In essential hypertension mean basal (supine) and stimulated plasma renin activity (2 h upright posture + 40 mg furosemide intraveneously) decreased progressively with age. No significant differences were observed in renin levels between male and female patients. With increasing age mean basal (supine) plasma aldosterone remained almost unchanged in females, whereas in males a slight increase was found. However, in the comparable age-groups no significant sex-related differences were obtained. In female patients changes in mean stimulated plasma aldosterone with increasing age paralleled those of plasma renin activity, whereas in males this relationship was less obvious: only a slight age-related decline in stimulated aldosterone levels was observed and significantly lower plasma aldosterone concentrations in male than in female hypertensives of the younger age-groups (less than 40 years) were found. The results indicate that in essential hypertension with increasing age dissociation between plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity occurred. Furthermore, the described alterations in adrenal aldosterone release are more pronounced in male than in female patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Direct determination of selenium in human blood plasma and seminal plasma by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and clinical application.

Direct determination of selenium (Se) in body fluids by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) may suffer from problems like severe background, matrix effects, preatomization losses, and spectral interferences. In this study we evaluate critically the influence on the accuracy of the direct determination of Se in blood plasma and seminal plasma by GFAAS, and propose a simple, rapid, and accurate method, suitable for routine clinical analysis. The method for blood plasma is mainly based on studies by the use of matched matrix and a Pd-Ni modifier, but for seminal plasma only a Pd modifier is required. The method developed was also applied to study the Se distribution in plasma protein fractions of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The Se in plasma of patients was significantly lower than that of the controls. The distribution pattern of Se in blood plasma fractions of patients was also different from that of the controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Polyatomics in zinc isotope ratio analysis of plasma samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and applicability of nonextracted samples for zinc kinetics.

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful tool for both quantitative multielement analyses of inorganic elements and measurement of isotope ratios (IRs). The main disadvantage of this technique is the existence of polyatomic isobaric interferences at some key masses. Zinc has been investigated for such potential interferences in serum or plasma. The Zn isotopes, 66Zn and 68Zn, have no apparent interferences, but 32S1602 and 32S2 are isobaric with 64Zn. The possible effects of S and other major components of blood plasma-Na, K, Cl, P, Ca-on Zn IRs were investigated using a series of mineral solutions which simulated human plasma with respect to these elements. The mixture of all mineral elements interfered only with 64Zn (6.66 ng/mL) and 70Zn (8.51 ng/mL). Interferences to 66Zn, 67Zn, and 68Zn were minimal containing 0.90, 0.94, and 0.39 ng/mL, respectively. The copresence of Na or S shifted 35Cl16O2 (atomic mass 67 coming from Cl solution) to 35Cl2 which reduced the contribution to 67Zn. The hypothesis that Zn IRs obtained from plasma at various intervals after the intravenous administration of enriched 67Zn to humans would reflect those obtained after extraction of Zn was therefore tested. To compare the two pretreatment methods, "extraction" versus "nonextraction," specimens were collected from 10 human subjects at intervals of 5 min to 24 h postinjection, and in 4 subjects from 5 min to 9 d postinjection. Two separate aliquots of plasma from each time-point were dried and digested with hydrogen peroxide, and the residue dissolved in nitric acid. One specimen was subjected to zinc extraction using ammonium diethyldithiocarbamate chelate followed by back extraction into nitric acid. The matching aliquot received no further pretreatment. The normalized IRs obtained from 67Zn/66Zn and 67Zn/68Zn in both the "extracted" and "nonextracted" samples agreed well (r2 = 0.976 and r2 = 0.985, respectively) compared to those from other ratios (r2 = 0.838 for 67Zn/64Zn and r2 = 0.747 for 67Zn/70Zn). Considering the minimum possibility of isobaric interferences in plasma samples, 67Zn/68Zn obtained from "nonextracted" samples is sufficient for routine Zn kinetic analysis by ICP-MS.

Argon↗