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PubMed2002

Effect of multisensory stimulation on analgesia in term neonates: a randomized controlled trial.

Many attempts have been made to obtain safe and effective analgesia in newborns. Oral glucose-water has been found to have analgesic properties in neonates. We investigated whether other sensory stimulation added to oral glucose provided more effective analgesia than oral glucose alone. In a randomized prospective double-blind trial, we studied 120 term newborns during heel prick. The babies were divided randomly into six groups of 20, and each group was treated with a different procedure during heel prick: A) control; B) 1 mL 33% oral glucose given 2 min before the heel prick; C) sucking; D) 1 mL 33% oral glucose plus sucking; E) multisensory stimulation including 1 mL 33% oral glucose (sensorial saturation); F) multisensory stimulation without oral glucose. Sensorial saturation consisted in massage, voice, eye contact, and perfume smelling during heel prick. Each heel prick was filmed and assigned a point score according to the Douleur Aiguë du Nouveau-né (DAN) neonatal acute pain scale. Camera recording began 30 s before the heel prick, so it was impossible for the scorers to distinguish procedure A (control) from B (glucose given 2 min before), C (sucking water) from D (sucking glucose), and E (multisensory stimulation and glucose) from F (multisensory stimulation and water) from the video. Procedure E (multisensory stimulation and glucose) was found to be the most effective procedure, and the analgesia was even more effective than that produced by procedure D (sucking glucose). We conclude that sensorial saturation is an effective analgesic technique that potentiates the analgesic effect of oral sugar. It can be used for minor painful procedures on newborns.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

A set of female pheromones affects reproduction before, during and after mating in Drosophila.

Sex pheromones are chemical signals used for mate attraction and discrimination in many invertebrate species. These compounds are often complex mixtures with different components having different effects. We tested live Drosophila melanogaster mutant female flies genetically depleted for unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons, which were then perfumed with these substances to measure their influence on various aspects of reproduction. Female pheromones of the control Cs strain enhanced female attractivity, copulation duration and tended to decrease the number of female progeny of mutant females mated with Cs males, but no dose-dependent effect was found. Cs and variant males showed different response to Cs female pheromone, suggesting a strain-specific coadaptation of female and male characters. The fact that female pheromones induced reciprocal effects on the frequency of the genes contributed by females and males suggests that these substances regulate coevolutionary processes between the sexes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

[Analysis of contact dermatitis by cytokines 4--Skin sensitization of biphenyl compounds].

Clove buds oil is one of very important natural essential oil with a typical spicy note and also known as a source of eugenol. These phenol compounds, which have the strong perfume of clove, are widely used not only as an analgesic and antiseptic agent in dentistry. However, the problem is that the phenol compounds caused sensitization on the skin occasionally. We reported that the skin sensitization by eugenol and its derivatives was detected in the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and also confirmed that dehydrodi-eugenol, a biphenyl compound of eugenol, did not show the skin sensitization. To discuss more, we examined the skin sensitization by several phenol compounds and its biphenyl ones. Consequently, we confirmed that the skin sensitization by biphenyl compounds more remarkably decreased than that by phenol compounds (monomer).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Assessing elemental mercury vapor exposure from cultural and religious practices.

Use of elemental mercury in certain cultural and religious practices can cause high exposures to mercury vapor. Uses include sprinkling mercury on the floor of a home or car, burning it in a candle, and mixing it with perfume. Some uses can produce indoor air mercury concentrations one or two orders of magnitude above occupational exposure limits. Exposures resulting from other uses, such as infrequent use of a small bead of mercury, could be well below currently recognized risk levels. Metallic mercury is available at almost all of the 15 botanicas visited in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but botanica personnel often deny having mercury for sale when approached by outsiders to these religious and cultural traditions. Actions by public health authorities have driven the mercury trade underground in some locations. Interviews indicate that mercury users are aware that mercury is hazardous, but are not aware of the inhalation exposure risk. We argue against a crackdown by health authorities because it could drive the practices further underground, because high-risk practices may be rare, and because uninformed government intervention could have unfortunate political and civic side effects for some Caribbean and Latin American immigrant groups. We recommend an outreach and education program involving religious and community leaders, botanica personnel, and other mercury users.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study.

The probability of nonoccupational exposure to phthalates is high given their use in a vast range of consumables, including personal care products (e.g., perfumes, lotions, cosmetics), paints, industrial plastics, and certain medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Phthalates are of high interest because of their potential for human exposure and because animal toxicity studies suggest that some phthalates affect male reproductive development apparently via inhibition of androgen biosynthesis. In humans, phthalates are rapidly metabolized to their monoesters, which can be further transformed to oxidative products, conjugated, and eliminated. Phthalate metabolites have been used as biomarkers of exposure. Using urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations allows accurate assessments of human exposure because these concentrations represent an integrative measure of exposure to phthalates from multiple sources and routes. However, the health significance of this exposure is unknown. To link biomarker measurements to exposure, internal dose, or health outcome, additional information (e.g., toxicokinetics, inter- and intraindividual differences) is needed. We present a case study using diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as examples to illustrate scientific approaches and their limitations, identify data gaps, and outline research needs for using biomonitoring data in the context of human health risk assessment, with an emphasis on exposure and dose. Although the vast and growing literature on phthalates research could not be covered comprehensively in this article, we made every attempt to include the most relevant publications as of the end of 2005.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The upper respiratory tract: mucous membrane irritation.

Despite the widespread recognition that mucosal irritation is a cardinal feature of "sick-building syndrome," few data exist on the cause, natural history, or pathophysiology of upper respiratory mucous membrane irritation. The baseline prevalence of nasal symptoms among building occupants is often 20%, but in some studies it is as high as 50 to 60%. New techniques of nasal challenge and analysis of cells and mediators in nasal lavage fluid have proved useful in the assessment of rhinitis caused by antigens, cold air, and viruses, and these techniques are now being applied to the study the response to irritants. Human inhalation challenge studies have recently demonstrated a spectrum of sensitivity to environmental tobacco smoke, but the basis for this difference requires additional investigation. Animal and in vitro studies indicate that the chemosensitive neurons and airway epithelium may be critical targets for irritants that participate in the induction of inflammation. New research methods are needed, particularly to evaluate complaints of nasal congestion, drying, and irritation. Techniques should be developed that may be useful for field studies, where the health effects of a complex mixture are being assessed in a specific indoor environment. There exists a group of individuals who report a variety of symptoms on exposure to low levels of common volatile organic mixtures such as perfume, cigarette smoke, and cleaning agents. Some of these individuals report having occupied "sick buildings" during the time their symptoms began. Research is needed to understand the basis of their complaints, their etiology, and treatment.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2001

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased prevalence of asthma in adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine if exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood has an impact on asthma prevalence in adults, and to identify the amount of nuisance from ETS and other lower airway irritants (LAWIs) in a city population. DESIGN: A postal survey. SETTING: The municipality of Orebro, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8,008 randomly selected inhabitants aged 15 to 69 years. MEASUREMENTS: Exposures, airway symptoms, and respiratory history were assessed using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 84%. In never-smokers with childhood ETS exposure, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma was 7.6% vs 5.9% in nonexposed subjects (p = 0.036). In never-smokers without a family history of asthma, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma in subjects reporting childhood ETS exposure was 6.8% vs 3.8% in nonexposed subjects (p < 0.001). Subjects with childhood ETS exposure were more likely to start smoking in adulthood. The prevalence of ever-smokers was 54.5% vs 33.8% (p < 0.0001) in nonexposed subjects. ETS was the most commonly reported LAWI in the total sample (21%), followed by exercise in cold air (20%), dust (19%), exercise (16%), perfume (15%), cold air (12%), pollen (10%), and pets (8%). All LAWIs were more frequently reported by women. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood exposure to ETS is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma among adult never-smokers, especially in nonatopic subjects. Children exposed to ETS are also more likely to become smokers. ETS is as a major LAWI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Microbiological analysis of cosmetics.

Cosmetics are products of chemical or natural origin dedicated specifically for use in skin and mucosa. The constant development of the cosmetic industry has generated the necessity to carry out microbiological analysis on the raw materials used in the industrial production of cosmetics as well as the final products, with the purpose of obtaining products of good microbiological quality. Cosmetic products are recognized to be substrates for the survival and development of a large variety of microorganisms, since they possess some of the nutrients that facilitate growth such as: lipids, polysaccharides, alcohol, proteins, amino acids, glucosides, esteroids, peptides, and vitamins. Also, the conditions of readiness (oxygenation, pH, temperature, osmotic degree, superficial activity, perfume, and essential oils) present in the cosmetic products favor microbial multiplication. Routine analyses to determine the microbiological quality of a cosmetic product include the following: Count of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms. Most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms. Count of molds and yeasts. Absence/presence of Staphylococcus aureus probe. Absence/presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa probe.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Volatile constituents in the flowers of Elsholtzia argyi and their variation: a possible utilization of plant resources after phytoremediation.

Phytoremediation effectiveness and remediation costs are driving factors of this project. Full utilization of plant resources after their being used for phytoremediation is an unsolved problem. GC/MS technique was used to investigate the volatiles of the flowers from Elsholtzia argyi (PFE1: Purple Flower Elsholtzia) and their variation (WFE: White Flower Elsholtzia), naturally growing in Pb/Zn mined area, and Elsholtzia argyi (PFE2: Purple Flower Elsholtzia), naturally growing in Jiuxi uncontaminated agriculture soil. Seventeen compounds constituting 86.88% of total essential oils were identified in PFE1, with 2,6-octadienoic acid,3,7-dimethyl-methyl ester being the main constituent (63.30%). Sixteen compounds accounting for 95.32% of total essential oils were identified in WFE, with caryophyllene being the main component (55.02%). Compared to PFE1, PFE2 contains lower level of 2,6-octadienoic acid,3,7-dimethyl-methyl ester (31.76%), which is the main constituent in the total essential oils of PFE2. Caryophyllene is the main ingredient of flavor. Elsholtzia ketone was identified in all the three Elsholtzia plants. It can be concluded that the selected Elsholtzia argyi plants can be exploited on their versatile uses as fragrances and antiseptics due to the perfume ingredient and antibacterial components existing in their essential oils.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of facial hyperpigmentation.

Facial and neck pigmentations are the most cosmetically important. They are common in middle-aged women, and are related to endogenous (hormones) and exogenous factors (such as use of cosmetics and perfumes, and exposure to sun radiation). Melasma (chloasma) is the most common cause of facial pigmentation, but there are many other forms such as Riehl's melanosis, poikiloderma of Civatte, erythrose peribuccale pigmentaire of Brocq, erythromelanosis follicularis of the face and neck, linea fusca, and cosmetic hyperpigmentations. Treatment of melasma and other facial pigmentations has always been challenging and discouraging. It is important to avoid exposure to the sun or to ultraviolet lamps, and to use broad-spectrum sunscreens. Several hypopigmenting agents have been used with differing results. Topical hydroquinone 2 to 4% alone or in combination with tretinoin 0.05 to 0.1% is an established treatment. Topical azelaic acid 15 to 20% can be as efficacious as hydroquinone, but is less of an irritant. Tretinoin is especially useful in treating hyperpigmentation of photoaged skin. Kojic acid, alone or in combination with glycolic acid or hydroquinone, has shown good results, due to its inhibitory action on tyrosinase. Chemical peels are useful to treat melasma: trichloroacetic acid, Jessner's solution, Unna's paste, alpha-hydroxy acid preparations, kojic acid, and salicyclic acid, alone or in various combinations have shown good results. In contrast, laser therapies have not produced completely satisfactory results, because they can induce hyperpigmentation and recurrences can occur. New laser approaches could be successful at clearing facial hyperpigmentation in the future.

Facial Dermatoses↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Common culprits in childhood poisoning: epidemiology, treatment and parental advice for prevention.

Unintentional poisoning in children less than 6 years of age is a common occurrence. The majority of cases involve 1- and 2-year-old children who ingest nonpharmaceutical products. Although the clinical outcomes of these exposures is usually favourable, deaths do occur. In the US, the causes of death most commonly reported by the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (AAPCC TESS) are carbon monoxide and adult formulations of iron. The exposures most commonly reported by the AAPCC TESS are cosmetic/personal care products (e.g. perfume, cologne and aftershave), household cleaning substances (e.g. bleach and alkaline corrosives) and analgesics [e.g. paracetamol (acetaminophen)]. Prevention is important and exposure to poisons should be considered a preventable childhood injury. The use of child-resistant packaging and the secure storage of household substances are the basis of preventing unintentional exposures. Parents and healthcare professionals need to be aware of what constitutes high risk exposure, as well as those exposures which are common but not serious. Poison prevention efforts should also address the appropriate role of the poison information centre.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

Labdanes of natural origin-biological activities (1981-2004).

Terpenoids is a class of natural compounds found in higher plants, mosses, liverworts, algae and lichens, as well as in insects, microbes or marine organisms. Through centuries many of these compounds have been used as ingredients of perfumes, drugs, narcotics or pigments. Labdanes, belonging to the bicyclic diterpenoids group, have been found as secondary metabolites in tissues of fungi, insects, marine organisms, and in essential oils, resins and tissues of higher plants. The diterpenes of labdane type, have been reported to have broad spectrum of biological activities. In this study, the reported bioactivities and/or uses of them, the last two decades (1981-2004), are selected as an attempt to underline their role in nature.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Multiple chemical sensitivities following intolerance to azo dye in sweets in a 5-year-old girl.

BACKGROUND: Cases of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) have been reported predominantly in adult patients, but pediatric cases have rarely been reported. METHODS: We present a 5-year-old girl who suffered from recurrent reactions accompanied by urticaria, angioedema, headaches, dyspnea, loss of consciousness, and abdominal pain that were not eradicated, but were instead exacerbated, by various treatments with antihistamines and intravenous corticosteroids. Her diet diary revealed that symptoms occurred after ingestion of colorful sweets such as candies and jellybeans. Open challenge tests with food additives and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were performed after elimination of these items. Skin prick tests using additives and NSAIDs, which were dissolved in saline, and prick- prick tests using candies and jellybeans, were carried out. RESULTS: Open challenge tests with Tartrazine, aspirin and acetaminophen were positive, whereas skin prick tests using additives and NSAIDs and prick-prick tests using candies and jellybeans were all negative. Consequently, intolerance to azo dyes and NSAIDs such as aspirin was diagnosed. However, she appeared to react to multiple chemical odors such as those of cigarette smoke, disinfectant, detergent, cleaning compounds, perfume, and hairdressing, all while avoiding additives and NSAIDs. On the basis of her history and the neuro-ophthalmological abnormalities, a diagnosis of severe MCS was made and she was prescribed multiple vitamins and glutathione. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that in pediatric MCS, food and drug additives containing azo dyes might play important roles as elicitors.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of postabsorptive renal glucose metabolism in humans with multiple glucose tracers.

The contribution of the kidneys to postabsorptive endogenous glucose production is a matter of controversy. To assess whether this could relate to the use of various isotopical methods with different analytical performance capabilities, we measured glucose kinetics in 12 healthy subjects. Blood samples were taken from the femoral artery and the renal vein after 4 h of [6,6-2H2]glucose infusion (for gas chromatography [GC]/mass spectrometry [MS] analysis), and renal plasma flow was determined with paraaminohippurate. In addition, six subjects received uniformly labeled [13C]glucose (for GC/combustion/isotope ratio MS [IRMS]) and [3-3H]glucose (for counting of radioactive disintegrations). Arterial glucose concentrations (means +/- SD) were 4.2+/-0.1 mmol/l, and endogenous glucose production rates using [2H2]glucose were 2.2+/-0.1 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) or 818+/-50 micromol/min. Dilution of [2H2]glucose across the kidney was 0.79+/-1.32%, and renal glucose production (RGP) rates were 27+/-72 micromol/min. In the six subjects receiving additional tracers, dilutions across the kidney were 2.83+/-0.72 and 0.54+/-1.20 (for [U-13C]glucose and [3-3H]glucose, respectively, the dilution with [U-13C] being higher than that with [2H2] (P = 0.007). Corresponding RGP values were 144+/-39 and 43+/-76 micromol/min for [U-13C] and [3-3H], respectively. In conclusion, we found that the highly sensitive [U-13C] GC/Combustion/IRMS technique showed consistent dilution of label across the kidney, whereas the less sensitive techniques gave some negative values and smaller RGP rates. Thus, depending on which technique is being used, a fivefold difference in calculated RGP values may be encountered. The methodological variability of our data suggests that extrapolation from regional renal measurements to the whole-body level should be perfumed with caution.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Identification of self through olfaction.

To study olfactory communication in humans, 100 undergraduates ranging from age 18 to 45 yr. wore freshly washed, identical T-shirts continuously for 24 hr. During this time, the participants did not bathe or shower or apply any scent producing substance to their bodies, i.e., deodorants, perfumes. Upon retrieval, each shirt was placed in an identical brown bag. In groups of 10, each participant attempted to identify the T-shirt he had worn the previous 24 hr. The task was administered separately for each individual so that no participants knew the choice by a previous colleague. Analysis shows that the participants were able to identify correctly their own shirts on the first try three-quarters of the time. Furthermore, sex, age, smoking habit of the participant, and menstrual cycle phase in the women were factors in successful outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Verbal memory elicited by ambient odor.

This study examined whether an ambient odor can act as a contextual cue for retrieval of verbal stimuli. Subjects (N = 47) learned a list of 24 words while exposed to one of two odors (either jasmine incense or Lauren perfume) and subsequently relearned the list with either the same or the alternative odor present. Superior memory for the word list was found when the odor present during the relearning session was the same one that had been present at the time of initial learning, thereby demonstrating context-dependent memory. There were no differences in initial learning between the two odor conditions. No differences in pleasantness or intensity were found between the odors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Neurospecific translation control and the problem of potent danger of drugs and chemicals: a caution.

At present, chemicals are an integral part of the surrounding biosphere. A great number of new xenobiotics for industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, or mode-of-life daily use (perfumes, cosmetics, food additives, etc.) may play a role of a danger health hazards. These chemicals may be environmental pollutants and due to this circumstance they promote different ecological disorders including the several epidemic-like processes such as, for instance, Minamata disease (chronic alimentary poisoning with methyl mercury), etc. Also, these chemicals may be industrial hazards promoting the origin and development of various occupational diseases. Finally, the numerous side effects of multiple new drugs may serve as causes of a number of different health disorders. Briefly, we must agree that modern man exists in the world with such inalienable elements as the steadfast increase of chemical soiling of Earths biosphere. Naturally, human health protection in our "chemically soiled" world is very difficult by urgent task. As for the solving of this task, it may be reached only in the case of successful fundamental studies of mechanisms of toxic action of different classes of chemicals performed at different biological levels (systemic, organ/tissue, cellular and molecular levels of research). A separate and special population of modern health-hazardous chemicals is a group of agents which selectively suppress protein synthesis in mammalian cells and tissues due to the direct effect on the translation machinery elements or on the messenger RNA processing steps. The agents of this group ("translation blockers" or, the same but more broadly, "protein synthesis inhibitors" (PSI) usually are quite dangerous for human health since these substances inhibit the central molecular process of life, i.e., the synthesis of protein molecules. The small but important subclass of the PSI is represented by the agents with marked neurotropic properties, i.e., by the agents which are able to promote the effective inhibition of protein synthesis in the brain, while the same agents do not essentially influence the translation processes in the liver and all other organs of the animal (human) organism. The main aim of the present monograph is to review and analyze the data obtained recently in the course of biochemical research of several neurotropic PSI (methyl mercury, lithium salts). However, this is not the single aim of the book. Thus, besides this the present monograph deals with analysis of the general peculiarities of action of some non-neurotrophic inhibitors which are able, nevertheless, to direct a number of specific neurotrophic effects (Cordycepin, tRNA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The use of solvents and other drugs among children and adolescents from a low socioeconomic background: a study in São Paulo, Brazil.

This paper describes the pattern of solvent and other drug use among a sample of 1,836 students from a low socioeconomic background, aged 9-18 years. Nearly 24% of the respondents reported lifetime use of solvents and 4.9% used them within the past 30 days. The more common ones were a mixture of chloroform and ether popularly known as "lança-perfume" (35.9%), acetone (33.9%), gasoline (31.9%), fingernail polish (30.3%), and glue (25.2%). The use of solvents was associated with poor academic performance, being employed, and heavy alcohol consumption among close relatives. Marijuana was the next most often used drug, followed by tranquilizers (3.6% and 2.6%, respectively). Males, compared to females, were more likely to report the use of solvents and marijuana. The use of sedatives was more common among females.

Achievement↗