SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PATENTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Operation for adult patent ductus arteriosus using an aortic stent-graft technique.

Patent ductus arteriosus is a condition usually diagnosed and treated in childhood but in some instances is not detected until adult life. Although surgical closure remains the accepted treatment in most cases, stent-grafting has emerged as a possible alternative treatment for persistent ductus arteriosus in the adult. We describe a case of elective repair of a patent ductus arteriosus using an aortic stent-graft technique in a young man. Successful use of the endoprosthetic approach may allow more widespread use of this technique in adult patent ductus arteriosus.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Patenting for the research scientist: an update.

Academic institutional research constantly produces results worthy of patent protection, but coping with the demands of patent law presents considerable challenges to bioscientists working in these institutions. Inventors need, however, to be aware of recent patent office guidelines and court decisions if they are to seek useful intellectual property as a basis for technology transfer to industry.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Percutaneous catheter closure of the persistently patent ductus arteriosus in the adult.

The USCI patent ductus occluder has been shown to be an effective nonsurgical technique for closure of the persistently patent ductus in a primarily pediatric population. Its clinical impact in the adult has been reported only within small subgroups of larger pediatric studies or for a small population. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility, success rate, and complications of device closure for the persistently patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the adult. The population consisted of 55 patients (4 men and 51 women; mean age 38.8 +/- 15.0 years) with follow-up of 2.2 +/- 2.1 years. All patients underwent echocardiography obtained as part of their follow-up assessment. The device was successfully placed in 54 patients, with 75% clinical and echocardiographic closure at the first follow-up assessment 2.4 +/- 2.6 months). One patient with initial clinical and echocardiographic evidence of closure was subsequently found to have an open ductus. Spontaneous closure (2 patients) or second implant (6 patients) resulted in 86% closure at the most recent assessment. Thus, the percutaneous PDA double-umbrella occluder device is a feasible and effective technique for closing persistent PDA in the adult and will result in occlusion of the shunt in most patients without the need for thoracotomy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Operation for adult patent ductus arteriosus using cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of adult patent ductus arteriosus is more hazardous than when performed on young patients. METHODS: Nine adult patent ductus arteriosus patients underwent surgical repair between January 1986 and December 1998. There were 3 male and 6 female patients (mean age 55.0 years). The ratio of pulmonary blood flow to systemic flow was 2.40 +/- 0.95, and pulmonary arterial pressure was 56.0 +/- 26.4 mm Hg. The operation was performed using transpulmonary approach under total cardiopulmonary bypass. Balloon occlusion method was also utilized. RESULTS: Direct closure was made in 5 and patch closure in 4 patients. Cardiopulmonary bypass and balloon occlusion were safely established. Cardioplegic arrest was not required in the 2 most recent patients. No operative death has occurred. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure decreased to 35.3 +/- 6.6 mm Hg at 6 months after operation. The mean follow-up period for all patients is 55 months. To date, neither recannalization of the ductus nor pseudoaneurysm has been recognized. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiopulmonary bypass with balloon occlusion provides a safe operation for adult patients with complicated patent ductus arteriosus.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome with intact ventricular septum and patent ductus arteriosus: report of two cases and a short review of the literature.

We describe two patients who both presented shortly after birth with congestive heart failure due to an absent pulmonary valve and patent ductus arteriosus. Diagnostic evaluation revealed in both cases an aneurysmatic dilation of the pulmonary vascular tree and an abundant left-to-right shunt over a large patent ductus arteriosus. Ventricular septal defects were not detected. Early surgical closure of the patent ductus arteriosus improved the hemodynamic situation so that implantation of a homograft valve could be delayed.

Ductus Arteriosus, Patent↗

PubMed1997

Videothoracoscopic surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus.

A videothoracoscopic surgical technique for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in children is described. Only three ports of access are necessary to dissect the patent ductus arteriosus from the surrounding tissues and to apply the two titanium clips. The advantages given are the technique's low morbidity, lack of mortality, and reliable closure. We believe that the videothoracoscopic surgical approach is the technique of choice for patent ductus arteriosus closure in children.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1987

Cardiovascular effects of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm lambs with respiratory distress.

We created a model for studying the cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature lambs with respiratory distress. In 47 fetal lambs at 129 to 133 days gestation (term, 145 days), we infiltrated the ductus arteriosus with formalin and placed a mechanical occluder about it so that its patency could be regulated. Two days later the lambs were delivered, given sheep surfactant, paralyzed, and their lungs mechanically ventilated. These premature lambs could more than double their left ventricular output when challenged with increasing degrees of left-to-right shunts through the PDA. This was accomplished by an increase in stroke volume, not by an increase in heart rate. During the 40-minute observation period, there was no change in dynamic compliance or functional residual capacity while the ductus was patent. When the ductus was patent, there was a significant increase in arterial PaO2 (even with small left-to-right shunts) and a decrease in PaCO2 (with large shunts). Despite the heart's ability to handle the increased volume load of a PDA, there were significant alterations in individual organ blood flows, resulting from a combination of decreased perfusion pressure and localized vasoconstriction. The abdominal organs had significant reductions in blood flow even with small PDA shunts. This decrease in organ blood flow may explain some of the pathophysiologic manifestations of PDA in preterm infants.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effects of patent ductus arteriosus on left ventricular output and organ blood flows in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome treated with surfactant.

Thirty preterm infants (birth weight < 1500 gm) treated with Surfactant TA for the respiratory distress syndrome, who had no complicating clinical problems other than ductal patency, were studied by serial Doppler flow examinations to determine the effects of early left-to-right shunt through the patent ductus arteriosus on the left ventricular output and organ blood flows. Doppler flow variables in 15 infants with a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) were compared with those in 15 subjects without hsPDA matched for age, body weight, and gestational age. Infants with hsPDA had significantly higher left ventricular output and significantly lower blood flow volume in the abdominal aorta, and lower temporal mean blood flow velocities, with concomitant increases in the relative vascular resistance in the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and renal artery. Pulsatility indexes of these vessels and the anterior cerebral artery were significantly higher in the hsPDA group, but the temporal mean blood flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery and its vascular resistance were not significantly different between the two groups. After closure of the patent ductus arterious was achieved with mefenamic acid therapy, alterations in Doppler flow variables in the hsPDA group reverted to the levels seen in the group without hsPDA. These results suggest that despite large left-to-right ductal shunting, the heart of the preterm infant is capable of mounting a compensatory increase of cardiac output sufficient to maintain unchanged cerebral blood flow, but is unable to maintain postductal organ blood flows because of decreased perfusion pressure (ductal steal) and localized increase in vascular resistance.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed2001

Bioinformatics -- a patenting view.

The use of bioinformatics in the biological sciences has brought about a change in the way that biological inventions can be protected by patent laws. Using approaches developed in the fields of computer science and business, patent applicants now seek to protect certain aspects of their inventions, which include software, methods of doing business and uses of information as well as more traditional biotechnological products and processes. These approaches are useful in resolving some of the difficulties now faced in prosecuting patent applications directed to biological inventions that are claimed in more conventional terms.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

From human genes to stem cells: new challenges for patent law?

The social controversies that have surrounded human cloning and the use of embryos for research purposes might create unique patent issues for stem cell researchers. Policy makers should learn from the legal and ethical concerns associated with human gene patents and develop coherent patent policies that recognize and clearly address emerging social controversies.

Canada↗

PubMed1999

Non-CFC metered dose inhalers: the patent landscape.

There have been many patent applications to the European Patent Office over the past decade involving the transition of pressurised metered dose inhalers from the CFCs to non-CFC propellants. In addition to those where formulations are changed, there are those relating to specific drugs or drug classes, processes of manufacture and modifications to the container/closure system. Many of these have been opposed, usually on the grounds of obviousness. However, due to the length of time for the opposition process and the fact that there are few non-CFC pressurised inhalers on the market yet, the complete picture of which patents are valid has yet to unfold.

Chlorofluorocarbons↗

PubMed1999

Advantages of surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus without tube thoracostomy.

Between June 1994 and June 1995, 30 patients aged 6 months to 21 years (mean age, 6.38 years) underwent surgical closure of patent ductus arteriosus without tube thoracostomy. Comparison of surgical results with the results of 143 previous consecutive cases of patent ductus arteriosus performed with the conventional technique using chest tube thoracostomy revealed a statistically significant difference in postoperative temperature, need for narcotics, hospital stay and certain complications such as pneumothorax. There was no mortality and late results were excellent. It is concluded that patent ductus arteriosus closure without tube thoracostomy is feasible and can be safe, more comfortable and more cost effective than the standard procedure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Video-thoracoscopic surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus. Routine experience in 332 pediatric cases.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric video-assisted thoracic surgery closure of patent ductus arteriosus can now be performed on a routine basis. We review here our entire experience with this technique. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty two consecutive patients underwent video-assisted closure of patent ductus arteriosus from September 1991 to September 1996. Indications were symptomatic ductus or failure of closure in older children. All complications were carefully noted, as well as intensive care unit stay, and operating room time. RESULTS: Patients were divided in three age groups: less than 6 months (101 patients, 31%), 6-48 months (179 patients, 54%), greater than 48 months (52 patients, 16%). The mean weight was 12.6 kg (range 1.2-65 kg). Associated cardiac anomalies were atrial septal defect (3), ventricular septal defect (5), anomalous pulmonary venous return (1). Six patients had a residual shunt following video-assisted interruption. Five patients had successful immediate clip repositioning (three via video-assisted interruption, two via thoracotomy). One patient continued to have a small shunt, which is followed medically. Complications included recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction in six patients (1.8%) (five transient, one persistent). Mean operating time was 20 +/- 1.5 mn and hospital stay averaged 48 h (> 6 months), 72 h (< 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: Interruption of patent ductus can be safely performed by video-assisted technique with minimal morbidity and no mortality. It can be performed in all age group with minimal hospital stay.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2002

Bioinformatics: the role and limitations of patents.

The worldwide market for bioinformatics tools and services is estimated, by some, to exceed US$40 billion within the next five years. As with other biotech companies, patent protection will be key to survival in the marketplace. Although the total number of issued bioinformatics patents is still small, virtually all aspects of bioinformatics constitute patentable subject matter, and the opportunity to generate intellectual property value from investment in bioinformatics should not be neglected.

Computational Biology↗

PubMed2003

Impact of gene patents on the cost-effective delivery of care: the case of BRCA1 genetic testing.

BACKGROUND: In 1994/95, two genes, BRCA1/2, associated with a predisposition to breast or ovarian cancer were identified. Genetic testing of deleterious BRCA1/2 mutations consequently can be proposed to individuals with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer to identify who is at risk. The granting of U.S. patents on BRCA1/2 to a privately owned company has led to the monopoly use of a unique technique (Direct Sequencing of the gene, DS) for BRCA1/2 testing in this country. Alternative strategies using prescreening techniques, however, have been experienced worldwide. METHODS: On the basis of data collected at three laboratories of French public hospitals, we carried out a cost-effectiveness study comparing DS to 19 alternative strategies with the number of deleterious BRCA1 mutations detected as the outcome. RESULTS: Results show that the DS strategy presents the highest average cost per mutation detected (9,882.5 Euro) and that there exist strategies using prescreening techniques that can reach similar effectiveness while reducing total costs. Moreover, other strategies can obtain a four- to sevenfold reduction in the average cost per mutation detected as soon as some rates of false negatives (2% to 13%) are deemed to be acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that gene patents with a very broad scope, covering all potential medical applications, may prevent health care systems from identifying and adopting the most efficient genetic testing strategies due to the monopoly granted for the exploitation of the gene. Policy implications for regulatory authorities, in the current context of the extension of BRCA1/2 patents in other countries, are discussed.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed1998

Ethical debates in genetic engineering: U.S. scientists' attitudes on patenting, germ-line research, food labeling, and agri-biotech issues.

A 1995 survey of 1,257 scientists working in the field of recombinant DNA research indicates wide areas of agreement as well as some noteworthy divisions when it comes to such thorny questions as patenting, germ-line research, food labeling, and biodiversity. In general, the scientists surveyed approve of patenting living organisms that result from rDNA research, but vary significantly on what should be patentable. They advocate human germ-line therapy, yet have reservations about using it for any but serious diseases. They oppose mandatory labeling of biologically engineered food products, but understand that the public has a right to know and advocate openness. Finally, they favor development of threats to biodiversity and maintain that publicly funded researchers should be legally obligated to consider the potential environmental effects of their research. Some clear differences arise between scientists working in industry and those in academia and between men and women.

Access to Information↗

PubMed2002

Coil occlusion of the small patent arterial duct without arterial access.

BACKGROUND: Arterial access is traditionally considered mandatory during coil occlusion of the patent arterial duct. Arterial access necessitates heparinization and carries the risk of femoral artery occlusion in small children. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between July 1999 and May 2001, we attempted coil occlusion of patent arterial ducts in 104 patients without arterial access. The patients were aged from 3 months to 14 years. The median age was 2 years. They weighed 3-35 kg. The median weight was 9.8 kg. The duct diameter at pulmonary artery insertion was 1.8-3.5 mm. The patients were selected on basis of echocardiographic evaluation of duct diameter at pulmonary artery insertion and morphology of the ampulla. Doppler color flow imaging was used in the catheterization laboratory to confirm duct closure. Arterial access was required in 21 patients. The reasons included accidental puncture in 5 patients, failure to obtain venous access in 1 patient, aortic embolization in 3 patients, poor echo images in 2 patients, requirement for additional coils in 8 patients and, failure to cross the duct from pulmonary artery in 2 patients. The fluoroscopic time ranged from 2.2 to 20 min with a mean of 5.3+/-3.8 min. Immediate closure was achieved in 98 patients and this included 79 of the 83 patients in whom arterial access was avoided. Color Doppler 3-24 h later showed residual flow in 2 patients. Four patients had new-onset left pulmonary artery turbulence with peak gradients below 5 mm of mercury. Coil embolization occurred in 6 patients and all coils were retrieved. Three-month follow up information was available for 78 patients. Small residual ductal leaks were seen in 4 patients, 2 of whom had leaks at 24 h. Two patients had recanalized their ducts. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to occlude small patent arterial ducts with coils using venous access alone in carefully selected patients with excellent immediate and short-term results.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Patent strategies in molecular diversity.

The patentability of combinatorial libraries is examined, requirement by requirement. In general, combinatorial libraries can be patented, as long as the library meets the statutory criteria of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness, and the application meets the standards of enablement, best mode, and written description. Licensing and alternatives to patenting are also considered, along with potential problems unique to combinatorial chemistry agreements.

Drug Approval↗