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PubMed2001

Effect of randomization of mixtures of butter oil and vegetable oil on absorption and lipid metabolism in rats.

BACKGROUND: The nutritional effect of the regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in edible fats is currently discussed due to an increased use of interesterification of fats for human consumption. However, disagreeing results have been reported which may be due to the varying composition of the dietary fats compared. Data on the fate of such lipids beyond the bloodstream is rather scarce and animal model studies are needed. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the metabolism of butter oil and mixtures of butter and rapeseed oil, native or randomized, in a rat model. The regiospecific fatty acid distribution present in dietary fats was followed through absorption, chylomicron formation, and deposition in adipose tissue and in different liver lipids (triacylglycerols, phosholipids, and cholesterol esters). METHODS: Rats were fed for 6 weeks from weaning either butter oil (BO), a butteroil-rapeseed oil mixture 65:35 w/w (BR) or a randomized mixture of BR (tBR). Half of the animals were used for organ analysis, the rest for a postprandial study with the same fats and isolation of chylomicrons. The regiospecific distribution of the fatty acids present in the dietary fats was followed during metabolism by analyses of chylomicrons, depot fat and liver lipids, using regiospecific cleavage followed by TLC separation and quantification by GC. RESULTS: Randomization of edible fat mixtures leading to equal distribution of fatty acids between TG positions is directly reflected in the composition of chylomicrons. During clearing by lipoprotein lipase this positional distribution is abolished and the regiospecific composition of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue is completely identical for BR and tBR. Chylomicron remnants, which are taken up by the liver, are correspondingly fully degraded to free fatty acids by hepatic lipase, and distribution of fatty acids in liver triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesterol esters are identical for the groups fed either BR or tBR. The group fed BO with a low content of linoleic acid is on the borderline of essential fatty acid-deficiency. CONCLUSION: Randomization (interesterification) of butter oil with rapeseed oil (65:35 w/w) for use as edible fat did not have any impact on the fatty acid composition beyond the chylomicron step when compared to the native mixture.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Isolation and characterization of novel strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens possessing high efficiency to degrade gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and lubricating oil.

Bacteria possessing high capacity to degrade gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, and lubricating oil were screened from several areas of Hokkaido, Japan. Among isolates, two strains, WatG and HokM, which were identified as new strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens species, respectively, showed relatively high capacity and wide spectrum to degrade the hydrocarbons in gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and lubricating oil. About 90-95% of excess amount of total diesel oil and kerosene added to mineral salts media as a sole carbon source could be degraded by WatG within 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. The same amount of lubricating oil was 60% degraded within 2 weeks. Strain HokM was more capable than WatG in degrading aromatic compounds in gasoline. This strain could also degrade kerosene, diesel, and lubricating oil with a capacity of 50-60%. Thus, these two isolates have potential to be useful for bioremediation of sites highly contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1989

Late cases of toxic oil syndrome: evidence that the aetiological agent persisted in oil stored for up to one year.

The symptoms of toxic oil syndrome (TOS), an epidemic that occurred in central and north-western Spain, developed in the great majority of patients during May or June 1981. We now describe the clinical and epidemiological data of five patients with TOS whose onset of symptoms was considerably later than the great majority of cases. In June 1982, one person became symptomatic as a result of consuming a suspect oil two months earlier. Four members of a family that started consuming a suspect oil in November 1981 became ill in December 1981. These data indicate that the aetiological agent of TOS persisted in stored oil for periods as long as one year. The apparent stability of the TOS aetiological agent increases the likelihood of its continued presence in significant concentrations in oils that have been stored since 1981. Thus, the use of such oils in further in vivo and in vitro toxicological studies may yet lead to the isolation and identification of the causal agent of TOS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid-rich borage oil combined with marine fish oils on tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and production of prostaglandins E and F of the 1-, 2- and 3-series in a marine fish deficient in delta5 fatty acyl desaturase.

The effects of gamma-linolenic acid-rich borage oil (BO), in combination with different marine oils, namely an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) rich oil (MO) or a DHA-rich oil (TO), on tissue fatty acid composition and prostaglandin production were investigated in turbot, a species which lacks appreciable delta5 fatty acyl desaturase activity. The juvenile turbot grew well on the experimental diets and there were no significant differences in final weights between dietary treatments. Irrespective of the marine oil component, both the BO-containing diets increased tissue phospholipid levels of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6, and their respective elongation products, 20:2n-6 and 20:3n-6, compared to fish fed a control diet containing a standard Northern hemisphere fish oil. Both the BO-containing diets increased the production of 1-series prostaglandins (PG), this being observed across all tissues investigated with PGF and especially PGE. The BO/MO diet also reduced 20:4n-6 in tissue phospholipids without affecting 20:5n-3, whereas the BO/TO combination decreased 20:5n-3 but increased 20:4n-6. The production of 2-series and 3-series PGs was also altered by the dietary treatments but the changes were less dependent upon the tissue levels of their respective precursor fatty acids, 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3. The BO-containing diets had very significant effects on gross fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids including increased proportions of saturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and decreased proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids and n-3 PUFA. Overall, this study shows that eicosanoid production in turbot tissues can be influenced by dietary fatty acids, not only by changes in the absolute and relative levels of specific eicosanoid precursor PUFA in tissue phospholipids, but also by general effects on membrane composition, structure and function induced by gross fatty acid compositional changes.

8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Time trend investigation of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides in selected n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich dietary fish oil and vegetable oil supplements; nutritional relevance for human essential n-3 fatty acid requirements.

In addition to being used in the food and animal feed industry, fish oils have also been used traditionally as dietary supplements. Due to the presence of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, fish oils have therapeutic benefits in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular, immunological, and arthritic diseases, as well as childhood deficiency diseases such as rickets, because of a high content of vitamin D. However, fish oils are also susceptible to contamination with lipophilic organic chemicals that are now ubiquitous contaminants of marine ecosystems. Many vegetable oils are sources of the shorter chain precursor forms of n-3 fatty acids, and in recent years the specialist dietary supplement market has expanded to include these oils in a variety of different formulations. This paper reports analytical results of selected contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, for a range of commercially available n-3 fatty acid rich fish and vegetable oil dietary supplements. Using principal component analysis, the values are compared with historic samples to elucidate time trends in contamination profiles. Levels of contaminants are discussed in relation to the nutritional benefits to the consumer of long- and short-chain forms of n-3 fatty acids.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMed2005

Identification of 9(E),11(E)-18:2 fatty acid methyl ester at trace level in thermal stressed olive oils by GC coupled to acetonitrile CI-MS and CI-MS/MS, a possible marker for adulteration by addition of deodorized olive oil.

The olive oil market is suffering from sophisticated illegal treatments. One common adulteration process consists of the addition to virgin olive oil of lower quality oils, such as "lampante" oil, an inexpensive oil and with some organoleptic defects, which is then submitted to thermal deodorization under vacuum processes for removal of the undesired flavor components. Such a blending may not have a huge influence on the chemical composition and may not significantly affect the parameters usually checked as quality indicators, although the organoleptic properties may change. As a consequence, a major effort is being devoted to find reliable markers able to unmask such adulterations. We report here the complete characterization of a compound, detected at trace levels exclusively in thermal stressed oils, which could be a candidate marker for adulteration. The investigation, carried out by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS, provided its complete structure, including the stereochemistry, shown to be a 9(E),11(E)-18:2 fatty acid methyl ester. Experimental data also confirmed the influence of both temperature and heating time on formation and concentration of this compound.

Acetonitriles↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: correlation with antimicrobial activity.

The antimicrobial activity of different edible vegetable oils was studied. In vitro results revealed that the oils from olive fruits had a strong bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, this effect being higher in general against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, olive oils showed bactericidal activity not only against harmful bacteria of the intestinal microbiota (Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli) also against beneficial microorganisms such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Otherwise, most of the foodborne pathogens tested (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia sp., and Shigella sonnei) did not survive after 1 h of contact with olive oils. The dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein and ligstroside aglycons, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, were the phenolic compounds that statistically correlated with bacterial survival. These findings were confirmed by testing each individual phenolic compound, isolated by HPLC, against L. monocytogenes. In particular, the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycon showed a potent antimicrobial activity. These results indicate that not all oils classified as "olive oil" had similar bactericidal effects and that this bioactivity depended on their content of certain phenolic compounds.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1999

Reactivity of red palm oil and cyanide ion: implications for the cyanogen content of palm oil-treated gari.

Red palm oil was tested for the reactivity of its components with CN-, and alkaline picrate as the color developing reagent. Palm oil components have a low-level absorbance at 490 nm which is reduced significantly (p< or =0.01) after reaction with CN-. Hydrolysis of palm oil components, and reaction of the hydrolysis products with CN- significantly increased the absorbance at 490 nm. In contrast, after reaction of palm oil with alkaline picrate, the absorbance at 490 nm is very high; this is reduced significantly by reaction with CN-, hydrolysis with 0.2 M NaOH, and reaction of the hydrolysis products with CN- before treatment with alkaline picrate. The results indicate that palm oil component(s) sequester CN- into a complex which may not be correctly estimated during cyanide quantification, resulting in the absence, or low levels of cyanide in palm oil-fried gari as earlier reported.

Food Handling↗
PubMed2002

Olive oil, seed oils and other added fats in relation to ovarian cancer (Italy).

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the potential role of olive oil and other added fats used for seasoning or cooking on ovarian carcinogenesis. METHODS: We analyzed data from a multicentre case-control study conducted between 1992 and 1999 in Italy, including a total of 1031 incident with a first diagnosis, histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 2,411 hospital controls with acute, non-malignant and non-gynecological conditions. The subjects' usual diet was investigated through a validated food-frequency questionnaire, including specific questions aimed at assessing added fat intake patterns. RESULTS: After allowance for study centre, year at interview, age, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, and total energy intake, a reduced risk of ovarian cancer was observed for high intake of olive oil (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-0.93 for the highest quintile of intake, compared to the lowest one) and for a group of specific seed oils (i.e. sunflower, maize, peanut, and soya) (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.46-0.76). No significant associations were observed for mixed seed oils, butter, and margarine. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests a favorable effect of olive oil and other vegetable oils on ovarian cancer in this Italian population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Replacement of butter on bread by rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine: effects on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol.

The effects of zero-erucic acid rapeseed oil and rapeseed oil-containing margarine on plasma fatty acid composition and serum cholesterol were studied in butter users (n 43). Compliance to the substitution was followed by fatty acid analysis of total plasma and plasma phospholipids. The amount of substitute fats represented, on average, 21% of total fat and 8% of total energy intake. Changes in the relative fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids indicated further fatty acid metabolism, and were closely related to the serum cholesterol level. The reduction in saturated fatty acids led to a significant increase in the proportion of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with the rapeseed oil diet, whereas the margarine caused a significant rise in n-6 PUFA only. The increase in the proportions of the two PUFA families occurred in accordance with their competitive order, most completely with the rapeseed oil diet. When butter was replaced by rapeseed oil, low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased by an average of 9.1% without a reduction in high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol. During margarine substitution the reduction was 5.2%, on average. Of the plasma phospholipids, alpha-linolenic acid and the linoleic:stearic acid ratio, but not oleic acid, were the components most significantly correlated with serum cholesterol levels or the decrease in these levels. The results show that rapeseed oil can act primarily as a source of essential fatty acids, rather than that of monoenes, in the diet of butter users.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil attenuates the post-inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: Visceral hyperalgesia plays a pivotal role in manifestation of symptoms in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. In clinical studies combined treatment of peppermint- and caraway oil significantly reduced symptoms. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the effects of peppermint- and caraway oil, individually and in combination, on visceral nociception in a rat model of post-inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: On day 28, male Lewis rats (n=80) were randomized to treatment with a rectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol or physiological saline solution. To quantify the visceromotor response to a standardized colorectal distension, bipolar electrodes were implanted into the external oblique musculature, just superior to the inguinal ligament for electromyographic recordings on day 3. On day 0, baseline measurement was performed. Thereafter, oral treatment with peppermint- or caraway oil or combination treatment was started and continued for 14 consecutive days. After 7 and 14 days of treatment a colorectal distension was performed. Colonic tissue samples were obtained on days 0, 7 and 14 to assess histological alterations due to the different treatment groups and the influence of different compounds. RESULTS: After a single instillation of TNBS/ethanol persistent elevation of the visceromotor response at all different time-points was observed, although colonic mucosa was completely normal. After 14 days of combined treatment with peppermint- and caraway oil, a reduced visceromotor response of up to 50% compared to placebo was detected in TNBS/ethanol pretreated animals. In contrast, neither peppermint- nor caraway oil had a significant effect on post-inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia. In saline-treated controls there was no significant difference in the visceromotor response. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that combined treatment with peppermint- and caraway oil modulates post-inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia synergistically. The exact mechanisms have to be further investigated.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMed1994

Effects of a fish-oil and vegetable-oil formula on aggregation and ethanolamine-containing lysophospholipid generation in activated human platelets and on leukotriene production in stimulated neutrophils.

The effects of consuming a liquid formula containing either fish oil enriched in omega-3 fatty acids or vegetable oil enriched in oleic acid was evaluated in 20 male subjects randomly allocated into two groups over a 42-d period. A decrease in collagen-induced aggregation by using washed platelet suspensions was found in both groups after nutritional supplementation. A considerable rise in omega-3 and a decrease in omega-6 fatty acids occurred in the platelet phospholipid with fish-oil consumption. The degree of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) enrichment (fish-oil group) was dramatically greater in the ether-containing plasmenylethanolamine (13.5 mol% of fatty acids; mol% of fatty acids = moles per 100 moles of total fatty acids) than in phosphatidylethanolamine (2.8 mol%) or phosphatidylcholine (2.9 mol%). Neither treatment significantly influenced the agonist-induced accumulation of lysoplasmenylethanolamine as derived via phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of plasmenylethanolamine. HPLC measurements of eicosanoid production in A23187-stimulated neutrophils revealed a considerable decrease in the formation of arachidonic acid-derived leukotriene B4 (LTB4), by 41%, and 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), by 30%, in the fish-oil group along with the appearance of the corresponding EPA-derived products [LTB5 and 5-HEPE (5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid)]. No such alterations in the formation of lipoxygenase products were found with the vegetable oil treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The association of oil ingestion with toxic oil syndrome in two convents.

The authors studied the pattern of occurrence of toxic oil syndrome, a previously undescribed disease that occurred in Spain in epidemic form in 1981, in two convents in Madrid. In one convent, the disease affected 66% of 35 novices and nuns who ingested oil from a suspect source, but none of 56 laywomen who ate the same meals but used a different type of oil. In the second convent, in which nuns were also exposed but laywomen were not, 98% of 43 nuns developed toxic oil syndrome compared with none of 70 laywomen. These findings support the hypothesis that a food oil transmitted the etiologic agent of toxic oil syndrome.

Brassica↗
PubMed1999

n-3 enrichment of chicken meat using fish oil: alternative substitution with rapeseed and linseed oils.

Two sequential experiments were conducted to assess the effect of replacing a fish oil diet with vegetable oil diets on broiler chicken performance and fatty acid (FA) composition and sensory traits of broiler meat. A diet enriched with 8.2% fish oil (FO) was fed to the birds throughout the 5-wk growth period (T1), the same basal diet being supplemented with 8.2% linseed oil (LO, Experiment 1) or rapeseed oil (RO, Experiment 2) in three different periods: the last week before slaughtering at 35 d (T2), the last 2 wk (T3), and throughout the experiment (T4). A sensory evaluation of the meat was carried out and its FA profile was determined. Performance parameters were not significantly different among treatments. Removing FO resulted in lower values of saturated and higher n-6 FA content, the latter because of the increase in linoleic acid in both experiments. The amounts of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly depressed when FO was replaced. However, replacing FO by LO resulted in minimal effects on total n-3 FA, due to the increase in linolenic acid. The substitution of FO by RO resulted in a decrease in the n-3 FA content, whereas levels of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) increased in direct relation to the larger amounts of oleic acid in the diet. Sensory panelists scored as unacceptable those meats from T1 in both experiments. Replacing 1 (T2) or 2 (T3) wk FO with vegetable oil clearly resulted in the improved sensory quality of meat.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1993

A randomized controlled study of evening primrose oil and fish oil in ulcerative colitis.

In a placebo-controlled study, 43 patients with stable ulcerative colitis were randomized to receive either MaxEPA (n = 16), super evening primrose oil (n = 19), or olive oil as placebo (n = 8) for 6 months, in addition to their usual treatment. Treatment with MaxEPA increased red-cell membrane concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at 3 months by three-fold and at 6 months by four-fold (both P < 0.01), and doubled docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels at 6 months (P < 0.05). Treatment with super evening primrose oil increased red-cell membrane concentrations of dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) by 40% at 6 months (P < 0.05), whilst treatment with placebo reduced levels of DGLA and DHA at 6 months (both P < 0.05). Clinical outcome was assessed by patient diary cards, sigmoidoscopy and histology of rectal biopsy specimens. Super evening primrose oil significantly improved stool consistency compared to MaxEPA and placebo at 6 months, and this difference was maintained 3 months after treatment was discontinued (P < 0.05). There was however, no difference in stool frequency, rectal bleeding, disease relapse, sigmoidoscopic appearance or rectal histology in the three treatment groups. Despite manipulation of cell-membrane fatty acids, fish oils do not exert a therapeutic effect in ulcerative colitis, while evening primrose oil may be of some benefit.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria.

A method for reproducibly determining minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of plant extracts towards fastidiously and facultatively anaerobic oral bacteria, predicated upon measurements of optical densities in microtitre plate wells, was devised. The antimicrobial properties of some botanical oils were surveyed; of these, Australian tea tree oil, peppermint oil, and sage oil proved to be the most potent essential oils, whereas thymol and eugenol were potent essential oil components.

Actinomyces viscosus↗
PubMed2002

Contrasting effects of fish oil and safflower oil on hepatic peroxisomal and tissue lipid content.

To examine the mechanism by which fish oil protects against fat-induced insulin resistance, we studied the effects of control, fish oil, and safflower oil diets on peroxisomal content, fatty acyl-CoA, diacylglycerol, and ceramide content in rat liver and muscle. We found that, in contrast to control and safflower oil-fed rats, fish oil feeding induced a 150% increase in the abundance of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase in liver but lacked similar effects in muscle. This was paralleled by an almost twofold increase in hepatic peroxisome content (both P < 0.002 vs. control and safflower). These changes in the fish oil-fed rats were associated with a more than twofold lower hepatic triglyceride/diacylglycerol, as well as intramuscular triglyceride/fatty acyl-CoA, content. In conclusion, these data strongly support the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids protect against fat-induced insulin resistance by serving as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha ligands and thereby induce hepatic, but not intramuscular, peroxisome proliferation. In turn, an increased hepatic beta-oxidative capacity results in lower hepatic triglyceride/diacylglycerol and intramyocellular triglyceride/fatty acyl-CoA content.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The prestige oil spill. I. Biodegradation of a heavy fuel oil under simulated conditions.

In vitro biodegradation of the Prestige heavy fuel oil has been carried out using two microbial consortia obtained by enrichment in different substrates to simulate its environmental fate and potential utility for bioremediation. Different conditions, such as incubation time (i.e., 20 or 40 d), oil weathering, and addition of an oleophilic fertilizer (S200), were evaluated. Weathering slowed down the degradation of the fuel oil, probably because of the loss of lower and more labile components, but the addition of S200 enhanced significantly the extension of the biodegradation. n-Alkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, alkylbenzenes, and the two- to three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were degraded in 20 or 40 d of incubation of the original oil, whereas the biodegradation efficiency decreased for higher PAHs and with the increase of alkylation. Molecular markers were degraded according to the following sequence: Acyclic isoprenoids > diasteranes > C27-steranes > betabeta-steranes > homohopanes > monoaromatic steranes > triaromatic steranes. Isomeric selectivity was observed within the C1- and C2-phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes, pyrenes, and chrysenes, providing source and weathering indices for the characterization of the heavy oil spill. Acyclic isoprenoids, C27-steranes, C1- and C2-naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, and dibenzothiophenes were degraded completely when S200 was used. The ratios of the C2- and C3-alkyl homologues of fluoranthene/pyrene and chrysene/benzo[a]anthracene are proposed as source ratios in moderately degraded oils. The 4-methylpyrene and 3-methylchrysene were refractory enough to serve as conserved internal markers in assessing the degradation of the aromatic fraction in a manner similar to that of hopane, as used for the aliphatic fraction.

Alkanes↗