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PubMed1977

Perinatal mortality in South Australia.

A study of the recorded causes of perinatal mortality has been made in South Australia for the years 1970 to 1973. The overall perinatal mortality was 22.16 per 1,000 births. Higher mortality was observed in babies of women resident outside the metropolitan area, of those aged under 20 and over 35 years, and of those not currently married. The most frequent causes of perinatal mortality were prematurity, placental insufficiency, congenital anomalies, maternal disorders and haemorrhage, in that order. Multiple pregnancy had a high perinatal mortality. Better recording systems with record linkage are required.

Australia↗
PubMed1994

A case-control study of reproductive risk factors associated with cervical cancer.

Using the logistic-regression technique, a hospital-based case-control study of 177 married women with invasive squamous-cell cervical cancer and 149 hospital-visiting controls enabled evaluation of selected reproductive factors as risks. Early age at marriage was found to be the single best predictor of the disease status. However, those who married late but gave birth to a large number of children were generally found to be suffering from cervical cancer. The results support the hypothesis that it is not so much parity per se that enhances the risk, but the rapidity of multiple pregnancies that matters. Logistic analysis also revealed the independent influence of birth interval on the risk of cervical cancer. These findings warrant serious consideration in future studies, given the obvious implications for prevention. Other implications for the prevention of cervical cancer are briefly discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Factors affecting the distribution of psychological symptoms in urban areas of England.

A study is reported in which a number of sociodemographic variables are examined separately for their influence on psychological symptom levels in a sample of 232 people living in English cities. Sex, employment, education and social class are clearly related to symptom levels while age, marital status, social mobility and household crowding are not. Interactions between sex and unemployment of the spouse are also noted. The variables studied are also combined in a multiple regression analysis which resulted in a multiple correlation of 0.409. The implications of these findings for various hypotheses concerning the aetiology of variations in rates of psychological disturbance are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Association of hereditary hydrocephalus and holoprosencephaly].

An infant with alobar holoprosencephaly and hydrocephalus is reported. The mechanism of hydrocephalus (aqueductal stenosis) and the mother's previous history (2 boys from a first marriage still-born with hydrocephalus) suggest a X-linked hydrocephalus. The association of a holoprosencephaly with this hereditary hydrocephalus is discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2005

Predictors of young dating adults' inclination to engage in extradyadic sexual activities: a multi-perspective study.

Using a multi-perspective vignette design, we explored predictors of young peoples' (N = 119) propensity to engage in unfaithful activities while dating. Demographic measures, a dating investment model, and measures of functional and dysfunctional impulsivity were used to predict inclination to engage in each of two extradyadic activities (kissing and sexual activity). The results of moderated multiple regression analyses revealed that a respondent's number of sexual partners, level of dysfunctional impulsivity, satisfaction with current relationship, and quality of relationship alternatives significantly predicted inclination to engage in both of the extradyadic activities. Consistent with previous findings, gender only showed significant predictive value in relation to extradyadic sex inclination. Moreover, the association between sex, love, and marriage interacted with gender in the prediction of both extradyadic activities and interacted with commitment in the prediction of extradyadic sex inclination. Suggestions for future research in this area are offered in light of these new findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of marital and socioeconomic status in incidence and survival of prostate cancer. An analysis of complete Norwegian birth cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of the association between social and family status and prostate cancer (PCa) have given somewhat divergent results. Little attention has been paid to the possible importance of these factors for survival. METHODS: In this study, hazard regression models for PCa incidence and mortality were estimated on the basis of register- and census-based histories for complete Norwegian birth cohorts, giving a follow-up time of 16 million person years and 30,000 cases of PCa. RESULTS: A significant excess incidence of about 20% was found for ever-married men and for those with higher education. Marriage and socioeconomic resources appeared, however, to have a favorable effect on survival. Five-year relative survival from metastasized cancer among men with a high educational level was found to be 15 percentage points higher than among men with lower education. CONCLUSIONS: The observed differences in incidence are not easily explained. They apparently run counter to the hypothesis that multiple partners give a higher PCa risk, but may be consistent with the view that fat and meat consumption is risky. Better survival from PCa in higher socioeconomic groups and among married men may reflect differences in the search for, access to, or quality of treatment or a better constitution to fight the disease.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

SOM-based algorithms for qualitative variables.

It is well known that the SOM algorithm achieves a clustering of data which can be interpreted as an extension of Principal Component Analysis, because of its topology-preserving property. But the SOM algorithm can only process real-valued data. In previous papers, we have proposed several methods based on the SOM algorithm to analyze categorical data, which is the case in survey data. In this paper, we present these methods in a unified manner. The first one (Kohonen Multiple Correspondence Analysis, KMCA) deals only with the modalities, while the two others (Kohonen Multiple Correspondence Analysis with individuals, KMCA_ind, Kohonen algorithm on DISJonctive table, KDISJ) can take into account the individuals, and the modalities simultaneously.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1978

Sexual behavior correlates of female orgasm and marital happiness.

The present study was designed to investigate sexual behavior correlates of marital happiness and female orgasm. Forty-eight female students of Baylor University who were 20 to 35 years old and had been married at least 2 years participated in the survey. A specially compiled 131-item marital relations questionnaire provided data for an intercorrelational analysis. Marital happiness, fidelity, and experience of orgasm correlated with certain specific sexual behaviors. These variables were related also to dissatisfaction with marital sex, which is consistent with previous research. However, when dissatisfaction resulting from performing less desired sexual acts was separated from dissatisfaction resulting from not performing desired sexual acts, the correlations differed, often markedly. Thus, the data suggest that unitary measures of dissatisfaction with marital sex may obscure meaningful differences. Also, information was obtained concerning the orgasmic and multiple orgasmic experience of the women, their extramartial experience, and their relative use of and preference for various intercourse positions and noncoital sexual activities.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Congenital malformations, reproductive wastage and consanguineous mating.

A study was undertaken in Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, South India, to understand the relation between congenital developmental disorders and consanguinity and also reproductive wastage and consanguinity. Four hundred children with existing congenital developmental disorders were studied with regard to their consanguineous parentage and compared with 1,000 randomly selected patients attending the paediatric outpatient department. There was a significantly higher prevalence of consanguinity in the study group (p < 0.001) and greater frequency in rural areas. The common types of consanguineous marriages were between first cousins (50.6%) and uncle and niece (42.4%). Frequency of consanguinity was not significantly related to religion and caste. The mean coefficient of inbreeding was 0.056. Consanguinity had no significant effect on average pregnancy rate and reproductive wastage. The frequency of consanguinity was significantly higher especially with autosomal recessive disorders (p < 0.001), congenital heart diseases (p < 0.001), multiple malformations (p < 0.001), neurological malformations (p < 0.005), chromosomal disorders (p < 0.01), genitourinary disorders (p < 0.02) and mental retardation-developmental disorders (p < 0.02). These observations stress the need for communicating the deleterious effects of inbreeding to the public through regular health education.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1998

Homicide-suicide in older persons.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the annual incidence of homicide-suicide and to compare patterns and antecedents in old and young spousal/consortial cases. METHODS: Homicide-suicide cases were ascertained in four medical examiner districts covering seven entire Florida counties from 1988 to 1994. The districts were chosen to determine rates in two regions of Florida, comparable in size of the total population and proportion of older persons. Annual homicide-suicide incidence rates per 100,000 population and homicide-suicides as a percentage of total homicides and total suicides separately were calculated by age group and Florida region. Complete medical examiner files were obtained, and 160 variables were coded from medical examiner reports to compare features and clinical characteristics by age and region. RESULTS: Annual incidence rates ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 per 100,000 for persons under age 55 and from 0.4 to 0.9 per 100,000 for persons age 55 and older, with higher rates in the older group every year but two. Cases of spousal/consortial homicide-suicide were the most common in both age groups. The younger couples in both regions were comparable, except for racial composition, but the older couples differed. West central Florida couples were in their seventies, Caucasian, usually married, and both in poor health; and there were indications of depression or alcohol abuse in half the perpetrators. Two-thirds of the southeastern Florida couples were Hispanic; there was a mean age difference of 18 years between perpetrators and victims; and verbal discord, physical violence, and separation were prominent antecedents. CONCLUSIONS: The base rate for homicide-suicide in both age groups was higher than that reported in previous studies. Spousal/consortial homicide-suicides were the dominant form, and although psychopathology was strongly implicated, homicide-suicides are violent lethal acts resulting from additive or multiplicative effects of diathesis, including culture, and stressful experiences.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1975

Personal history and job tenure of dietary employees.

Possible relationships of six personal characteristics reported on application blanks and job tenure of hospital dietary employees were statistically analyzed. By chisquare analysis, three characteristics--age (forty-six years or older), marital status (widowed or divorced), and education (less than nine years)--appeared to be positively related to longer tenure (over six months). However, multiple regression analysis to determine the combined effect of all variables indicated no relationship which could be used to predicting tenure when employing dietary workers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

[Being born, getting married, and dying as a foreigner in Italy].

Some demographic characteristics of Italy's foreign-born resident population are examined using official data. "An analysis of multiple correspondences has been applied, on the one hand, to births of children with at least one foreign parent and, on the other hand, to all those born of both African parents. In the first case a number of situations have been found--concerning above all parents of different nationality and mainly regarding the high proportion of children born outside marriage and delays in the nuptial and reproductive calendar--which can be probably ascribed to the perturbations caused by immigration to family life. In the second case indications have been detected of the existence of some risks for the babies (low weight at birth, high [natal] mortality) of weaker groups of immigrants." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Biology↗
PubMed2004

A cluster of multiple sclerosis cases in Lysvik in the Swedish county of Värmland.

OBJECTIVES: When surveying the county of Värmland in Sweden in order to determine the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS), we observed an aggregation of MS cases originating from the parish of Lysvik in the local region called Fryksdalen. Our intention was to analyse this cluster thoroughly, confirming the MS diagnosis and seeing if a hereditary or environmental background was plausible. METHODS: The medical files were studied and the cases were classified by a neurologist according to Poser's criteria. Hereditary factors were analysed. RESULTS: Sixteen living cases of MS were found, either living in the parish (n = 6) or born or raised there and had later moved to another place (n = 10). All patients had clinically definite MS. Eleven patients had relatives with MS, all of these being descendants of the Suhoinen family. Another two cases were Suhoinen descendants who did not have relatives with MS. Other common ancestors were also identified. Two cases were adopted. Eleven deceased MS patients from Lysvik were found, 10 of them had Suhoinen ancestry. CONCLUSION: We report a cluster of MS cases with a common ancestry indicating heredity for MS in 85% of the cases. Lysvik is a parish where Finnish immigration was pronounced in the 17th century and there has been inbreeding to a certain extent through marriage between cousins. Thus, we interpret this aggregation as possibly being genetically based, and neurogenetic studies are now being performed. However, as two of the cases were adopted environmental factors must also be considered.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1984

Contrasts in marital satisfaction throughout old age: an exchange theory analysis.

In aggregate, older spouses report moderate to high levels of marital satisfaction; however, it is not clear whether these evaluations continue throughout the duration of the marital career or if there are declines at different age stages of late life. Mean factor scores on frequency of positive interaction and negative sentiment with spouse were computed from questionnaire responses of 318 married persons aged 55 to 90 years in a quasilongitudinal design. Contrasts in levels of interaction and sentiment were apparent between three successive age groups, with greatest marital satisfaction found in 63- to 69-year-old group. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated continuity in social and personal predictors of marital satisfaction across all three old age groups, with greatest predictivity for 55- to 62-year-old group. Fewest predictors and least predictivity emerged for oldest group, aged 70 to 90 years. Results suggest greater potential for happiness as well as vulnerability than has heretofore been attributed to older marriages.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Analysis of consanguinity in some populations of the V Region, Valparaiso, Chile, from 1880 to 1969].

The population structure of 10 populations ("comunas") in Valparaíso, V Region Chile, was studied through the frequency of consanguineous marriages (%CM) and the coefficient of consanguinity (alpha), in order to know their dynamics, and gather information for clinical and genetic epidemiological studies as well as for isonymy studies. The comunas were grouped according to density: Group I, high density, more than 100 inhabitants/km2; Group II, intermediate, between 25 and 99 inhabitants/km2; and Group III, low, less than 25 inhabitants/km2. Data were obtained from parochial archives and national census, from 1880 to 1969. CM's were divided in: uncle-aunt/nephew-niece (12), first cousins (22), first cousins one removed (23), second cousins (33) and multiple consanguinity (M), and the four subtypes of 12 and 22. Percentage of CM and alpha diminish in time. Groups I and II show similar values, but lower in I, and show a constant decrease. Group III has higher values and considerable fluactuations. Types 12 and 22 contribute mostly to %CM and alpha in the 3 groups. Subtypes of 12 and 22 do not occur at random. This temporary and spatial behavior can be explained because of sociocultural and socioeconomical factors in each group, being density an indicator of endogamy. This behavior is consistent with current coefficients of endogamy obtained by isonymy.

Chile↗
PubMed2003

Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effect of stress and social support on the relationship between single-parent status and depression. METHOD: A secondary data analysis of the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey was conducted. Single and married mothers who participated in the survey were derived from the general sample (N = 2,921). Logistic regression techniques were used to assess the mediating and moderating effects of stress and social support on the relationship between family structure and depression. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses showed that, compared to married mothers, single mothers were more likely to have suffered an episode of depression (12-month prevalence), to report higher levels of chronic stress, more recent life events and a greater number of childhood adversities. Single mothers also reported lower levels of perceived social support, social involvement and frequency of contact with friends and family than married mothers. The results of the multivariate analyses showed that, together, stress and social support account for almost 40% of the relationship between single- parent status and depression. We also found a conditional effect of stress on depression by family structure. Life events were more strongly related to depression in married than in single mothers. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial part of the association between single-parent status and depression can be accounted for by differences in exposure to stress and social support. Our results suggest that it is important to examine multiple sources of stress, as exposure to both distal and proximal stressors were higher among single mothers. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗